STUDY OF TOOLS USED IN CARPENTERY SHOP

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------OBJECTIVE; To study of the various types of carpentry tools used in carpentry shop INTRODUCTION Proper knowledge of tools and their use is a prerequisite for a skilled carpenter. The following are the commonly used tools in the carpentry shop. 1. MARKING AND MEASURING TOOLS Marking and measuring tools are used are in used to produce components to an exact size. The commonly used tools are given below. 1) Carpenters Folding Rule It is used to measure and mark dimensions. The commonly used carpenters rule is made of wood. It consists of four pieces each 150mm long and hinged together by means of pins and hinges. It is graduated on both sides in millimeters, centimeter and inches. It can be folded and carried easily.

2) Steel RuleIt is also used for measuring and marking dimension. It is made of steel. It is graduated on both sides in millimeters, centimeter and inches. It is available in 150mmand 300mm.

3) Try squareit is used for marking and checking right angles. It consists of a steel blade riveted at right angles to the edge of machined stock. The stock when used acts as a fence and the blade as guide for marking. The length of blade varies from 150mm to 300 mm

4) Bevel SquareIt is also called a sliding level. It is similar to the try square but its has a blade that can be swiveled to any angle from 0 to180 degrees.

5) Meter SquareIt is similar to a try square in construction, but its blade is fitted to the stock at an angle of 45 degrees .

6) Marking GaugeIt is used for marking lines parallel to the edges of a wooden piece. It has one marking pin. After the stem has been set to the required position, its face is placed against the edge of the wooden piece. The marking pin is pressed down firmly and the stem is moved against the edge. It marks line parallel to the edge of the wooden piece.

7) Mortise GaugeIt is on improved from of marking gauge in addition to the provision of the marking gauge. It carriage a significant feature in that instead of only one scribing pin. It has two scribing pin. One of is fixed and other is movable, the movable pin can be adjusted at any point.

8) Cutting GaugeIt Is Similar In Construction To A Marking Gauge With The Different That Is Carriage Steel Cutter Fitted In Place Of The Marking Pin At The Marking Gauge. It Mainly Used For Cutting Parallel Strip Out Thin Steel Of The Wood.

2. CUTTING TOOLS A. SAW 1) RipsawIt is used for cutting wood. The blade of rip saw is either straight or skew-backed. The blade is fitted in a wooden handle. Rip saw is about 700mm long and contain 3 to 5 teeth per 25mm length. The correct angle for rip sawing is 60 degrees.

2) Cross Cut SawIt is similar in shape to the rip saw. It also called hand saw. Sawing and cutting at right angles to the grain is called cross-cutting. The correct angle for cutting is 45 degrees. It is 550 to 650mm long containing 6 to 8 teeth per 25mm.

3) Tenon or Back Sawit is used for fine and accurate work. It consists of a very fine blade, which is reinforced with the rigid steel back. Its length varies from 350mm to 450mm with 10 to 12 teeth per 25mm.

4) Dovetail SawIt is similar to the tenon saw but smaller in size. The number of teeth varies from 12 to 18 teeth per 25mm. it is used for carpeting works such as making dovetail joints.

5) Panel Saw It is the most commonly used hand saw it is available in many system and sizes. It is available in 5 to 8 teeth per cm. it is meanly used for cutting panels doors.

6) Compass SawIt carries a tapered blade which is long but narrows. The blade length varies from 250mm to 400mm long fixed to open type wooden handle.

7) Bow Sawthe bow saw consists of a narrow blade 250mm to 350mm long held in wooden frame. The blade is held intension by twisting the string with a small wooden lever. These saw are used for cutting quick curves and the handle revolve in their sockets the blade can be adjusted to any desired position when in used.

8) Coping Saw The coping saw has a very similar blade held right in spring metal frame. The blade is tensioned by screwing the handle. This saw is used for small radius curves.

9) Pad or Keyhole Saw This is the Joiners smallest saw. The blade being about 250mm long. The blade of the pad saw is secret to the handle. Through which it passes by two screws. This arrangement allow the blade to be adjusted to the best length required according to the work.

B. CHISELS These are cutting tools used for shaping and fitting wooden piece. It consists of steel blade and a wooden handle. The different types of chisels used in carpentry work are given below. 1) Firmer ChiselIt is used by hand pressure or with a mallet for cutting square recesses in wooden pieces. It has a flat blade of a 5 to 25mm width and 125mm length. The and of the blade is beveled to from cutting edge.

2) Beveled Edge Firmer ChiselsIt is used for delicate and fine work where the ordinary firmer chisels cannot be used. It can cut sharp corners on wooden pieces.

3) Mortise ChiselIt is used cutting heavy pieces or mortises. It consists of a heavy blade with strong shoulder and is capable of withstanding heavy stains. It has iron ridge fitted at shoulder of the blade to absorb the heavy stocks of the mallet. One side of the mortise chisel is plane while the gradually tapers towards the edge. It has a length of 200 to 400mm and width of 8 to 16mm.

4) Paring Chiselsparing chisel both firmer and beveled edge chisels when they are made with long thin blade are know as paring chisel. This is used for shaping and preparing the surface of wood and its manipulated by the hand. The length ranges from 225 to 500mm and width from 5 to 50mm.

5) GougesGouges are chisels with curved section and may be both inside and outside ground. Inside ground gouges are used in exactly the same way for inside curved edge as a chisel would be for straight one. Out side ground gouges are curving hollows.

3. PLANING TOOOS These are used for smoothing plane surfaces. Some commonly used planes are given below. 1) Wooden Jackplanethe main parts of a wooden jack plane are stock or body, nose, throat, wedge, cap iron, plane iron and handle. The bottom of the stock is known as the sole which is perfectly smooth. The throat in the stock is formed to adjust the iron and wedge. The plane iron and is the main cutter which cuts and smoothens the wood. This is fitted in the stock and is always inclined to an angle of 45 degrees with the sole. The cap

iron is used to stiffness the cutter and prevent ratting and breaking during used. Jack plane are available from sizes to 350 to 450mm length and the blade width varies from 50 to 75mm.

2) Metal Jack PlaneIt help a smoother operation and produced a better finishing than a wooden jack plane. The body of metal jack plane is made from grey iron casting of steel. The handle is made of wood and the plane iron secured in the plane casting by a screw.

3) Smoothing Jack Planethe plane is similar in action to a jack plane expect that is set to cut a much thinner shaving. A smoothing plane as its name indicated. It is used for smoothing of finishing after a jack plane. The cutting edge of the latter is slightly curved. But a smoothing plane has a straight cutting edge. It is 200mm to 250mm long having a blade of 70mmwide.

4. STRIKING TOOLS Tools like chisels, nails, etc. required pressure from the top to drive them into the wood. This pressure is obtained by striking operation, using hammers and mallet. 1) Cross Pin Hammer Or Warrington Hammer- It is made for forged high carbon steel. It has a face, peen and handle. The handle made of bamboo and fitted tightly in the eye with help of a wedge to avoid any slip out when

in use. These hammers are identified by weight which ranges from 200gm to 500gm.

2) Claw Hammer -This served both the purpose of a hammer and a pair of pincers. The claw is used for pulling out nails. These hammers are classified according to their weights. The weight of its head range from 250gm to 675gm.

3) Mallet- It has a flat a striking face which is used to give light blows to tools having wooden handle like chisel. It is made of hard wood and is round or rectangular in cross-section.

5. BORING TOOLS These are used for making round holes in wood. Some commonly used boring tools are given below. 1) GimletIt is used for making small holes in wood. These are of two type (a) plain gimlet and (b) twisted gimlet. It has a flute and a wooden handle. It is held in both hands, rotated and pressed simultaneously downward to

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bore holes. The screw points at the bottom acts as a pilot and helps in centering the tool.

2) AugerIt Is Used For Making Big Hole In Wood. It Has A Steel Bar With Fluted Teeth And Handle. The Upper Portion Of The Bar Is Plain And Is Top End Forms Eye To Fit In The Handle. It Can Bore Holes Of 25mm Diameter.

3) Ratchet Braceit is a device used for holding different tool bit to produce holes in wood. It consists of a crank having a hemispherical wooden head at the top, a wooden handle in the middle and a chuck to hold the tool bit at the bottom. The ratchet arrangement is provided above the chuck to permit the rotation of the bit in only one direction. The brace is rotate by the hand and the head is pressed downward to produce a hole.

4) Wheel Braceit is also used to produce a hole in wood. It consists of a forged body and a wooden handle at the top. The central portion consists of two meshing gears and a crank to rotate the chuck fitted at the bottom of the brace. The crank is rotated the handle is pressed downward to produce a hole. It is mostly used to produce small and accurate holes using different kinds of drills.

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6. HOLDING TOOLS To enable the carpenter to perform different operation accurately, the work piece is held firmly. 1) Carpenter Bench ViceIt is fixed in a carpenters bench which is heavy table of hard wood usually 3 to 3.5m long, nearly 70 cm wide and 70 cm high. It consists of a fixed jaw and a movable jaw. The fixed jaw is rigidly fitted on the bench and the movable jaw is mounted on a screw and two sliding rods. The screw work inside a fixed half nut that is engaged to move the movable jaw.

2) C-Cramp Or G- CrampIt is used to hold smaller work piece. It consists of an iron frame and a screw with a handle rod thumbscrew.

7. MISCELLANEOUSE TOOLS 1) RASP FILE- it is used to file curved surface in wood. It made of steel and has semi circular cross- sections.

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2) Screw Driver it is used to screw and unscrew the screws. It is available in various shapes and sizes.

EXPERIMENT-1 DATE----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------HALF LAP JOINT

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AIM To make the half lap joint from the given work piece. TOOLS REQUIRED 12345678Jack plane Try square Mallet Firmer chisel Mortise chisel Rip saw Tenon saw Marking gauge etc.

THEORYthe half lap joint are frequently used to connect two wooden piece. Such us board s which are remain same place in that on ever surface is at the joint. PROCEDURE 1. The job is champed properly in the vice and any two adjacent surfaces are planned to get right angle using jackplane. The accuracy of right angle is checked using by try square. 2. The job is cut into two halves using rip saw. 3. Proper marking is done on the two portions based on the planned surfaces. 4. One half is cut according to the given dimension using tenon saw and firmer chisel. 5. The other half is also cut in the similar way so us to make correct fit on one another and the extra portion are removed using firmer chisel. 6. Finally the accuracy and proper dimensions are verified by using steel rule and try square. PRECAUTIONS 1. Cut the wooden piece with proper dimension. 2. Use rip saw proper to cut the wooden piece. 14

3. Use try square tear proper dimension. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Thus the required half lap joint is made from the given work piece

EXPRIMENT-2 DATE -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEE LAP JOINT

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AIM To make the tee lap joint from the given work piece. TOOLS REQUIRED 1 Jack plane 2 Try square 3 Mallet 4 Firmer chisel 5 Mortise chisel 6 Rip saw 7 Tenon saw 8 Marking gauge etc. THEORYThe tee lap joint are frequently used to connect two wooden piece. Such us board s which are remain same place in that on ever surface is at the joint. PROCEDURE 1. The job is champed properly in the vice and any two adjacent surfaces are planned to get right angle using jackplane. The accuracy of right angle is checked using by try square. 2. The job is cut into two halves using rip saw. 3. Proper marking is done on the to portions based on the planned surfaces. 4. One half is cut according to the given dimension using tenon saw and firmer chisel. 5. The other half is also cut in the similar way so we to make correct fit on one another and the extra portion are removed using firmer chisel. 6. Finally the accuracy and proper dimensions are verified by using steel rule and try square PRECAUTIONS 1 Cut the wooden piece with proper dimension. 16

2 Use rip saw proper to cut the wooden piece. 3 Use try square tear proper dimension. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Thus the required half lap joint is made from the given work piece

EXPERIMENT - 3. DATE ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------DOVE TAIL HALVING JOINT 17

AIM To make the dove tail halving joint from the given work piece. TOOLS REQUIRED 1 Jack plane 2 Try square 3 Mallet 4 Firmer chisel 5 Mortise chisel 6 Rip saw 7 Tenon saw 8 Marking gauge etc. THEORYthe dove tail halving joint are frequently used to connect two wooden pieces. Such us board s which are remain same place in that on ever surface is at the joint. PROCEDURE 1) The job is champed properly in the vice and any two adjacent surfaces are planned to get right angle using jackplane. The accuracy of right angle is checked using by try square. 2) The job is cut into two halves using rip saw. 3) Proper marking is done on the to portions based on the planned surfaces. 4) One half is cut according to the given dimension using tenon saw and firmer chisel. 5) The other half is also cut in the similar way so us to fit in the dove tail slot of another and the extra portion are removed using firmer chisel. 6) Finally the accuracy and proper dimensions are verified by using steel rule and try square PRECAUTIONS 1 Cut the wooden piece with proper dimension. 18

2 Use rip saw proper to cut the wooden piece. 3 Use try square tear proper dimension.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION Thus the required dove tail halving joint is made from the given work piece

EXPRIMENT-4 DATE ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------19

MORTISE AND TENON JOINT AIM To make the mortise and tenon joint from the given work piece. TOOLS REQUIRED 1 Jack plane 2 Try square 3 Mallet 4 Firmer chisel 5 Mortise chisel 6 Rip saw 7 Tenon saw 8 Marking gauge etc. THEORYThe tee lap joint are frequently used to connect two wooden piece. Such us board s which are remain same place in that on ever surface is at the joint. PROCEDURE 1) The job is champed properly in the vice and any two adjacent surfaces are planned to get right angle using jackplane. The accuracy of right angle is checked using by try square. 2) The job is cut into two halves using rip saw. 3) Proper marking is done on the to portions based on the planned surfaces. 4) One half is cut into a T shaped lock having the required dimension using mortise and firmer chisel. 5) The other half is also cut a rectangular hole of the given dimension is made using mortise and firmer chisel to get mortise and tenon joint 6) Finally the accuracy and proper dimensions are verified by using steel rule and try square

PRECAUTIONS

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1 Cut the wooden piece with proper dimension. 2 Use rip saw proper to cut the wooden piece. 3 Use try square tear proper dimension. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Thus the required mortise and tenon joint is made from the given work piece

EXPRIMENT-5

DATE

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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TEE BRIDLE JOINT AIM To make the tee bridle joint from the given work piece. TOOLS REQUIRED 1 Jack plane 2 Try square 3 Mallet 4 Firmer chisel 5 Mortise chisel 6 Rip saw 7 Tenon saw 8 Marking gauge etc. THEORY The tee lap joint is frequently used to connect two wooden piece. Such us board s which are remain same place in that on ever surface is at the joint. PROCEDURE 1 The job is champed properly in the vice and any two adjacent surfaces are planned to get right angle using jackplane. The accuracy of right angle is checked using by try square. 2 The job is cut into two halves using rip saw. 3 Proper marking is done on the to portions based on the planned surfaces. 4 One half is cut into a T shaped lock having the required dimension using mortise and firmer chisel. 5 The other half is also cut a rectangular hole of the given dimension is made using mortise and firmer chisel to get mortise and tenon joint 6 Finally the accuracy and proper dimensions are verified by using steel rule and try square PRECAUTIONS

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1 Cut the wooden piece with proper dimension. 2 Use rip saw proper to cut the wooden piece. 3 Use try square tear proper dimension. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Thus the required tee bridle joint is made from the given work piece

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FITTING SHOP
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------INTRODUCTION The term fitting is used with bench work assembling of parts by removing excess metals to obtain the necessary fit. Various tools are used in fitting work to finish the job to the required size and shape. STUDY OF TOOLS USED IN FITTING SHOP A skilled fitter have proper knowledge about the tools used, their handling and maintenance. The following are the commonly used tools in the fitting shop. 1. VICE It is holding device and is sometime called a fitter vice. The body of the vice is made of cast iron and consists of two jaws. One is fixed and other movable. The movable jaw slides inside the fixed one by a screw and box nut arrangement. The vice has two hardened steel jaws with serrated faces used to hold the work firmly. These jaws are fixed with screw and have a maximum opening up to 180mm. the vice size is known by the width of its jaws and is varying from 80 to 140mm.

2. STRIKING TOOLS Hammers - The hammer is a striking tool. It has a handle and a head. Hammers are classified into four types. 1. Sledge hammer

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2. Straight hammer

3. Cross peen hammer

4. Ball peen hammer

Among these hammer, ball peen hammer is commonly used in fitting. It is used for chipping, forming, riveting etc. Its peen is ball shaped and the face is hardness. But the middle portion is not hardened in order to absorb shocks. Its weight varies from 120 to 1000grams.

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3. FILES File is a hand tools used to smoothen or fit metal parts. It is made of high carbon steel. Its teeth removed fine chips of materials on the forward stock of the file. The length of file is measured from the point to the heel. The tang is not included. The blade is very hard but the tang is tempered. The length of file varies from 100 to 450mm. The cuts in the file are made diagonally across its face. This is used for finishing surface and sharpening edges. It is used for filling soft metal. The double cut file has a series of two cuts. The double-cut file can do filling faster than single cut file. 1. A rough cut file has very coarse spaced teeth. It is used for rough work. It removed more material. 2. A bastard cut file has less coarsely spaced teeth then rough cut file. It also used for rough work. 3. A second cut file has medium spaces teeth. It produced better finishing than bastard cut file. 4. A smooth cut file has more closely spaced teeth. It is used for get smooth surface. 5. A dead smooth file removes very less materials. It produced better polish and finish than smooth cut file. SHAPES OF FILES The types of file is used is identified with its shape. Files of different shapes are available. The following are some of the commonly used file types. 1. Hand file

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2. Pillar file

3. Flat file

4. Square file

5. Triangular file

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6. Round file

7. Half round file

8. Knife edge file

FILLING OPERATION The file handle is held in the right hand. The ball of the left hand thumbs is placed on the end of the file blade. The file cut only on the forward stroke. No pressure is applied on the return stroke, but the file is allowed to remain on the work. Filling is carried out for the maximum possible length in every stock so that all the teeth of the file received even wear. Filling is done on the work with slow, steady strokes for about 40 to 50 per minute.

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4. CUTTING TOOLS Hack saw it is used for cutting roads, strips bars and pipes into a desired length. It consists of a fixed or adjustable frame, a wing nut and blade. The hacksaw blade is made of hard tempered allow steel. There are three types of blades (a) all hard (b) semi-flex (c) flexible back. USING A HECKSAW 1. The blade is fixed to the frame with its teeth facing away from the handle. 2. The blade is tightened properly. 3. Start the cutting slowly with steady forward stroke. 4. No pressure is applied on the return stroke.

5. Move for longest possible stroke about 40 to 50 stroke per minute. 6. Move the hacksaw slowly when the cutting is nearing the end so that your hand will not hit when the blade is through.

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Flat or Cold Chisel. This is used for metal cutting and chipping. It is made of carbon steel. Its shank is rectangular, hexagonal or octagonal in cross-section. The length of a chisel varies from 100 mm to 400 mm and the width of the cutting edge varies from 16 mm to 32 mm.

5. MARKING TOOLS Marking tools are used to mark the layout on the work piece by means of scribed lines. The following are the commonly used marking tools in fitting. 1) Steel rule it is used to measured and mark dimension. It is graduated on both sides in millimeter, centimeter and inches. Its length varies from 15 cm to 30 cm.

2) Scriber. It is used to mark or scribe lines on the work piece. Its length varies from 150 mm to 300 mm and has diameter which varies from 3 to 5 mm.

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3) Compass or leg-end pointer. It is used for marking lines and circles on the work piece. It has a pair of steel legs which are hinged at the top. One of the ends is bent and the other is pointed. 4) Spring divider it is used to mark the dimension from scale to the work piece. It has similar to the compass and it used for more accurate marking. The spring divider has a screw with a knurled nut.

5) Calipers there are used for measuring inside and outside diameter and linear dimensions. There are two types of caliper. (a) firm joint caliper (b) spring caliper

6) Firm joint caliper these are of two type 1. Outside caliper 2. Inside caliper. The size taken on the caliper is measured on the steel rule. It consists of two legs connected together at one and by means of a friction joint. The outside caliper is used to measure outside dimension such a diameter of a rod, thickness of a plate, etc. The inside caliper is used to measure dimension such a diameter of a hole, width of a slot, etc. 7) Spring caliper these are operated by means of a screw and a knurled nut. It also consists of two legs which are hinged together at one end. The advantage of knurled nut is that it can be easily operated by hand. It is very convenient and taken less time in setting. 8) Center punch it is used to mark a center for a hole to be drilled. It can also be used for marking points along a line for cutting. Its tapered point end has an angle of 60 degrees.

9) Try square It is used for marking and checking right angles. It consists of a steel blade riveted at right angles to the edge of machined stock. The stock when used acts as a fence and the blade as guide for marking. The length of blade varies from 150mm to 300mm.

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10) Surface plate it is used to check the surface flatness or straightness of the work piece. It is made of grey cost iron. The top surface is machined smoothly and finished accurately. It is also used as a reference the used of surface plate for making on a work piece.

6. DRILLING AND TAPPING TOOLS 1) Drill A drill is a cutting tools used to make a hole of required diameter. Many types of drill are available. The twisted drill is the commonly used drill.

2) Tap- A tap is a screw like tools used to make internal thread in a hole which is already drilled. Tapping is a process of making internal thread. Normally a tap set contain three taps namely rough, medium and fine taps. The rough tap having a taper end is used first and is rotate manually or by machine to remove excess materials. The medium tap is used to get the required thread. The fine tap is used to finish the internal thread. In hand tapping, the tap is rotated with the help of a tap wrench.

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EXPERIMENT- 1 DATE----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SQUARE FILING AIM To file the given work piece to a square shape. TOOLS REQUAIRED 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) Bench vice Try square Steel rule Prick punch Hacks Files Surface plate Surface gauge Ball peen hammer

PROCEDURE 1) The original dimensions of the work piece are checked using the steel rule. 2) Then the work piece is clamped properly in the bench vice and using a flat file any two sides of the work piece are filed. Check whether the two sides are right angles using the try square. 3) The given dimension are marked using the surface plate and surface gauge by referring the two sides as bases. 4) Punch marks are put on the line marked using prick punch. 5) Now the remaining two faces are field. 6) Filing is continued until the required dimension and smooth surface of the work piece is obtained. RESULT Thus the square filing with required dimension is obtained.

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EXPERIMENT- 2. DATE----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TEE FITTING AIM To make a tee fitting from the given work piece. TOOLS REQUAIRED 1 .Bench vice 2 .Try square 3 .Steel rule 4. Prick punch 5 Hacksaws 6 Files 7. Surface plate 8 .Surface gauge 9. Ball peen hammer PROCEDURE 1) The original dimensions of the work piece are checked using the steel rule. 2) Then the work piece is clamped properly in the bench vice and using a flat file any two sides of the work piece are filed. Check whether the two sides are right angles using the try square. 3) The given dimension are marked using the surface plate and surface gauge by referring the two sides as bases. 4) Punch marks are put on the line marked using prick punch. 5) Now the remaining two faces are field. 6) Cut the removed the excess materials using the hacksaw. Filling is continuity until the required size and smooth surface of the work piece is obtained this is repeated for the other work piece also. 7) Filing is continued until the required dimension and smooth surface of the work piece is obtained.

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RESULT Thus the square filing with required dimension is obtained. EXPERIMENT- 3. DATE----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------VEE FITTING AIM To make a vee filling from the given metal piece. TOOLS REQUAIRED 1 Bench vice 2 .Try square 3 .Steel rule 4. Prick punch 5 Hacksaws 6 Files 7. Surface plate 8 .Surface gauge 9. Ball peen hammer PROCEDURE 1) The original dimensions of the work piece are checked using the steel rule. 2) Then the work piece is clamped properly in the bench vice and using a flat file any two sides of the work piece are filed. Check whether the two sides are right angles using the try square. 3) The given dimension are marked using the surface plate and surface gauge by referring the two sides as bases. 4) Punch marks are put on the line marked using prick punch. 5) Now the remaining two faces are field. 6) Cut the removed the excess materials using the hacksaw. Filling is continuity until the required size and smooth surface of the work piece is obtained this is repeated for the other work piece also. 7) Filing is continued until the required dimension and smooth surface of the work piece is obtained. 35

RESULT Thus the square filing with required dimension is obtained.

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