Structural Analysis I- CE 305: Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams (Beams & Frames)

1/3 Summary of lectures 4-6

Analysis of Internal forces: in any structure (e.g. beam, frame, truss) the determination of
the internal forces in essential to studying the structural behavior to determine all forces (stresses) and deformations (strains). The forces on a given cross section are the normal force N, the shear force V, the bending moment Mz , and the torsion moment Mx. For structures in two dimensions (2D structures: beams; frames, trusses) only N, V and Mz or Mx will be determined.

Basic Equations: For a beam segment under load of density w(x), the analysis of a
differential element of length dx,, it is easily shown (Fig. 1) that dV/dx = - w(x) and dM/dx = V(x) (1)

The equations for shear force V and moment M for a beam segment LR are obtained from integration of the relationships (1) above and the following equations are obtained:

VR = VL + Au/w (2-a) MR = ML + Au/V (2-b) where: Au/w and Au/V are the areas under the load curve and the area under the shear
curve. Fig. 1: Beam loaded with a distributed load w(x). w(x) dx w(x) dx

V and M

M+dM V+dV

Special Equations: If the beam has a concentrated load P* or a concentrated moment M*

Equations (2-a and 2-b) will take the following forms:

VR = VL P* MR = ML M*

(3-a) (3-b)

Plots of values of V and M at various sections along the beam are called the shear force diagram (SFD) and the bending moment diagram (BMD).

Analysis of Frames: as a frame structure is composed of several elements connected

together by joints (rigid or non-rigid), the analysis is similar to analysis of beams to determine the SFD and BMD but with one main difference to take into account the effect of orientation of elements on the internal forces. For this purpose analysis of equilibrium conditions for each joint should be studied carefully to evaluate V and M at the right end of a joint in terms of N, V and M (at the left end of the joint), and all other joint loads that may act the joint. A sample study case is shown in Fig. 3.

s.a.alghamdi

July 30, 2011

Structural Analysis I- CE 305: Fig. 3: Plane frame. Joint equilibrium:

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VR , NR, MR

VL, NL ML

Typical Examples: the following examples show typical SFD and BMD of a beam and a
frame. It is to be noted that Equations 1 are of fundamental importance to plot the correct shape of the SFD and BMD as the shear is always one degree higher in curvature than the load w(x) diagram, and the moment diagram is also one degree higher than the shear diagram. 30 k 4 k/ft

Beam case: -30 k A 116.7k 116.7 + SFD (kip)

50 k

40 ft

20 ft

C 20 ft 193.3k 40 +

x* Mmax

78.3 =1704k

43.3 -

BMD (k-ft)

116/7/x* = 43.3 / (40-x*) Then: x* = 29.2 ft Mmax = ML + Au/V 153.3 = 0 + 29.2(116.7)/2 1704 k-ft

+ -

800k Notes: A concentrated force causes a jump (up or down) on SFD. The point of zero shear is the point with Mmax ( at x*) or Mmin . The curvature of BMD is directed downward (for the +ve sign convention used!) when the shear is decreasing and vice versa.

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July 30, 2011

Structural Analysis I- CE 305: 1.25 k 1.8 k B 8 ft 4 ft C J 15 ft 15 ft

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Frame case:

2 k/ft

A Ay Dy

Dx

+ve directions of V and M

at a joint J.

Equilibrium equations: Ay (12) 16(8) 1.8(15) =0 Ay = 12.92 kips Ay + Dy 2(8) 1.25 = 0 Dy = 4.33 kips; Dx 1.8 = 0 Dx = 1.8 kip . 1.25k ML Mc = 0 0 1.8k Joints Equilibrium: 0 12.92k VL MR 12.92k VR SFD and BMD for separate members: AB has zero V and M along the length. 12.92 SFD (k) + Member BC: x* = 12.92/2 = 6.46 ft for V = 0.
1.54 ft

2nd degree curve with ve curvature as V is decreasing..

41.73 +

3.08 27.04

BMD (k-ft) Member CD:

1.8 +

27.04

Note: Fx @ J = 0: Then VR = - 1.8 Kips (This is the same shear at top end of member CD). MR = ML = 27.04 k-ft at joint C as there is NO SFD concentrated moment at C.

BMD

s.a.alghamdi

July 30, 2011