Seminar on Future Wireless Technologies November 4, 2010

LTE Enhancements and Future Radio Access

Yoshihisa Kishiyama NTT DOCOMO, INC.

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Introduction
LTE-Advanced
October 2010, ITU-R Working Party 5D (WP 5D) accepted 3GPP LTE-Advanced as IMT-Advanced radio interface technology LTE Release 10 (LTE-Advanced) is now in finalization phase
Release 10 specifications will be approved by December 2010

Beyond LTE Release 10

Release 11 discussion begins in 2011 Interest in LTE enhancements and beyond LTE/IMT-Advanced worldwide
ITU-R WP5D IMT.UPDATE toward WRC-12 and 16 ARTIST4G Project

DOCOMOs views on: Concept and candidate topics for LTE enhancements Requirements and technical solutions for Future Radio Access towards deployment in 2020
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Two Approaches for Future Evolution

LTE enhancements
Continuous enhancements from LTE Release 10
Backward compatibility is essential

Future Radio Access

New innovative radio interface and network architecture
Very large gain needed to meet long-term requirements Expected evolution of device processing capabilities should be taken into consideration
System performance
e r Future radio tiv fo access a s ovion ain n In lut e g g so lar

LTE Rel. 8

LTE Rel. 10

LTE enhancements after Rel. 10

Ba

bility mpati ds co ckwar

2010 2014 2018 2020

Time

Standardization Deployment

2008 2010

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LTE Enhancements
NTT DOCOMOs LTE service brand crossy

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Releases of 3GPP RAN Specifications

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 GSM/GPRS/EDGE enhancements Release 99 W-CDMA Release 4 1.28Mcps TDD Release 5

HSDPA
Release 6

HSUPA, MBMS
Release 7 HSPA+ (MIMO, HOM etc.)

ITU-R M.1457
IMT-2000 Recommendation

Release 8
Under preparation

LTE
Release 9 Minor LTE enhancements Release 10 LTE-Advanced Release 11

ITU-R M.[IMT.RSPEC]
IMT-Advanced Recommendation
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New Features in LTE Release 10 (LTE-Advanced)

Wider bandwidth (carrier aggregation)
100 MHz f CC

To improve peak data rate and spectrum flexibility To meet ITU-R requirements for bandwidth (>=40 MHz) Spectrum/carrier aggregation based on component carrier (CC) concept to maintain backward compatibility and allow smooth network migration

Advanced MIMO techniques

To improve peak data rate and cell/cell-edge spectrum efficiency To meet ITU-R requirements for DL cell spectrum efficiency SU-MIMO with up to 8-layers for DL and 4-layers for UL MU-MIMO with enhanced CSI feedback

Enhanced inter-cell interference coordination (eICIC)

To improve cell-edge user throughput, coverage, and deployment flexibility Interference coordination for multi-layer cell deployment with different Tx power levels
Carrier aggregation can be used for frequency domain coordination Time domain coordination and power control are also to be introduced

Relaying
To improve coverage and cost effective deployment Type 1 relay node terminating up to layer 3, which can be seen as Release 8 eNodeB from Release 8 LTE terminal

Coordinated multipoint (CoMP) transmission and reception

Scope is limited to intra-eNB CoMP (implementation issue)

LTE Self Optimizing Network (SON) enhancements HNB and HeNB mobility enhancements
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Concept for LTE Enhancements (LTE Release 11 and Future Releases)

LTE enhancements after Release 10
Backward compatibility is essential Gain-complexity tradeoff in actual commercial network and terminals should be considered for new technical features Now 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2

LTE Rel. 10 LTE Rel. 11

3GPP TSG Meeting Future releases

Main focus of LTE Rel. 11:

Refinement of Rel.10 for further performance improvement Features that have been studied but not supported in Rel. 10 due to time limitation Study items for new features targeting future releases can also be started during Rel. 11 time frame
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Technical Topics for LTE Rel. 11

Possible topics to be treated in Rel. 11 time frame
Coordinated multi-point (CoMP) transmission and reception Carrier aggregation (CA) enhancements DL/UL MIMO enhancements eICIC enhancements Relay enhancements Advanced receiver

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CoMP Transmission and Reception

Background
Standard transparent CoMP is supported for Rel. 10 CoMP will be studied continuously in Release 11 to verify gain of the CoMP techniques

Technical topics
More advanced centralized control combined with autonomous control UE feedback enhancement
Multi-cell CQI measurement and feedback

Control signaling and measurement procedures UL sounding (SRS) enhancement (CSI-RS for Rel. 10 will be designed to support inter-cell measurement for future CoMP) RRE Gain needs to be verified! (remote radio equipment)
Centralized Autonomous control control eNB Centralized control eNB

To baseband unit

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Optical fiber

CA Enhancements
Background
Rel. 10 specifications support carrier aggregation (CA) up to 5 component carriers (CCs) 100 MHz Further refinements could be considered for Rel. 11
f

Technical topics
Refinements of Rel. 10 features, e.g.,
CQI feedback for 5 CC (or more) Reduce number of instances of blind decoding at UE

CC

Support of inter-band CA (definition of band combinations) Support of various deployment scenarios such as RRE (remote radio equipment), repeater, etc.
Support of multiple timing advance for UL CA CC1 CC2

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CA Enhancements (Cont.)
Various types of multi-band operation (maybe future releases)
Obtain more spectra using non-contiguous and higher frequency bands Higher-order spectrum aggregation (i.e., more than 2) Multi-duplex operation (e.g., FDD+TDD) Combine backward compatible carrier + new type of carrier for overhead reduction and other purposes Cognitive features
Further categorized into several types
Inter-generation (e.g., between HSPA and LTE) Inter-RAT (radio access technology)

Consider (hybrid of) centralized control using anchor carrier/RAT and autonomous carrier/RAT connections
Autonomous
Frequency Anchor carrier/RAT

Centralized
Frequency

Independently connected
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Commonly connected to anchor carrier/RAT

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DL/UL MIMO Enhancements

No major topics expected for Rel. 11 specifications
Higher-order MIMO (> 8 x 8) not needed in Rel-11 time frame Maybe further UE feedback enhancement if gain is identified

Higher-order MIMO deployments focusing on indoor/hotspot environments

Large number of antennas implemented in eNB using small antennas Very high SINR expected thanks to eICIC techniques

Smartphone users enjoy 2x2 (or 4x4) MIMO in macro-cellular environments

eICIC techniques Very high SINR

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Mobile PC users enjoy higher-order MIMO (up to 8x8) in indoor/hotspot environments

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eICIC Enhancements
Background
Rel. 10 supports eICIC for CA based and non-CA based deployments
Cross-carrier scheduling for CA based deployment Time-domain ICIC and power setting solutions for non-CA based deployments

Potential technical topics to be studied

CSI feedback / control channel refinements Optimization for cell range expansion with large bias Backhaul support (X2) between macro and femto CSG cells Multi-layer cell deployment

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eICIC Enhancements (Cont.)

Various types of low-power nodes Femto, Pico, RRE,
Dense network deployment to support more traffic in the network Low CAPEX/OPEX required to reduce cost per bit
Easy deployment and O&M: Self-organization, self-optimization, self-healing, etc. Energy saving

eICIC scheme combined with various types of multi-band operations for CA enhancements
Cellular deployments to derive benefits of advanced frequency reuse
(Examples)

Frequency

Various types of multi-band operation

Overlapped denser cell deployment

Overlapping large and small cells

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Future Radio Access

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Market Trends
Data traffic explosion
More mobile broadband subscribers (especially owing to flat data plans) More smartphones and better devices (user interface, CPU, battery life, etc.) More attractive data services (mobile video, social networking sites (Mixi, Facebook, etc.)

Femto-cell
Improve capacity and coverage New services for home use (e.g., My Area in DOCOMO)

Ecosystem, Openness
Radio interface, OS, application

Energy saving
Worldwide interest and activities, e.g., EARTH project, activities in SDOs

More diverse QoS

Increased diversity in applications including machine type communications (MTC) & Thin Client

Spread of remote radio equipment (RRE) via optical fiber

Easy installation of base stations Motivation to introduce enhanced technologies, e.g., eICIC, CoMP, for system capacity/performance improvements

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Forecast of Mobile Data Traffic Growth

son.com/ ://www.erics ttp Ericsson: h
NSN: http:/ .. s /www Mobile video has the highest growth aid M .ewee ows d sh ika Ve office k.com bile broadban rate of any application category hvilai r at N th in mo / The grow nen, c okia S an average "Mob , with hief te iemen ile [da ns of slowing no sig being chnol ta] sN fold in / subscriptions ogy the ne network tr etworks. om es o million new tw evic up 30 affic w xt five n.c to 50 billion d p to 40 ill be . years so added daily. U u ti prese cted by 2020 rics ntatio mes," he s , in fixed it p 300d to be conne 020 are expecte y2 n at B aid du will go w.e Europ b ks . roadb e in P l ce /ww and W ring a keyn aris. voi on ta age p:/ o tt s orld F an ikss h th au h an orum te r ata an E n dat ata t ata o n: Morgan Stanley: d UMTS Forum: s

Cisco VNI Mobile:

i d d ore Hk wth en ore s m CTO al gro es m 20 th 00. e By 2015, the mobile data traffic ti 20 10 tim on tim 00 ricss ponen e 30 es to tor of footprint of a single subscriber 10 . , E u x f ac ill b ntin . ee could be 450 times what it was out th there w nd co n by a ab 015 tre grow 10 years earlier in 2005. he in 2 e. If t have c ll voi ge wi a Inte 3g us

cs Eri

Japan social networking trends show importance of mobile page views = 72% (2009) vs. 17% 3 years ago of total page views of Mixi

Consensus in the industry is that there will be substantial growth in INC., Copyright 2010, All rights reserved. NTT DOCOMO,demand for mobile data traffic over the next 5 10 years

ww.busin essweek Cisco: http://www.fierc .com/ emobilecon grow //imc tent.com/ t h of ellula Cisco forec Intel's Jo 300X 2007 r.org asts mobile t / teleco hn Woodget, glo data traffic Cisco -2017) [3 o 500X ov to grow ms secto bal direc 39-fold through 2014 Gam er 10 study to r, gave m data gro analy years comb ericas, 2 ore cons r, wth pred st ( ervative ictions, h and c s forecas ined actua 008]. A r from20 billion c owever . Cisco Systems' Visu ecen onnecte onclu ts for l MNO al Networkin a d device t 300-fold Gt le al de m for at g Index s by 202 lobastMobile Data Fore increase least d that thi obile inte traffic with cast. The an 0 an a a in traffic that eve incred se tran r net g s tren th e 5 d a ta ticipated but he n at tha slates to a 3 -ye dw row traffic warned 9-fold mobile traffic increa more ar plannin ould con th,challenge "m t level of growth data se from 2009 tin ay be fa g than to 2014, or a r greater the compound ann doub horizon, ue expect". ual growth ra than we ling e w te of 108 perc ach y ith ent. ear

amer icas:

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Drivers of Mobile Data Traffic Growth

Popularization of mobile video services Spread of smartphones and portables
Average smartphone user generates 10 times the amount of traffic generated by the average non-smartphone user Smartphones & heavy users represent only a small number of users but generate a large portion of the total data traffic

Mobile video share = 66%

Smartphones & mobile portables share = 91%

Source: Cisco VNI mobile report 2010

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Rough Estimation of Data Traffic Growth for 2020

Forecast for 2020 (compared to 2010):
Number of mobile broadband users (a) ~ 10 times Amount of traffic per mobile broadband user (b) ~ 50 100 times

Total traffic(*) = (a) x (b) ~ 500 1000 times

CAGR(**) ~ 1.86 2.0 times/year

Mobile broadband users are assumed to generate the most dominant part of total traffic (**) CAGR: Compound Annual Growth Rate
(*)

Moderate estimate

Aggressive estimate

This falls inline with current growth rate of DOCOMO network traffic Requirements for future radio access for 2020 have to be set to meet the explosive traffic growth in the order of 500 1000 times that of todays traffic
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Requirements for Future Radio Access

Technology requirements (1)
Very high network capacity with significant reduction in cost per bit Higher spectrum efficiency and user-experienced throughput

Significant increase in traffic demand: 500 1000 times after 10 years

(1.86 2.0 times per year)

Targets 1 Gbps in wide area

(Peak data rate ~ 10 Gbps)
IMT-Advanced (4G)
100 Mbps wide area
Mobility IMT-Advanced peak van diagram Data rate

Future radio access (5G)

1 Gbps wide area
Mobility IMT-Advanced van diagram Data rate

1 Gbps

Traffic

10 Gbps peak

Years

At least 10x improvement is needed

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Requirements for Future Radio Access

Technology requirements (2)
Fairness of user throughput
In a cell
Improve cell-edge throughput

Among cells
Urban to rural Digital divide

Among users
Lower system impact from few heavy users

Low latency Low CAPEX and OPEX Energy saving Scalability and flexibility to optimize system for
Various environments Various QoS
Source: Artist4G (FP7 ICT), Jan. 2010

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Direction of Evolution
Direction of evolution to further enhance network capacity
Required network capacity Emerging solutions to deal with traffic explosion Traffic offloading
- Offloading strategies tuned to applications and scenarios

Spectral efficiency
- Radio access technologies including multi-antenna transmission and receiver processing techniques - Never-ending issue facing researchers and engineers in this area

Current capacity

Network density
- Technical trends such as multilayer cell deployment - High priority requirement: Network architecture to reduce cost per bit

Bandwidth extension Cost efficient approach for capacity per cell

- Efficient way to reduce cost per bit - Depends on future spectrum allocation and UE capability

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Solutions and Expected Contributions

Target = 500 1000x traffic by 2020 (compared to 2010)
Solutions Percentage of contribution Notes Spectral Radio access 3x LTE Rel. 10 2.5x LTE Rel. 10 (10x HSPA Rel. 6) LTE Rel. 10: 1.3x LTE Rel. 8 efficiency technology (24x HSPA Rel. 6) LTE Rel. 8: 3x HSPA Rel. 6 (per cell) Total = 3 x 1.3 x 2.5 = 10x Number of Tx/Rx antennas Bandwidth extension Traffic offloading 1.2x LTE Rel. 10 (2.4x HSPA Rel. 6)
- 4x4 MIMO for handset UE (smartphone) - Higher-order MIMO (e.g. 12x12) for indoor cells LTE Rel. 10: 2x HSPA Rel. 6 (4x4 MIMO) Total = 2 x 1.2 = 2.4x

>2x 1.5x 7 14x ~ 500 1000x

Network density

Newly identified spectrum @ WRC07/16 + spectrum reallocation 30% traffic assumed to be offloaded (mainly for indoor traffic assuming multimode terminals) Denser NW deployments including femto/pico-cells and RREs

Total

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Bandwidth Extension
N.B. Includes regional spectrum allocations 2000 ITU-R Report M.2078 (IMT.ESTIMATE) ITU-R estimate of spectrum requirements by 2020 = 1280 1720 MHz

Aggregate bandwidth (MHz)

1500

WRC-16

WRC-12

1000

WRC-07 430 MHz

WRC-03

>2x

500

WRC-2000 520 MHz WARC-92 230 MHz

1992 2000 2007 2015 2020 Year
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Traffic Offloading
Percentage of Mobile Internet Time at Home, at Work and On the Move (2009)

Indoor traffic will continue to occupy a relatively high percentage of the total traffic Traffic offloading via other systems for multi-mode mobile phones is one solution to absorb indoor traffic Offloading factor is a combination of multi-mode mobile phone share and percentage of indoor mobile broadband internet use

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30% traffic assumed to be offloaded in 2020 25

Multiple Access for Future Radio Access

What is next multiple access scheme beyond OFDMA? The next frontier!!
WCDMA HSPA LTE (Rel. 8) LTE-Advanced (Rel. 10)

Future Radio Access

Evolved OFDMA (w/ further optimization for interference exploitation) ~[200] MHz [256]QAM [12 x 12] >10 Gbps Enhanced CP/ non-linear FDE Hybrid of orthogonal and non-orthogonal Cancellation with advanced receiver & radio interface assistance

Multiple access Bandwidth Modulation MIMO Multi-path interference Intra-cell interference Inter-cell interference

DS-CDMA

OFDMA/ SC-FDMA

~20 MHz 64QAM 4x4 Cyclic prefix/ FDE NonOrthogonal orthogonal (FDM/TDM) NonNonorthogonal orthogonal

5 MHz 16QAM No Rake

Multi-carrier OFDMA/ SC-FDMA ~100 MHz 64QAM 8x8 Cyclic prefix/ FDE Orthogonal (FDM/TDM) eICIC/CoMP

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Interference exploitation with future receiver devices

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Multiple Access for Future Radio Access

Two approaches for further enhancement of spectral efficiency
Achieve higher spectral efficiency for the same SINR
Challenge vs. theoretical (Shannon) limit!
Potential gain especially in higher SINR region

Improve SINR distribution (no theoretical limitation)

Challenge vs. inter-cell interference!
Radio interface optimization for inter-cell interference exploitation

Theoretical limit

Spectral efficiency

Future radio access Possible further enhancement

LTE Improvement achieved by inter-cell interference mitigation

HSPA

SINR
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Radio Interface Optimization for Inter-cell Interference Exploitation

LTE enhancements
Starting point is intra-cell optimization UE transparent approach Network deployment limited to backward compatibility
Same network should support legacy UE terminals Additional features for inter-cell enhancements

LTE enhancements
Intra-cell optimization LTE Rel. 8

Future radio access Inter-cell optimization

Future Radio Access

Starting point should be inter-cell optimization approach! UE non-transparent
Explicit design of physical channels Non-linear detection (MLD/SIC) assuming future receiver devices
Moores law: 100x processing power after 10 years

Network deployment free from backward compatibility constraint Optimized for SINR after interference exploitation
Ex. overlapped cell/sector deployments
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Conclusion
LTE enhancements (from LTE Release 10)
Concept and candidate topics focusing mainly on Rel. 11 specifications
CoMP, CA/MIMO/eICIC/Relay enhancements, advanced receiver,

Future Radio Access (towards 2020)

Estimation of future traffic demand & target requirements
Data traffic growth in the order of 500 1000x from 2010 to 2020 1 Gbps wide area and 10 Gbps peak data rate More fairness

Contribution percentage of potential solutions

Solutions Spectral efficiency (per cell) Bandwidth extension Traffic offloading Network density Total Percentage of contribution 3x LTE Rel. 10 (24x HSPA Rel. 6) >2x 1.5x 7 14x ~ 500 1000x

To achieve the target spectral efficiency of 3x LTE Rel.10, the focal concept of future radio interface should be interference exploitation and inter-cell optimization assisted by future receiver devices
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