Homework Title / No. : TERM PAPER Course Instructor :K.

VENKATESHWARLU

Course Code :CSE3230 Course Tutor (if applicable) : ____________

Date of Allotment : _____________________ Date of submission :05/05/2010 Students Roll No.RD2601A28 Section No. :D2601

Declaration: I declare that this assignment is my individual work. I have not copied from any other students work or from any other source except where due acknowledgment is made explicitly in the text, nor has any part been written for me by another person. Students Signature :Sushil Goyal Evaluators _____________________________________________________________________ Marks obtained : ___________ out of ______________________ Content of Homework should start from this page only: comments:

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take this opportunity with much pleasure to thank all the people who have helped me through the course of my journey towards producing this thesis. I sincerely thank my thesis supervisor, Prof. K.Venkateshwarlu, for his guidance, help and motivation. Apart from the subject of my research, I learnt a lot from him, which I am sure will be useful in different stages of my life. I would like to express my gratitude to my friends who always motivates me.

Sushil Goyal

Contents
Text....................................................................................................................... 5 Graphics................................................................................................................ 5 Animation........................................................................................................ 6

Audio.....................................................................................................................7 Video..................................................................................................................... 9

Contents ................................................................................................................................... 2

Abstract
Recently maturing technologies for digital multimedia and the Internet exhibit a powerful synergy with the potential to provide a whole range of new applications and tools. Not only do multimedia and Internet technologies offer enhancements to one another, but their combination suggests entirely new communication paradigms. This paper reviews the state of the art in Internet multimedia from the perspectives of the developer, the network administrator, the content provider and the user, and then investigates some of the up-and-coming application areas: participatory publishing, enriched multimedia databases, integration of the WWW with broadcast media, and universal messaging systems. Remaining challenges, such as missing

authoring features, multimedia information management, network latency, and browsing issues, are then discussed.

Multimedia refers to any computer-based presentation or application that integrates two or more of the following elements: text, graphics, animation, audio, video and virtual reality. A PowerPoint presentation combining text, graphics and video clips is an example of a multimedia application. It is a noninteractive multimedia presentation in which the slides are displayed in a predefined linear fashion. Interactive multimedia applications accept input from the user by means of a keyboard, voice or mouse and perform an action in response. An interactive multimedia program allows users to select the material, define the order in which it is presented and obtain feedback on their actions. The ability for users to interact with a multimedia

application is one of its more unique and important features that enhances learning by engaging and challenging users.

TEXT
Text is a fundamental element used to convey information. It can be enhanced by a variety of textual effects to emphasize and clarify information, e.g., font size, color, style or special effects, such as shadow, blinking, bouncing or fading Graphic was introduced to the web by the IMG tag, in NCSA's Mosaic for X, written by Marc Andreessen and Eric Bina. Graphics add visual interest to a page but can substantially increase total download time for a page, and can't be understood by search engines and other spiders, or user agents for the blind..

GRAPHIC
A graphic is a digital representation of non-text information, such as a drawing, charts or photographs. Graphics were the first media used to enhance the text-based Internet. The introduction of graphical Web browsers allowed Web page developers to incorporate illustrations, logos and pictorial navigation into Web pages. Graphics files on the Web must be saved in a certain format. The two most common file formats for graphical files are JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) and GIF (Graphics Interchange Format). Files are saved in both JPEG and GIF format using compression techniques to reduce the file size for faster downloading from the Web. JPEG is designed for compressing full-color, gray scale images or continuous-tone artwork. Any smooth variation in color, such as occurring in highlighted or shaded areas, will be represented more faithfully and in less space by JPEG than by GIF. GIF does significantly better on images with only a few distinct colors, such as line drawings and simple cartoons. Plain black-and-white images should never be converted to JPEG. There has to be at least 16 gray levels before JPEG is useful for gray-scale images. JPEG is lossy, meaning that the decompressed image isn't quite the same as the original. A lossless compression algorithm is one that guarantees its decompressed output to be bit-for-bit identical to the original input. This scheme does not discard any data during the encoding process, while the lossy scheme throws useless data away during encoding. That is, in fact, how lossy schemes manage to obtain superior compression ratios over most lossless schemes. JPEG was designed specifically to discard information that the human eye cannot easily see. Because the human eye is much more sensitive to brightness variations in gray-scale than to color variations, JPEG can compress color data more heavily than brightness data. Gray-scale images do not compress well by large factors. It should be noted that GIF is lossless for gray-scale images of up to 256 levels, while JPEG is not. However, the more complex and subtly rendered the image, the more likely that JPEG will do well. There are two good reasons for using JPEG: to make image files smaller and to store 24 bits/pixel color. Using smaller image files makes it easier to transmit files across networks and

saves storage space when creating archiving libraries. JPEG stores full color information 24 bits/pixel (16 million colors) unlike GIF, which can store only 8 bits/pixel (256 or fewer colors). Hence JPEG is considerably more appropriate than GIF for use as a WWW standard photo format. However, it takes longer to decode and view a JPEG image than to view an image of a simpler format such as GIF. A useful property of JPEG is that adjusting compression parameters can vary the degree of lossiness. This means that the image maker can trade file size against output image quality. JPEG is a useful format for compact storage and transmission of images, but it should not be used as an intermediate format for sequences of image manipulation steps. The disadvantage of lossy compression with JPEG is that if the user repeatedly compresses and decompresses an image, a little more quality is lost each time. A lossless 24-bit format such as PNG (Portable Network Graphics), TIFF (Tag[ged]) Image File Format) or PPM (Portable PixMap) should be used while working on the original image and then JPEG format can be used when the file is ready to store or send out on the net. If the user expects to edit the image again in the future, the original lossless master copy should be used. Both GIF and PNG support transparent backgrounds, while JPEG does not have this ability. This issue is currently making the GIF image very popular with Web page creators and designers. Because graphics files can be time consuming to download, some Web sites use thumbnails on their pages. A thumbnail is a small version of a larger image that the user can click on to display the full-sized image. The graphical elements for computer applications can be obtained from a clip art/image gallery, which is a collection of previously created clip art and photographs grouped by themes. Graphics can also be created using paint/image editing software, for example, Windows Paint, PaintShop Pro or Adobe Photoshop. Photographs for multimedia applications can be obtained using a scanner to digitize photos, taking the photographs with a digital camera or buying them in a photograph collection on a CD-ROM. Graphics can also be downloaded from the Web.

ANIMATION
Displaying a series of still graphics in rapid sequence creates an animation, which is a graphic that has the illusion of motion. Animated graphics make Web pages more visually attractive and draw attention to important information or links. There are graphics animation and authoring software packages that allow creation of animations. One popular type of animation, called an animated GIF, is created using special software (e.g., Ulead GIF Animator freeware) to combine several images into a single GIF file. With GIF Animator the user can create pictures, banners, buttons and even movies using the built-in image editor or any stand-alone graphics editor, to create image files that will be assembled into GIF animation. Also, the user can obtain previously created animations from a CD-ROM or download them from the Web. From the early days of the web, when the only thing that moved on your screen was the mouse cursor - there's now a bewildering array of methods for animating pages. Here's a selection:

Java.

Shockwave, Flash (formerly FutureSplash). Macromedia's Shockwave plug-ins and Flash are leaders in plug-in animation. QuickTime is the multi-platform industry-standard multimedia architecture used by software tool vendors and content creators to create and deliver synchronized graphics, sound, video, text and music. FLiCs, AVI all require pre-existing software to be on your computer before you can view them. mBED. mbedlets are interactive multimedia interfaces within web pages. They include graphics, animation, sound. They stream data directly off the web as needed and attempt to use bandwidth as efficiently as possible. They can communicate back to the server using standard HTTP methods. And they respond to user actions such as mouse clicks and key events. Enliven, and Sizzler. Javascript animations require preloading and users can disable Javascript in their browser. Framation (TM) is a technique using a combination of meta-refresh and frames. GIF animation. Self-contained GIF files are downloaded once and played from the computer's disk cache. You can download several per page, and even place a single animated GIF dozens of times on the same page, creating effects that would not be easy with other solutions. Unlike other movie formats, GIF still supports transparency, even in animations. They are as simple to use and implement as any still GIF image. The only thing GIF lacks is sound (and BTW sound has been added to GIFs in the past) and realtime speed variation (like AVI's ability to skip frames when on a slow machine).

AUDIO
Audio is music, speech or any other sound. Using audio in a multimedia application to supplement text and graphics enhances understanding. Audio for multimedia can be obtained in several ways. One method is to capture the sound using a microphone, CD-ROM, radio, musical device or any other audio input device that is plugged into a port on a sound card. As with graphics and animation, audio clips can be purchased on a CD-ROM, DVD-ROM or downloaded from the Web. Audio files can be quite large, and therefore they are frequently compressed to reduce the size and increase the speed of downloading. MP3 is a popular technology to compress audio. Files compressed using this format have an extension of .mp3 and have to be downloaded completely. Most currently used browsers contain a program called a player that can play the audio in MP3 files. Web applications also use streaming audio that allows the user to listen to the sound as it downloads to the computer. Streaming is the process of transferring data in a continuous and even flow, which allows users to access and use a file before it has been transmitted completely. Streaming is important because most users do not have fast enough Internet connections to download a large multimedia file quickly. Web-based audio can be also used for Internet telephone service, sometimes called Internet telephony. This technology allows users to talk to other people over the Internet. Internet telephony uses the Internet, instead of a telephone network, so the cost of the communication is reduced to the cost of the Internet connection. Internet telephone software and the computer's sound card digitize

and compress the conversation and then transmit the digitized audio over the Internet to the called parties. The Musical Instrument Digital Interface is a music-definition language and communications protocol enabling electronic instruments from all manufacturers to communicate musical information. A MIDI (.mid) file conveys music like a musical score: both translate music into a simple set of performance instructions. Unlike digital audio (.wav) files, compact discs, or cassettes, MIDI does not capture and store actual sounds. Instead, it is a set of data which describes the specific steps that a soundcard or other playback device must take to generate the same sounds via electronic synthesis. MIDI files are very much smaller than other audio files. The compact size of MIDI files makes them especially well suited for delivery over the Internet. A one-minute MIDI file might require about 10 KB of disk space. Compare this to a .wav file of the same duration, which might require from 5 MB to 10 MB of disk space, depending on the audio qualities of the file. There are several types of plug-in software for playing back MIDI files, such as Crescendo!, Yamaha's MIDPLUG, and Netscape's LiveAudio. These depend greatly on the MIDI playback capabilities of the hardware or of the operating system. On the Macintosh, the waveform that produces the sound depends on QuickTime sounds, and on Windows, it depends on the FM tone generator of the sound board (usually a SoundBlaster or compatible) that is accessed through the MIDI Mapper. There are many pre-made MIDI music files available on the Internet. Many of these are freely available for download at such sites as

The MIDI Farm My Mega Midi Archive Abundant Legal MIDI Files

Keep your background sound files small so they'll download quickly! Digital audio files may be recorded at a variety of resolutions, ranging from low resolution - 8 bit, 11 Mhz, up to CD quality - 16 bit, 44.1 Mhz. Typical medium quality may be 22 Mhz, 16 bits. These files can be prohibitively large, e.g. one minute's worth of CD quality audio takes up 10 Mbytes. This can take over two hours to download over a 14.4 Kbps modem, assuming a transfer rate of 1K/second. Real-time or "streaming" audio can be played while it's being received, eliminating the need to wait for the whole file to be downloaded first. The RealAudio system delivers music and speech over a network in real-time; users do not have to wait while a file downloads; the sound plays as it is delivered. Users have complete control over the sound; they can pause, move forward and back, and start or stop at any time. The network can be the Internet, an intranet, or any local area network. RealAudio formats are optimized for low- to medium-speed connections including 14.4

and 28.8 Kbps modems and ISDN. Early versions of RealAudio sounded like old thermionic valve receivers receiving shortwave transmissions from the other side of the world.. Current versions are much better but still leave something to be desired.

VIDEO
Video consists of photographic images that are played back at speeds of 15-30 frames per second and provide the appearance of full motion. To use video in a multimedia application, the developer has to capture, digitize and edit the video segments using special video production hardware and software. Video can also be captured directly in digital format using a digital video camera. Due to the size of video files, incorporating video into a multimedia application is often a challenge. Files require large amounts of storage space, therefore they are often compressed. Video compression works by recognizing that only a small portion of the video image changes from frame to frame, and after storing the first reference frame only changes from one frame to the next are stored. The Motion Pictures Experts Group has defined a standard for video and audio compression and de-compression, called MPEG. MPEG compression can reduce the size of video files up to 95 percent, while retaining near TV quality. Video compression has allowed video to play a more important role in multimedia applications. Technologies such as streaming video made video a viable part of multimedia on the Web. As with streaming audio, streaming video allows the user to view longer or live video images as they are downloaded to the computer. The standard used for transmitting video data on the Internet is RealVideo, which is a component of RealPlayer supported by most current Web browsers. Streaming video also allows conducting Internet videoconferences that work like Internet telephony. A video camera, videoconferencing software and video capture card digitize and compress the images and sounds. After they are sent over the Internet, equipment and software at the receiving end assemble and decompress the data presenting the images and sound as video. The Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language (SMIL, pronounced "smile") enables simple authoring of interactive audiovisual presentations. SMIL is typically used for "rich media/multimedia" presentations, which integrate streaming audio and video with other media type. SMIL is an HTML-like language and many SMIL presentations are written using a simple text-editor. Another important application of multimedia is to create simulations, which are computer-based models of real-life situations. Multimedia simulations often replace costly and sometimes dangerous demonstrations and training, such as in chemistry, nuclear physics, aviation and medicine. Also, multimedia simulations are used in the game industry. Virtual reality is the simulation of a real or imagined environment that appears as a three-dimensional (3-D) synthetic space that has dynamic properties specified by software. On the Web, virtual reality involves the display of 3-D images that the user can explore and manipulate interactively. Most Web-based virtual reality applications are developed using virtual reality modeling language (VRML), which is a language that describes the geometry of the scene. Using VRML, a developer can create an entire 3-D site, called a virtual reality world containing infinite space and depth. Virtual reality has many practical applications in science, education, advertising, design and other fields.

Some of the multimedia on the Web is developed in Java, which is a programming language specifically designed for use on the Internet. Developers use Java to create stand-alone applications or programs called applets that can be downloaded and run in the window of any Java-enabled browser. An applet is a short program executed inside of another program that runs on the user's computer. Most Internet browsers have the capability of displaying basic multimedia elements on a Web page. Sometimes the browser needs an additional program called a plug-in or helper application, which extends the capability of the browser. A plug-in runs multimedia elements within the browser window, while a helper application runs multimedia elements in a window separate from the browser. Plug-ins and helper applications can be downloaded or copied at no charge from many sites on the Web. Usually, Web pages that use multimedia include links to Web sites that contain the required plug-in or helper. Some browsers include commonly used plug-ins, such as Shockwave. To view the virtual world, the user needs a VRML browser or a VRML plug-in to a Web browser. Combining media for Web applications brings Web pages to life, increasing the types of information available on the Web, expanding the Web's potential uses and making the Internet a more entertaining place to explore. Early web sites were very static affairs, especially before the introduction of inline images and the availability of techniques such as Netscape's push-pull. Web designers have been eager to find ways to introduce eye-catching motion into their pages, even resorting in far too many case to use or abuse of the infamous blink tag. Push-pull was obsoleted by the introduction, again by Netscape, of inline GIF animation (GIF animation itself wasn't new, but browser support was). Several other techniques are now available for animating web pages, but most of them are more suited to 'cartoon' style animation rather than portrayal of real scenes such as those available in the video medium. The growth of the multimedia-oriented World Wide Web has accelerated the demand for sleek, attractively packaged information which can be distributed via the web. More and more companies are determining that video is a desirable part of their communications strategy. The applications for video are wide-ranging, from network-based training, to videoconferencing, to video brochures. Video adds an exciting interactive dimension to corporate communications. Video is not yet widely deployed at web sites, due to the huge storage and bandwidth requirements. Video is typically recorded in analog format, which can be represented by a curvy sine wave, much like waves moving across the ocean. Analog video cannot be stored on a computer's hard drive, your company's LAN, or the Internet because these tools work exclusively with information stored in a digital format. Digital video is stored and transmitted as a stream of zeros and ones, which a computer or similar device then interprets to produce a display. The most common regular (non-streaming) video formats are

AVI for Windows, MPEG for all platforms, including UNIX.

Quicktime MOV for Mac (and Windows too),

The most popular video editing and compression tools have versions for both Windows and Macintosh, so you can build your video compression toolbox around your existing equipment. Players for AVI (such as Media Player in Windows 95) or for QuickTime are very common. These formats are designed for optimal quality, and are not suited for streaming. MPEG Motion Picture Experts Group is a format that delivers T.V. quality, 30 fps, full motion video. MPEG defines a set of international standards for the compression and de-compression of audiovisual information (e.g., movies, video, music) in a digital compressed format. The major advantage of MPEG compared to other video and audio coding formats is that MPEG files are much smaller for the same quality. This is because MPEG uses very sophisticated compression techniques. On the Web, MPEG Video files have the extension .mpg and MPEG Audio files have the extension .mp2 or .mp3. MPEG solves a fundamental problem of digital video -- space. A single second of uncompressed video would occupy 30 MB of a computer's disk space. MPEG also addresses the issue of how much processor power is available at the typical desktop, and, as an international standard, ensures that we don't have a babble of digital video formats to contend with. MPEGPLAY is available for Windows 3.1, Win 3.11, Windows 3.11 WFW, Windows 95, and Windows NT. If you have Windows 3.1, 3.11, or WFW, you will need Win32s version 1.15a. The unregistered version has a 1 MB file size limit. mpeg is available for Windows 3.1 and higher, plus Win 95. It will also play MPEG audio. The MPEG Monster List The QuickTime MPEG extension works directly with QuickTime to provide complete playback and control of MPEG movies. This Macintosh download installs the QuickTime MPEG extension, the latest MoviePlayer (2.5.1), and an updated Thread Manager. Quicktime QuickTime is a multi-platform industry-standard multimedia architecture used by software tool vendors and content creators to create and deliver synchronized graphics, sound, video, text and music. The QuickTime plug-in lets you experience QuickTime animation, music, MIDI, audio, video, and VR panoramas and objects directly in a Web page. It works seamlessly within firewall environments and requires no special server software. It's available for Mac 68K/PPC and all flavors of Windows. Check out Apple's samples page for movies, digitized audio, MIDI soundtracks, 3D animation and virtual reality made possible by QuickTime. The QuickTime Discussion Forum is a webpage based forum moderated by Apple Support Engineers.

The QT viewer is available for the PC and the Mac. A good source of Quicktime Movies is Jesse's Movies. RealVideo delivers 'newscast'-quality video over 28.8 kbps modems, full-motion-quality video using V.56 (56 kbps) and ISDN (56/64 kbps) modems, and near TV broadcast quality video at LAN rates or 'broadband' speeds (100 kbps and above). On the client-side, RealVideo delivers easy-to-use interactive features, such as video seeking and scanning, clickable video regions, and 'buffered play' for greater video quality using slower 28.8 kbps modems. On the server back-end, RealVideo delivers the most scaleable, cost-effective media server solutions, allowing webcasting companies to deploy from several hundred to several thousand simultaneous video streams.

CONCLUSION

Multimedia plays a very important role in internet without this present internet world is not possible, because with the help of multimedia internet looks more interactive, stylish and user friendly

REFERENCES

http://www.wdvl.com/ http://www.springerlink.com/content/q4214820r2860pm3/ http://www.rsna.org/Technology/internet5-1.cfm http://wikipedia.org http://whereismydoc.com