HYDROGEOLOGICAL STUDY IN THE IMPACT ZONE OF PROPOSED NAVI MUMBAI INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT MAHARASHTRA SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION REPORT JANUARY

2010

Director Groundwater Surveys and Development Agency

WATER SUPPLY & SANITATION DEPARTMENT Government of Maharashtra

HYDROGEOLOGICAL STUDY IN THE IMPACT ZONE OF PROPOSED NAVI MUMBAI INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT MAHARASHTRA SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION REPORT JANUARY 2010

Director Groundwater Surveys and Development Agency

WATER SUPPLY & SANITATION DEPARTMENT Government of Maharashtra

Contents
Preamble Description of Study Hydrometeorology (i) Climate (ii) Rainfall Geographic Features (i) Physiography (ii) Drainage Geology (i) Basalts (ii) Dykes (iii) Panvel Flexure Delineation of Watersheds Hydrogeology (i) Occurrence of Groundwater (ii) Water table aquifer (iii) Confined aquifer (iv) Hydrograph Network Drinking water supply Assessment of Groundwater Resources Groundwater Quality Geophysical Investigations Conclusions and Recommendations (i) Diversion of Ulve river (ii) Training of Gadhi river (iii) Recommendations. Need for Phase II survey -x1 1 1 1 1 3 3 6 6 6 9 9 11 11 11 15 15 15 17 17 17 27 32 32 32 34 35

List of Figures
Location map of the study area showing proposed site of Navi Mumbai International Airport. Geomorphology of study area Slope of study area Drainage in the study area. Geology and dykes Geological section Elementary Watershed map Mini watershed map Post monsoon water level (m) map Samples from Taluka-Panvel, Dist-Raigad Samples from Taluka-Uran, Dist-Raigad Samples from Taluka-Thane, Dist-Thane Iso-TDS (ppm) with creek samples Map Iso-Chloride map Iso-Sulphate map Iso-Hardness map Geo-electrical cross section from Chinchpada to Moho Geo-electrical cross section from Shridhon to Panvel Sounding curve at Panvel Sounding curve at Moho Sounding curve at Vadavali Sounding curve at Shridhon Sounding curve at Chirwat Map of mini watershed WF-40/7

Fig 1 Fig 2a Fig 2b Fig 3 Fig 4a Fig 4b Fig 5a Fig 5b Fig 6 Fig 7a Fig 7b Fig 7c Fig 7d Fig 7e Fig 7f Fig 7g Fig 8a Fig 8b Fig 8c Fig 8d Fig 8e Fig 8f Fig 8g Fig 9

2 4 5 7 8 10 12 13 14 19 20 22 23 24 25 26 28 28 29 29 30 30 31 33

List of Tables
Table 1a Table 1b Table 1c Table 2 Rainfall received at station Panvel, District -Raigad. Rainfall received at station Uran, District - Raigad Rainfall received at station Thane, District - Thane Details of observation wells and depth to water level (Post monsoon) Post monsoon water level data of observation well Panvel, Taluka- Panvel, Dist-Raigad Post monsoon water level data of observation well Nere, TalukaPanvel, Dist-Raigad Post monsoon water level data of observation well Jasai, TalukaUran, Dist-Raigad Post monsoon water level data of observation well Kopar Khairane, Taluka -Thane, Dist-Thane. Information of drinking water borewells. Groundwater Assessment in elementary watersheds in the study area. Location and type of water samples collected in the study area. The method adopted for physical and chemical analysis Drinking water specifications as per ISO 10500-1991 Chemical analysis results. 36 37 38 39

Table 3a

41

Table 3b

42

Table 3c

43

Table 3d Table 4 Table 5 Table 6a Table 6b Table 6c Table 6d

44 45 47 48 49 50 51

Our sincere thanks to

Shri Ajit Kumar Jain IAS

Principal Secretary Water Supply and Sanitation Department Government of Maharashtra

Executive Summary

1.

Study Area

The proposed Navi Mumbai International Airport is located near Panvel City, at a distance of about 35 km from Mumbai. The study area comprises of 10 sq km area around the proposed Airport. About 100 villages from Uran and Panvel taluka of Raigad district and Thane taluka of Thane district fall in the study area. The climate is generally hot and humid and the temperature ranges in between 280 c to 320 c and the humility range from 44% to 76% throughout the year. 2. Rainfall

The monsoon period is from June to September and the normal rainfall ranges from 2072 mm to 2741 mm. The actual rainfall for last 20 years at Panvel meteorological station ranges from 1829 mm to 4136mm. 3. Drainage

5 main rivers drain through the study area. They are Taloja and Navdi Nadi in the north, Kalundri and Kolkhewadi River in the west and Ulve nadi in the south. These rivers join together to from the Panvel creek. Kalundri River as also called as Gadhi River. 4. Geology

The geological formations of the entire study area consist of dark coloured volcanic lava flows basaltic in composition and are intruded by dykes.They belong to Upper Cretaceous to Lower Eocene period approximately 80 to 100 million years of age. The main characteristic feature of these flows is their horizontal disposition and considerable lateral extent, with almost incredible uniformity in their composition and appearance. The flows are compact and massive with fine to medium grained texture. The dugwells and borewell data reveals that the weathering is up to 3 to 5 m only below that there is hard massive rock. Few dykes are observed to intrude the lava flows. Panvel Flexure Panvel flexure has been noted for more than a century (Blanford 1867, Wynne 1886). These workers have described the flexure as a monoclinal bending of the lava pile. But later workers have linked the origin of the flexure to the west coast rifting, subsidence and uplift of Western Ghats. It is observed that the drainage is not controlled by any structure. Delineation of watersheds The study area is divided into 3 elementary watersheds. WF 40, W42 and WF 36. These watersheds are again subdivided into mini watersheds. Groundwater assessment is done on the basis of Elementary watersheds which indicate that the Stage of Development in each watershed is 27.57%, 13.82% and 5.81% respectively.

5.

Hydrogeology

The hydro geological studies indicate that the rocks are not suitable to store groundwater as there is no primary porosity. Secondary porosity like weathering and fractures store groundwater to some extent. The depth of dug well varies from 2.5 to 11.10 m and the diameter varies from 2.2 to 6.3 m. The drinking water borewells have a depth range of 40 m to 90m. Post monsoon water table in 38 dugwells ranges from 0.20 m to 5.00 m. Hydrograph from observation well at Panvel reveals that the pre monsoon and post monsoon water level is showing rising trend. The pre monsoon water level ranges from 0.4 to 2.10 m bgl. 6. Groundwater Quality

The data from 49 water quality network stations indicate that Panvel city, Taloja and Ulve have very high TDS ranging from 2000 ppm to 14,000 ppm. High concentration of Chloride is found near Turbhe, Kamote and Kharghar area. 7. Conclusions i) Diversion of Ulve River This River forms the main drainage of mini watershed WF40/7. The water holding capacity of the aquifer in the mini watershed is limited, hence the dugwells yield less, due to which there are no agricultural activities in Rabi Season. Few farmers cultivate vegetables. Diversion of Ulve River near the creek will not have any adverse effect on groundwater in this mini watershed. The runoff in the Ulve River can be reduced by construction of few Water Conservation Structures from Village Garade to Village Bhangarpada. Training of Gadhi River The tidel water reaches the upstream of this river up to the confluence of Kalundri and Kolkhewadi river. Hence training of this river will have no adverse effect on groundwater.

ii)

8.

Recommendations

The development of groundwater potential by means of dugwells and borewells is severely restricted in view of the rugged and hilly nature of the terrain in the Eastern & Southern part of study area. The plains in the West of study area are covered with mud land and creek water After due observations, following conclusions and recommendations are made. i) Rising water table: From the pre monsoon and post monsoon groundwater levels of 4 observation wells it is observed that there is a rising trend which indicates that optimal usage of groundwater for agriculture is not done. The stage of development indicates that there is further scope for groundwater usages. Due to urbanization, drinking water is supplied through pipe water supply schemes hence the dependency on groundwater is reduced. The density of wells in these elementary watersheds is just 1.7 well per sq.km.

ii

ii)

Groundwater quality is the main issue in Panvel city and Taloja Industrial area. The unconfined aquifers are yielding sweet water, but in some cases the deeper confined aquifers are polluted, due to sea water intrusion and industrial waste. Water conservation Structures: The dugwells, though fully saturated during monsoon are not sustainable and dry up in early summer due to geological constraints. To make these wells sustainable, additional non monsoon recharge is essential so that continuous recharge will take place against withdrawal. This can be achieved only through construction of water conservation structures, on the existing drainage. Ulve river, Kalundri river, Kolkhewadi river and Taloja river and Navadi river are best suitable for this purpose. The type of structure can be recommended after detailed survey in Phase II. These structures will also help in reducing surface run off, which otherwise this will have some impact on the proposed site. Desilting of Panvel creek and Gadhi river, Navadi river and Taloja river : Through the years Gadhi river and its tributaries Taloja river and its tributaries have deposited large amount of silt near the confluence of these two rivers. It is observed that due to silting, the water spread area has increased converting the land into mud plains. It is suggested that desilting of Panvel creek upto Gadhi and Taloja river will reduce water spread area in the proposed airport site. The desilting will also have no adverse impact on the groundwater regime in all the mini watersheds. In fact it will create more space for the accommodation of freshwater in the surrounding areas. Rowing Channel: The Gadhi river after training at the proposed location will be suitable for International Standard Rowing Channel of length 2300m, width 110m and height 3.5m. If this is considered then Rowing channel will be ready with no extra cost. Further Rowing channel will have no adverse impact on Groundwater regime in the mini watersheds.

iii)

iv)

v)

iii

Preamble
Mumbai is famous since pre historic times particularly for its leading role in promoting foreign trade. Presently it is financial and commercial capital of India. Mumbai is growing and has now expanded to Navi Mumbai and still new cities are being developed along the creek of Thane and Panvel. To keep pace with growing trade and population faster mode of transportation are required, hence a new International Airport has been proposed between Ulve Village and Panvel city. The Airport is being developed by Government of Maharashtra Public Enterprise CIDCO. The development of Navi Mumbai International Airport has been approved in principle by the Ministry of Civil Aviation, Government of India. For EIA and environment clearance, Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF) GOI has suggested to study different environmental components within 10 sq.km. radius area around the proposed site. One of the components is Groundwater Study. The livelihood of rural people mainly depends on water both surface and groundwater. Hence it is of utmost importance to study the impact of land reclaimation on groundwater availability and quality. At present River Ulve and River Gadhi are flowing through the proposed site. Training of River Gadhi and diversion of river Ulve has been purposed. It is essential to find out the impact of these activities on groundwater. To study groundwater, one has to study the hydrogelogy of the area, so that occurrence, movement and distribution of groundwater can be better understood.

Description of Study Area

The proposed Navi Mumbai International Airport is located near Panvel Creek in Raigad district on the western coast of India and occurs between North latitudes 180 59 33 & East longitudes 730 04 18. The area is included in Survey of India toposheet nos. 47-E/4, 47-F/1 The Proposed site is at a distance of 35 km. from Mumbai. Two National Highways (i) NH-4 (Mumbai-Chennai) & (ii) NH 17 (Mumbai-Goa) originate from Panvel. It is also linked to Mumbai - Agra (NH 3) & Mumbai Delhi (NH8). Highways. Total area of airport zone is about 1615 ha, out of which on-airport areas is 1140 ha. Impact Assessment Study is proposed within a radius of 10 sq.km. and covers about 100 villages from Panvel and Uran talukas of Raigad District and Thane taluka of Thane districts (Fig-1).

Hydrometeorology
i) Climate: The Climate experienced throughout the year is generally hot and humid. The maximum day temperature ranges in between 280C to 320 C. while the minimum temperature ranges in between 170C to 270C. The relative humidly remains in between 44 % to 76% throughout the year. ii) Rainfall : Rainfall is the only source of recharge to groundwater. The study area fall in the High Rainfall Zone of Konkan, ranging between 2072 mm to 2741 mm. It receives rainfall between June to September i.e. monsoon period. Some amount of rainfall is also received during non-monsoon period. In the study area, rainfall is measured at 3 taluka stations. i.e. (a) Panvel, (b) Uran & (c) Thane a) Panvel Hydrometeorological Station : The data is available from 1989 up to 2009. The IMD normal rainfall is 2741 mm. The 21 year data reveals that for 12 years, the rainfall received is above normal by 0.44 % to 50.89 %. For 9 years the rainfall received is below normal and it ranges from 2.30 % to 33.27 % (Table-1a)

Fig-1 : Location map of study area showing proposed site of Navi Mumbai International Airport
Dahisar Advali-Bhutavali Dhansar Adivali Pisarve Rohinjan Bid Koyana Velhe Chinchvali Tf Taloje Ambhe Tf Taloje Owe (Taloje Panchanad) New Bombay Owe Thane Pale Bk. Kharghar Kevale Vakadi Nevali Adai Vaghivali Targhar Panvel (Urban) Ulwe Owle Pargaon Sonkahr Dapoli Wahal Kharkopar Gavhan Padeghar Kundevahal Manghar (mankher) Mosare Patnoli Vadavali Turmale Giravale Chirvat Jasai Chirle Nanoshi Sawarkhar Muthekhar Kauli Bandhankhar Belondakhar Kauli Belodkhar Ransai Pohi Karal Chinchavan Devloli Bk Savale Weshvi Sanguli Shirdhon Dahivali Narpoli Bhatan Talegaon Pansheel Ashte Kasalkhand Khanavale Bambavi Karanjade Kolkhe Bherle Kudave Derawali Kon Arwali Ajivali Bhingar Bhingarwadi Dungi (pargaon) Vadghar Vichumbe Usarli Kh Kalundra Shivkar Pali Kh Chikhale Belvali Borle Akurli Palidevad Devad Bonshet Ambivali Wangani Tf Waje Moho Harigram Koproli Nere Umroli Valap Devichapada Kanpoli Chindharan Morbe Hedutane Khanav Chinchvali Tf Waje Taloje Majkur Ghot Kherane Kh Vavanje Mahodar Kondap Nighu Vakalan Asode Usatane Nagzari Nitalas Bandhanwadi Nitale

Karavale Bk.

Creek

Urban

Rural

Hills

Airport Location

b) Uran Hydrometeorological Station. : The data is available from 1989 to 2009. The IMD normal rainfall is 2072 mm. The 21 years data reveals that for 12 years the rainfall received is above normal by 7.58 % to 70.08 %. For 9 years the rainfall received is below normal and it ranges from 0.14 % to 56.18 % (Table-1b) c) Thane Hydrometeorological Station. : The data is available from 1989 to 2009. The IMD normal rainfall is 2446 mm. The 21 years data reveals that in 11 years the rainfall received is above normal by 1.84 % to 63.08 %. For 10 years the rainfall received is below normal and it ranges from 1.02 % to 36.92 % (Table-1c)

Geographic features
(i) Physiography : Broadly the Konkan is divided into 2 main divisions (i) Coastal region (ii) Inland division or Sahyadri Range. The study area falls in coastal region. It is adjoining the Panvel creek. It has plain area as well as rugged & uneven topography. The main Sahyadrian scarp form the eastern horizon. These ranges send westwards several transverse subsidiary hills many of which with varying heights almost reach the coastline to form headlands. It is important to know that the mountains in the Deccan Trap or peninsula are mostly of the relict type i.e. they are not mountains in the true sense of the term but are mere outstanding portions of the old plateau that have escaped, for one reason or another. The weathering phenomenon has cut out all the surrounding parts of the land and they are huge blocks or tors of the old plateau More prominent elevation is in the southern portion about 20 km distance of the study area i.e. Karnala 475m. high.(Fig-2a and Fig-2b)

Fig-2a : Geomorphology of study area

Coastal Plain

Denudational Hill

Habitation Mask

Plateau

Structural Hills

Water Body Mask

Fig-2b :Slope of study area

0-1%

1-3%

3-5%

5 - 10 %

10 - 15 %

15 - 35 %

35 - 50 %

Water Body Mask

(ii) Drainage : The Sahyadrian scarp is the birth place of all westerly flowing rivers. 5 main rivers drain through the study area. Taloja Nadi and Navdi nadi in the North, Kalundri and Kolkhewadi river in the west and Ulwe nadi in the south. Taloja nadi and Navdi Nadi join together to form Panvel Creek Kalundri and Kolkhewadi river join together to form Gadhi river meeting the Panvel Creek at village Waghvali. Garada nala and other streams form Ulwe river which joins Panvel Creek in the south near village Dungi. (Fig-3)

Geology
The geological formations of the entire study area consist of dark coloured volcanic lava flows, basaltic in composition and is intruded by large no. of dykes. (Fig-4a) (i) Basaltic rocks: The lava flows were poured out of long and narrow fissures in the earths crust, during the Upper Cretaceous to Lower Eocene period approximately, 80 to 100 million years ago. These are spread out in the form of horizontal sheets or beds and constitute the innumerable spurs, hills and hill ranges, bold flat topped ridged, lofty peaks and plateaus with impressive cliffs. These hill ranges and plateaus form a part of Western Ghats. In the plains and valleys the lava flow occurs below a thin blanket of soil of variable thickness. A characteristic feature of these flows is their horizontal disposition and considerable lateral extent with almost incredible uniformity in their composition and appearance. These lava flows are also termed as plateau basalts, because of their dominantly basaltic composition and the tendency to form flat topped plateau. Since these basaltic lava flows cover an extensive region in the Deccan and frequently present step like appearances to the hills and ridges they are commonly termed as Deccan Traps the word trap in Swedish meaning stairs or steps. The traps attain a thickness of nearly 760m in the east of study area i.e. around Matheran plateau. The individual flows vary greatly in thickness from a few meters to as much as 75 m or even more. In a single hill, a number of flows sometimes as many as 10 to 20 could be seen resting horizontally one above the other. Vertical, inclined, prismatic and columnar jointing are commonly found in the hard and compact basalts. These rocks wither by exfoliation into massive spheroidal boulders which are usually seen on hill slopes and foot hills.

F6 F5 F4 F3 F2

Petrologically the lava flows in the study area are extraordinary uniform in their composition and texture, corresponding to a dolerite or basalt with an average specific gravity of 2.9. These basalts are composed of abundant labrodorite, feldspar, enstatite, augite and interstitial glass. Magnetite is the most common accessory mineral though at times a fair amount of Olivine is also present.

F1

Fig-3 : Drainage in the study area

Taloja river

Panvel creek

Kalundri river Sea Gadhi river Ulve river Kolkewadi river

Fig-4a : Geology and dykes

Dahisar Advali-Bhutavali Dhansar Adivali Pisarve Rohinjan Bid Koyana Velhe Chinchvali Tf Taloje Ambhe Tf Taloje Owe (Taloje Panchanad) Devichapada Kanpoli Owe Thane Valap New Bombay Hedutane Pale Bk. Kharghar Kevale Vakadi Umroli Nevali Adai Vaghivali Targhar Panvel (Urban) Ulwe Owle Pargaon Sonkahr Dapoli Wahal Kharkopar Gavhan Padeghar Kundevahal Manghar (mankher) Mosare Patnoli Vadavali Turmale Giravale Chirvat Jasai Chirle Nanoshi Sawarkhar Muthekhar Kauli Bandhankhar Belondakhar Kauli Belodkhar Ransai Pohi Karal Chinchavan Devloli Bk Savale Weshvi Sanguli Shirdhon Dahivali Narpoli Talegaon Pansheel Bhatan Ashte Kasalkhand Khanavale Bambavi Karanjade Kolkhe Bherle Kudave Derawali Kon Arwali Ajivali Bhingar Bhingarwadi Dungi (pargaon) Vadghar Vichumbe Usarli Kh Kalundra Shivkar Pali Kh Chikhale Belvali Borle Akurli Palidevad Devad Bonshet Ambivali Wangani Tf Waje Moho Harigram Koproli Nere Khanav Chinchvali Tf Waje Chindharan Morbe Taloje Majkur Ghot Kherane Kh Vavanje Mahodar Kondap Nighu Vakalan Asode Usatane Nagzari Karavale Bk. Nitale Nitalas Bandhanwadi

Basalt

Dyke

The basalts are usually dark gray and bluish gray in colour and are hard, compact and tough. The texture is fine to medium grained. A single lava flow can be divided into mainly two parts, the lower part is called massive basalt while the upper part through which gases come out during cooling is called vesicular basalt. Sometimes these vesicles are filled with secondary minerals like calcite, zeolites and variety of secondary quartz like agate, jasper, chalcedony etc. The geological section in the dugwell and borewell observed in the study area is given in Fig 4b

ii) Dyke: A large number of dykes intrude the lava flows. These dykes trend N15oE S15oW, NE SW, N85oE and S85oW and NE-SW. The dykes are more abundant in Panvel area. Majority of the dykes range in width from 2m to 4m. Branching and multiple injections are also noticed in few dykes in the area South East of Panvel. The contact between the dykes and the host basalt flow are invariably sharp (Fig-4a).

iii) Panvel Flexure : Panvel Flexure has been noted for more than a century (Bladford 1867, Wynne 1886). These workers have described the flexure as a simple monoclinal fold (bending) of the lava flows. Some workers have linked the origin of the flexure to the west-coast rifting, subsidence and uplift of Western Ghats. The flexure is north-south and extends from Gujrat to Murud Jangira. Many have doubted the very nature of this Panvel structure as a flexure. Many theories are put up but they are still inadequate. During the hydrogeological study in this area, it is observed that there is no effect on groundwater regime. Also the drainage is not controlled by structures. The water levels in the whole area behave in a normal way and no evidences are observed that there is control of any structure.

Fig-4b : Geological section Section of dugwell : Village-Nandgaon, Taluka Panvel, Dist.- Raigad G.L. Staining Soil cover 1m

Weathered, brownish coloured basalt

4.5 m Hard, massive basalt Depth 5.70 m

Section of borewell : Village Manghar, Taluka Panvel, Dist.-Raigad G.L. Casing Soil cover 0.6 m Highly weathered, soft, brownish coloured basalt 3.0 m

Hard, grey-black coloured massive basalt

Depth

73.30 m

10

Delineation of watersheds
The occurrence, movement and distribution of groundwater can be better understood and studied in smaller units called watersheds. On the basis of physiography and drainage, GSDA has divided the whole State into 1505 Elementary Watersheds. The study area falls mainly in 3 westerly flowing (WF) watersheds i.e. (i) WF 40, (ii) WF 42, (iii) WF 36 (Fig-5a) The major portion of the study area is covered in WF40 watershed. These watersheds are again sub-divided into mini watersheds as given below. (Fig-5b) a) WF 40 - This watershed covers Panvel city and comes under Raigad district. It is divided into 9 mini watersheds and are named as WF 40/1, 40/2, 40/3, 40/4, 40/5, 40/6, 40/7, 40/8 and 40/9. The miniwatershed WF 40/7 covers the proposed airport site and is the main focus of our study. Whereas, the other mini watersheds partially cover the Impact Zone. b) WF 42 - This watershed also comes under Raigad district. One mini watershed i.e. 42/1 falls in the study area. c) WF 36 - This watershed comes under Thane district. One mini watershed 36/2 falls in study area. About 11 towns coming under Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation are covered in this mini watershed. This mini watershed is located in the north of study area. Panvel Creek divides the watershed from the airport area.

Hydrogeology
Earlier Groundwater investigations were carried out by GSDA to locate feasible sites for drilling of borewells for Drinking Water purpose. Also systematic hydrogeological investigations were carried out in few villages to study the aquifer conditions and feasibility for new dugwells for irrigation purpose. A special hydrogeological study was taken up in the villages falling in the study areaReconnaissance survey and well inventory of dugwells and borewells was undertaken. 38 observation wells in 36 villages fixed for monitoring of pre & post monsoon groundwater levels (Table-2). The detailed well inventory reveals that the depth of dugwells varies from 2.5 to 11.1 m and the diameter varies from 2.2 to 6.3 m. All the wells are round in shape. The drinking water borewells have a depth range of 40m to 90 m. Post monsoon water level map is prepared and shown in Fig-6. (i) Occurrence of Groundwater

There is no primary porosity in the rocks encountered in the study area. The lower massive basalt is compact and does not posses any porosity. The vesicular basalt in the only starta that can store groundwater to some extent, but does not possess appreciable permissibility as the vesicles are not inter connected. The soil cover in the wells is very shallow. Hence the secondary porosity and permeability developed due to weathering and fracturing is limited and the wells yield less
11

Fig- 5a : Elementary watershed map

WF32

WF36

WF-40

WF-42

WF-43

12

Fig- 5b : Mini watershed map

36/1 40/1 40/2 36/2 40/9 40/3 40/4 40/8

40/5 42/1 40/7

40/6

42/5 42/2

13

Fig- 6 : Post monsoon water levels (m) map

Taloja

Pendhar

Ove Kukshet Nerul Kalamboli Darave Belapur Agroli Moha Ulva Dapoli Kundevahal Kambadbhuje

Pale Padghe Valvali

Harigram Kaproli Panvel2 Moho

Karanjade Nandgaon Palaspe

Mankher Patnoli

Turmal Giravle

<1

1-3

>3

14

water. Due to massive rock the depth is restricted to 7 to 8 m. only and almost all wells dry or yield very little water in summer. (ii) Water Table Aquifer

Groundwater occurs under water table conditions within a depth of 4 to 5 m below ground level. Weathering and fracturing of upper basalt has resulted into water table aquifer. In the plain region there is hydraulic continuity in this zone. However in the higher elevation in isolated plateaus, small gorges and valleys the occurrence of groundwater is highly localized, which does not reflect the regional picture. The depth to water level in the inventoried wells ranged between 0.2 m to 5 m bgl. in Jan 2010. The dug wells near the creek have sweet water up to 5 m to 6 m but below this depth there is brackish water. Hence the depth of dug wells is restricted to 5 to 6 m. only. The water table aquifer wells dry up in March. Some wells are perennial but the groundwater availability is meager. In general the potential from water table aquifer is not significant. Even through the rainfall is heavy, the massive basalt does not allow vertical percolation. Hence there is more runoff. (iii) Confined Aquifer

Groundwater occurs under confined conditions below the depth of 30m. where the fracture porosity is insignificant. Here the weathered flow contacts are completely cut off from the upper aquifer on account of intervening highly impermeable massive basalts and red boles. The recharge to these aquifers is through major shear zones intersecting several flows. The confined aquifer is tapped through bore wells drilled for drinking water purpose. The depth ranges from 20m to 90 m and are normally 150mm in diameter. The piezometeric levels in these bore wells are observed to range from 2 m to 5 m in post monsoon. (iv) Hydrograph network for observation wells

Groundwater Surveys and Development Agency has established 3920 observation wells in the state for monitoring the long term trend in the Groundwater levels. Out of these 4 observation wells fall in & around the study area. i) ii) iii) iv) Village Panvel Taluka Panvel, District - Raigad Village Nere, Taluka Panvel, District - Raigad Village Uran, Taluka Uran District - Raigad Village Kopar Khairane Taluka Thane District - Thane.

Data from these wells is collected 4 times a year i.e. January, March, May & October. (a) Observation well at Panvel Dist-Raigad

The observation well at Panvel is located in watershed WF 40 which is very close to the proposed airport site. The depth of the well is 8.05 m bgl. The 20 years data is taken for analysis i.e. from 1980 to 2009. The pre-monsoon hydrograph shows that the groundwater level trend is rising. It ranges from 0.4m to 2.10 m. This is attributed to many factors. First factor is the rainfall. Second factor is that the use of groundwater is minimized, due to which withdrawal is less and
15

hence the groundwater levels show rising trend. The 3rd factor is urbanization. It is possible that there is decrease in agriculture and subsequently the use of groundwater is reduced. The post monsoon hydrograph also shows rising trend. The twenty year data reveals that the post monsoon groundwater level range in between 0.10 m bgl to 0.9 m bgl. This indicates that the aquifer is replenished every year. (Table-3a) (b) Observation well at village Nere Taluka Panvel Dist-Raigad

The observation well at Nere is located in watershed WF 40 and is close to 10 sq.km impact zone. The depth of the well is 7.9 m bgl. The data available is from 1989 to 2009. The premonsoon groundwater level shows a steady pattern. It ranges between 5.20m to 7.10m. Withdrawal of groundwater is observed draining the aquifer in the month of May. The aquifer is limited, due to underlying massive basalt. The post monsoon hydrograph shows the rising trend in groundwater levels. This indicates that the aquifer is replenished every year. Groundwater level ranges from 0.25m to 1.90m. (Table-3b) (c) Observation Well at Jasai, Taluka Uran, District Raigad.

The observation well at Jasai is located in watershed WF 42 and is due SW of the airport site in the 10 sq.km impact zone. The depth of the well is 5.5 m bgl. The data available is from 1991 to 2009. The pre-monsoon hydrograph shows slight declining trend. The groundwater levels range in between 0.60m to 4.85m bgl. It is observed that the use of groundwater is increased since 2003. That is the reason for draining the aquifer. The post monsoon hydrograph reveals the rising trend. The groundwater levels range in between 0.10m to 1.20m bgl. This indicates that the whole aquifer is recharged every year. (Table-3c) (d) Observation well as Kopar Khairane, taluka and Dist-Thane.

The observation well is located in watershed WF 36 and is little far away from the 10 sq.km. Impact zone. The depth of the well is 4.7 m bgl. The data available is from 1991-2009. The pre-monsoon hydrograph shows slight declining trend. The pre-monsoon groundwater level ranges from 1.05m to 2.80m bgl. This indicates that there is no groundwater withdrawal, as all the villages are urbanized. The post monsoon hydrograph shows increasing trend, indicating that the aquifer is replenished every year (Table-3d)

16

Drinking Water Supply

Almost all the villages coming under Impact Zone are supplied drinking water through pipe water supply schemes. Previously these villages were dependent on bore wells for drinking water. Due to urbanization there is greater demand for pipe water supply schemes. After implementation of pipe water supply schemes, the use of dug wells and bore wells (Hand pumps) is diminished and they are in disuse state. The details of drinking water bore wells is given in Table 4

Assessment of Groundwater Resources

Government of India has framed GEC-97 guidelines for carrying out groundwater resources assessment. Groundwater recharge is worked out for monsoon and non-monsoon also. Groundwater table fluctuation between pre and post monsoon, specific yield are important parameters for computing monsoon recharge, while in non-monsoon recharge seepages from canals, surface water irrigation, tanks, ponds, groundwater irrigation and water conservation structure are considered. The groundwater draft is calculated from all the existing abstraction structures. The groundwater assessment is carried out for the whole watershed. Stage of groundwater development and categorization of watershed is defined as safe, semi critical, critical and over exploited. In general when the stage of development is less than 70% then the watershed is considered safe. When the stage of development is in between 70 to 90% then the watershed falls in semi critical category. When the stage of development is in between 90% to 100% then the watershed falls in critical category and when the development is above 100%, then the watershed is categorized as over exploited watershed. Any further groundwater development in critical and overexploited watershed is restricted as per Maharashtra Groundwater Act 1993. Groundwater assessment carried out in 2009 reveals that the stage of development in watershed WF 40 is 27.57% and falls in safe category. Similarly in watershed WF 42 and WF 36, the stage of development is 13.82% and 5.81% respectively. Both of them fall in safe category (Table 5). Groundwater quality The quality of water is related to its use. Human consumption, livestock watering or irrigation supply each has different requirement to the properties of water. Water suitable for livestock is totally unfit for human consumption. For the study purpose, quality of groundwater used for human consumption is taken into account. We have restricted to physical and chemical properties only. Biological parameters depend on human pollution and unsafe sanitation, hence it is not considered for study purpose.
17

About 49 water quality network stations are fixed for water sampling and analysis. Out of these 28 stations are from Panvel taluka, 11 station from Uran taluka and 10 stations from Thane taluka (Table 6a). The water samples collected are from shallow aquifer (i.e. dug wells) as well as from deep aquifers (i.e. Bore wells). Some samples are collected from creek, river, and pond. The methods adopted for physical and chemical analysis are given in Table6b. Drinking water specifications as per ISO 10500:1991 are given in Table-6c.

Water Quality Analysis The water samples collected from different sources are analysed by adopting the methods given in the table. The results are compiled and are given in Table -6d. The talukawise analysis results are described in terms of Piper and Wilcox diagram.

i) Taluka- Panvel Trilinear Piper Diagram : The result is presented in Piper diagram after convertion of all the values of parameters in mg/l to meg/l. The diagram is divided into 8 groups, 4 for different cation and 4 for different anion dominant samples and it is known as facies. Wilcox Diagram : Represent the salinity hazards in terms of Sodium Adsorption Ratio versus conductivity in micro siemens/cm SAR is calculated as Na+ SAR = ------------------

Ca + Mg 2

All the values are expressed in mili equivalent / lit. In the study area almost all samples are having SAR value more than 10, Sample No. 26 and 32 are having SAR value in between 10 to 18. Most of the samples are having conductivity in between 250 to 2250 usimens/cm, so the samples are in S1C2 and S1C3 class of Wilcox diagram. (Fig 7a)

ii) Taluka Uran Trilinear Piper Diagram : Taluka Uran has facies Ca+Mg, Na+K, CO3+HCO3, Cl+SO4 Wilcox Diagram : SAR value > 10 and conductivity is in between 250 to 750 usiemens/cm. Water is good for irrigation purpose. (Fig 7b)

18

Fig 7a : Samples from Taluka Panvel, Dist. Raigad

19

Fig-7b : Samples from Taluka Uran, Dist. Raigad

20

iii) Taluka Thane Trilinear Piper Diagram : Taluka Thane has facies Ca+Mg, Na+K, Cl+SO4 , HCO3+CO3. Wilcox Diagram : SAR value > 10 and conductivity is in between 250 to 2250 usiemens/cm. Water is good for irrigation purpose. (Fig 7c) Iso TDS map with creek samples: The map reveals that Panvel town has more concentration of TDS which is > 14000 ppm. Further the surrounding villages around Panvel i.e. Kamothe, Karanjade also have high TDS ranges from 2000 to 14000 ppm. Village Moha is also having high TDS value above 14000 ppm where as the villages Kombad Bhuje, Ulve are having TDS >14000 ppm and village Taloja is having TDS ranging from 2000 to 14000ppm. (Fig-7d) Iso Chloride map: On the basis chemical analysis Iso-Chloride map is prepared. All Creek water samples of Panvel, Taloja ,Moha and Kombad Bhuje fall in hazardous limit i.e. >20000 mg/l. All dugwell water samples fall in allowable limit. Pond water sample is also in allowable limit. In village Turbhe, Kamothe, Kharghar area chloride concentration is in range of 1000 to 10000 mg/l which is above permissible limit (Fig-7e). Iso Sulphate map: On the basis of chemical analysis Iso-Sulphate map is prepared. As per drinking water standards (IS :10500) allowable limit is 0-200 ppm and hazardous limit is > 400 ppm. All Creek water samples of Panvel, Taloja ,Moha and Komad Bhuje fall in hazardous limit (>400ppm ). All dugwell water samples fall in allowable limit. Pond water sample is also in allowable limit. In village Turbhe Kamothe Kharghar area Sulphate concentration is in medium range (permissible limit). (Fig-7f) Iso Hardness map: On the basis chemical analysis Iso-Hardness map prepared as per drinking water standards (IS :10500) where allowable limit is 0-300 ppm, permissible limit is 300-600 ppm and hazardous limit is > 600 ppm. All Creek water samples of Panvel, Taloja ,Moha and Komad Bhuje fall in hazardous limit (>600ppm ). All dugwell water samples are falls in allowable limit. Pond water sample is also in allowable limit. It is found that lower range of Total Hardness (allowable limit) is observed in all part of project area while sample located near Panvel city, Kombad, Bhuje Moha and Taloja Total Hardness show higher range (hazardous limit) (Fig-7g).

21

Fig-7c : Samples from Taluka Thane, Dist. Thane

22

Fig- 7d : Iso-TDS (ppm) (with creek samples) map

Taloja

Turbhe

Penahar

Ove Kukshet Nerul Kharghar Padghe Valvali Kalamboli Darave Belapur Agroli Moha Ulva Panvel 2 Dapoli Kundevahal Karanjade Nandgaon Palaspe Mankher Patnoli Turmal Giravle Vichumbhe Kamothe Harigram Kaproli Kambadbhuje Panvel 1 Sukapur Moho

<1000

1000-2000

2000-14000

> 14000

23

Fig- 7e : Iso-Cloride (ppm) (with creek samples) map

Taloja

Turbhe

Penahar

Ove Kukshet Nerul Kharghar Padghe Valvali Kalamboli Darave Kamothe Harigram Kaproli Moha Ulva Panvel 2 Dapoli Kundevahal Karanjade Nandgaon Palaspe Mankher Turmal Giravle Kambadbhuje Panvel 1 Sukapur Moho Vichumbhe

< 250

250 - 1000

1000 - 10000

10000-20000

> 20000

24

Fig- 7f : Iso-Sulphate (ppm) (with creek samples) map

Taloja

Turbhe

Penahar

Ove Kukshet Nerul Kharghar Padghe Valvali Kalamboli Darave Belapur Agroli Moha Ulva Panvel 2 Dapoli Kundevahal Karanjade Nandgaon Palaspe Mankher Patnoli Turmal Giravle Vichumbhe Kamothe Harigram Kaproli Kambadbhuje Panvel 1 Sukapur Moho

< 200

200 - 400

400 - 1000

1000 - 2000

> 2000

25

Fig- 7g : Iso-Hardness (ppm) (with creek samples) map

Taloja

Turbhe

Penahar

Ove Kukshet Nerul Kharghar

Pale Padghe Valvali Kalamboli

Darave Belapur Shahbad Moha Ulva

Kamothe

Harigram Kaproli

Kambadbhuje

Panvel 1 Panvel 2

Sukapur Moho Vichumbhe

Dapoli Kundevahal

Karanjade Nandgaon Palaspe

Mankher Patnoli

Turmal Giravle

< 300

300 - 600

600 - 1000

1000 - 2000

> 2000

26

Geophysical Investigations
Electrical Resistivity Surveys are important to study the changes in resitivities both vertically and horizontally and will help in understanding the geometry of the subsurface. Existing geophysical data is used to prepare two sections. i) The section A-A represent Moho, Panvel, and Chinchpada, ii) Section B-B represent Shirdon, Chirvat, Varoli and Panvel.

Section A-A: The high resistivity value of the 2nd layer is pinched beyond Panvel, started from Chinchpada, this layer is acting as a barrier between Chinchpada and Moho. The low resistivity layer at Moho i.e. 2nd layer having less thickness is extended up to Chinchpada, which is pinched at Chinchpada. The third high resistivity layer at Moho is pinched at Panvel. An inclined low resistivity layer is observed from Moho to Chinchpada. The last or fourth layer is having moderate resistivity is extending from Moho to Chinchpad. (Fig-8a )

Section B-B: The section B-B contains the villages from Shirdon to Panvel. The high resistivity 2 nd layer observed at Varoli is pinched at Villages Panvel and Chirvat. A very low resistivity layer observed at Shirdon is pinched at Varoli, which can be interpreted as loose overburden or morum. This layer is overlain by high resistivity layer observed from Shirdon to Chirvat as a top layer. Third layer resitivity values moderate low, the resitivity values are 40-56 ohm-m, which is interpreted as highly weathered zones, having a sufficient thickness observed at Panvel. The resistivity values are showing very high is pinched at Chirvat and having sufficient thick at Panvel, this layer is interpreted as 4th layer. (Fig-8b )

Geophysical Observations:
1) The high resistivity values in A-A section is 2nd layer acting as barrier between Chinchpada beyond Panvel. 2) Similarly the 3rd high resistivity layer observed at Moho is pinched at Panvel. 3) The 2nd low resistivity layer and the trend of resistivity values are from Moho to Chinchpada. 4) The 3rd low resistivity layer extending from Shirdon to Panvel showing same trend as in point 3. The sections A-A & B-B further require series of vertical electrical soundings (data gaps) to understand and to establish the continuity in vertical and horizontal directions (Fig-8c to Fig-8g).

27

Fig- 8a : Geoelectrical cross section from Chinch pada to Moho

Fig- 8b : Geoelectrical cross section from Shirdhon to Panvel

28

Fig- 8c : Sounding curveat Panvel

Fig- 8d : Sounding curveat Moh

29

Fig- 8e : Sounding curveat Vadavali

Fig- 8f : Sounding curveat Shirdhon

30

Fig- 8g : Sounding curveat Chirwat

31

Conclusions and Recommendations

(i) Diversion of Ulve River River Ulve forms the main drainage in mini watershed WF 40/7. The different streams originating around the hills of village Garada join together to form the river Ulve. The river has different names at different places. It passes through village Garada, Balewadi, Nanoshi, Patnoli, Mosare, Manghar, Bhangarpada and finally joins the creek at village Dungi. Mini watershed WF 40/7 is of prime importance, because the airport site is located in this mini watershed (Fig-9). The average depth of dugwells in the above mentioned villages is 6 to 7 m below ground level. The present Groundwater level ranges from 1.30m to 2.5m bgl. It is observed that the wells go dry in from the month of March or yield very little water in summer. This area is underlain by hard massive basalt below 5.00m which is impervious with no primary porosity. Hence the weathered portion is limited. The water holding capacity of the aquifer is limited to weathered portion only. Due to this there is no irrigation during Rabi Season. Few farmers cultivate vegetables on the limited available groundwater. Few drinking water Borewells have been drilled upto the depth of 60 to 75 m. bgl. Very few borewells are successful, but the quality of borewells is not potable. Below 30m the confined aquifer is brackish. At village Garada, which is located in the hills, it is observed that the borewell is yielding brackish water. This indicates that the sea water intrusion has taken place in the confined aquifer. As the sweet water is less dense than brackish water, it has formed lenses upto certain depths. The geology is not favorable for dugwells as well as borewells hence it is observed that these is no scope for irrigation in this mini watershed. To have sustainable and continuous flow of groundwater, it is necessary to have non monsoon recharge through water conservation structures. These structures if constructed on the stream at regular intervals will recharge the groundwater naturally during non monsoon period. Another advantage of water conservation structures is that they will reduce the surface water runoff that is reaching the creek near airport site. The diversion of this stream will not have any adverse impact on the groundwater regime in the mini watershed. Few K.T. weirs are recommended in the forest area of Garada and Belewadi villages and also along the river upto Bhangarpada. The locations will be given after detailed verification in phase II of the survey work. (ii) Training of Gadhi River Kalundri river and Kolkhewadi river meet in the southern part of Panvel city and further it meanders and meets Panvel Creek. The river in this part is renamed as Gadhi or Panvel River. The tidal water reaches the upstream of this river as well as the upstream of Kalundri and Kolkhewadi rivers. The training of Gadhi river will have no effect on the groundwater regime in the mini watersheds WF40/5 and WF 40/6.

32

Fig- 9 : Map of mini watershed WF 40 / 7

33

(iii) Recommendations The development of groundwater potential by means of dugwells and borewells is severely restricted in view of the rugged and hilly nature of the terrain in the Eastern & Southern part of study area. The plains in the West of study area are covered with mud land and creek water After due observations, following conclusions and recommendations are made. i) Rising water table: From the pre monsoon and post monsoon groundwater levels of 4 observation wells it is observed that there is a rising trend which indicates that optimal usage of groundwater for agriculture is not done. The stage of development indicates that there is further scope for groundwater usages. Due to urbanization, drinking water is supplied through pipe water supply schemes hence the dependency on groundwater is reduced. The density of wells in these elementary watersheds is just 1.7 well per sq.km. Groundwater quality is the main issue in Panvel city and Taloja Industrial area. The unconfined aquifers are yielding sweet water, but in some cases the deeper confined aquifers are polluted, due to sea water intrusion and industrial waste. Water conservation Structures: The dugwells, though fully saturated during monsoon are not sustainable and dry up in early summer due to geological constraints. To make these wells sustainable, additional non monsoon recharge is essential so that continuous recharge will take place against withdrawal. This can be achieved only through construction of water conservation structures, on the existing drainage. Ulve river, Kalundri river, Kolkhewadi river and Taloja river and Navadi river are best suitable for this purpose. The type of structure can be recommended after detailed survey in Phase II. These structures will also help in reducing surface run off, which otherwise this will have some impact on the proposed site. Desilting of Panvel creek and Gadhi river, Navadi river and Taloja river : Through the years Gadhi river and its tributaries Taloja river and its tributaries have deposited large amount of silt near the confluence of these two rivers. It is observed that due to silting, the water spread area has increased converting the land into mud plains. It is suggested that desilting of Panvel creek upto Gadhi and Taloja river will reduce water spread area in the proposed airport site. The desilting will also have no adverse impact on the groundwater regime in all the mini watersheds. In fact it will create more space for the accommodation of freshwater in the surrounding areas. Rowing Channel: The Gadhi river after training at the proposed location will be suitable for International Standard Rowing Channel of length 2300m, width 110m and height 3.5m. If this is considered then Rowing channel will be ready with no extra cost. Further Rowing channel will have no adverse impact on Groundwater regime in the mini watersheds.

ii)

iii)

iv)

v)

34

Need for Phase II Survey

One complete Hydrological cycle should be considered for complete understanding of hydrogelogical processes in nature. In the present study, post monsoon data has been collected and analyzed. For completion of the cycle pre-monsoon data will be required to be collected and analyzed. Further to study aquifer parameter, Aquifer performance tests are to be conducted, pre- monsoon water quality data, geophysical data and location of water conservation structures are required to be finalized. Hence phase II survey is very much essential.

35

Table - 1a : Rainfall received at station - Panvel, District- Raigad (in mm)

Year
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Total
2830 2898 4136 2569 2978 3272 2076 2308 2351 2753 2203 2770 2572 1829 2760 2678 3411 3611 2833 3024 2007

% Departure from Normal (2741)

3.25 5.73 50.89 -6.28 8.65 19.37 -24.26 -15.80 -14.23 0.44 -19.63 1.06 -6.17 -33.27 0.69 -2.30 24.44 31.74 3.36 10.32 -26.78

36

Table 1b : Rainfall received at station - Uran, District- Raigad (in mm)

Year
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Total
2713 2457 3524 1991 2734 2232 1704 2069 2722 2235 1287 2562 908 1202 1837 2049 2229 2324 2354 2576 1005

% Departure from Normal (2072)

30.94 18.58 70.08 -3.91 31.95 7.72 -17.76 -0.14 31.37 7.87 -37.89 23.65 -56.18 -41.99 -11.34 -1.11 7.58 12.16 13.61 24.32 -51.50

37

Table 1c : Rainfall received at station - Thane, District Thane (in mm)

Year
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Total
2102 3102 1882 1902 2421 3989 1543 3622 3494 2367 2015 2897 2225 1895 2523 2491 3459 3131 3106 2710 2081

% Departure from Normal (2446)

-14.06 26.82 -23.06 -22.24 -1.02 63.08 -36.92 48.08 42.85 -3.23 -17.62 18.44 -9.04 -22.53 3.15 1.84 41.41 28.00 26.98 10.79 -14.92

38

Table 2 : Details of observation wells and depth to water level (Post monsoon)
Sr. Name of No. Village 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 2 Turbhe Darave Kukshet Nerul Karave Belapur Belapur( Agroli) Pendhar Padgha Pale BK Harigram Kaproli Moho Kolkhe Chichpada Nandgaon Palaspe Turmal Girwale Karanjade Kopar Moha Ulve Kombad Bhije Owale (Waghilipad a) Kundevahal Bhangharpa da Mankher Taluka Mini watersh ed no. 4 36/2 36/2 36/2 36/2 36/2 36/2 36/2 40/1 40/2 40/2 40/3 40/5 40/5 40/5 40/6 40/6 40/6 40/6 40/6 40/6 40/7 40/7 40/7 40/7 40/7 Type of source 5 Dugwell Dugwell Dugwell Dugwell Dugwell Dugwell Dugwell Dugwell Dugwell Dugwell Dugwell Dugwell Dugwell Dugwell Dugwell Dugwell Dugwell Dugwell Dugwell Dugwell Dugwell Dugwell Dugwell Dugwell Dugwell Depth in m. (bgl) 6 2.50 7.20 6.50 5.65 5.30 5.70 7.60 6.00 8.00 5.90 6.50 6.00 7.90 6.10 4.90 5.90 11.10 9.30 7.30 5.20 5.30 3.30 6.30 6.60 6.90 Dia in m. 7 2.40 3.20 5.10 3.30 3.30 4.50 6.20 3.20 5.50 3.80 3.30 2.20 6.10 3.60 3.30 4.30 3.60 3.30 6.10 2.90 3.10 3.10 5.30 6.30 5.30 Parap et in m. 8 0.80 0.90 0.80 0.85 1.00 0.60 0.50 0.80 0.00 0.80 1.00 0.80 0.80 0.80 1.00 0.90 0.50 0.70 0.90 0.60 0.80 0.80 0.60 0.80 0.60 DWL in m. (bgl) 9 0.60 1.30 1.50 2.65 0.20 1.60 3.70 1.60 5.00 1.90 2.65 2.60 2.40 0.70 1.30 0.80 1.00 3.40 2.00 1.80 1.30 0.90 3.60 1.50 2.50

3 Thane Thane Thane Thane Thane Thane Thane Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel

26 27 28

Panvel Panvel Panvel

40/7 40/7 40/7

Dugwell Dugwell Dugwell

3.80 5.50 6.15

10.3 0 2.60 3.35

0.90 0.80 0.95

0.90 1.20 2.40

39

Table 2 : Details of observation wells and depth to water level (Post monsoon)
Sr. Name of No. Village 1 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 2 Patnoli (Mashere) Dapoli Valavali Kalamboli Jui Panvel Kharghar Kharghar Owe Taloja Taluka Mini watersh ed no. 4 40/7 40/7 40/8 40/8 40/8 40/8 40/9 40/9 40/9 40/9 Type of source 5 Dugwell Dugwell Dugwell Dugwell Dugwell Dugwell Dugwell Dugwell Dugwell Dugwell Depth in m. (bgl) 6 5.70 7.20 6.90 7.10 6.25 5.00 4.10 4.20 7.55 3.30 Dia in m. 7 3.50 3.90 3.20 5.80 3.60 3.10 3.20 4.60 3.10 2.70 Parap et in m. 8 1.00 1.00 0.80 0.90 0.85 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.85 0.80 DWL in m. (bgl) 9 1.70 0.80 2.20 2.40 1.25 1.90 2.10 1.30 2.95 0.60

3 Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel

40

Table 3a : Post monsoon water level data of observation well Panvel, Taluka Panvel, District - Raigad
Water Level (m bgl) Year 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Jan 1.00 1.40 1.00 0.95 0.75 0.95 0.80 0.30 2.10 0.60 0.70 0.60 0.40 0.30 0.45 0.10 0.50 0.45 Mar 1.90 1.45 1.00 1.00 0.90 0.95 0.90 0.20 0.85 0.50 0.40 0.70 0.70 0.30 0.30 0.40 0.60 0.35 May 1.00 2.10 1.20 1.30 1.35 0.95 1.00 0.60 0.40 0.40 0.60 2.90 0.70 1.00 1.10 0.63 0.70 0.70 0.85 Oct 0.40 0.70 0.90 0.50 0.70 0.50 0.30 0.40 0.30 0.25 0.30 0.50 0.35 0.45 0.70 0.30 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.45

41

Table 3b : Post monsoon water level data of observation well Nere, Taluka Panvel, District - Raigad
Water Level (m bgl) Year 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Jan 2.80 3.70 4.10 3.90 3.50 2.80 2.50 2.70 3.20 3.20 3.80 3.30 3.40 3.15 1.80 3.20 2.70 Mar 5.00 4.45 6.20 5.30 5.50 3.90 4.20 4.30 4.20 4.80 4.70 4.60 5.00 4.45 4.50 4.10 4.30 4.40 May 5.20 6.30 5.85 6.30 6.85 7.00 7.10 7.10 5.75 5.40 5.80 5.50 5.50 6.10 6.20 6.10 5.50 5.40 5.50 5.50 Oct 1.80 0.40 1.50 1.80 0.55 1.90 0.90 1.10 0.30 0.25 0.40 0.70 0.90 0.90 0.40 0.25 1.00 0.65 0.40 1.25

42

Table 3c : Post monsoon water level data of observation well Jasai, Taluka Uran, District - Raigad
Water Level (m bgl) Year 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Jan 1.20 1.70 1.70 0.65 0.75 0.70 0.30 0.20 1.90 2.70 1.65 1.85 2.70 2.10 2.00 3.45 Mar 1.95 1.90 2.00 0.75 4.00 0.80 0.90 0.40 0.70 2.30 4.20 2.40 3.70 4.80 4.10 4.00 May 1.90 1.90 2.80 2.05 2.40 2.70 5.00 4.90 0.90 0.60 2.70 2.50 4.20 4.30 4.20 4.45 4.85 4.30 4.50 Oct 0.70 0.30 0.80 1.20 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.20 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.40 0.35 0.05 0.30 0.55 0.45 0.40 0.30

43

Table 3d : Post monsoon water level data of observation well Kopar Khairane, Taluka Thane, District - Thane
Water Level (m bgl) Year 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Jan 1.40 1.80 1.60 1.10 1.80 2.30 1.90 1.05 1.20 1.55 1.60 1.60 2.90 1.90 1.90 Mar 1.50 1.80 1.60 1.80 1.90 2.40 2.30 1.30 1.50 1.30 1.05 1.50 1.35 1.65 2.00 2.05 2.90 2.80 May 2.00 1.85 1.90 1.95 1.95 2.50 2.60 1.50 1.70 1.30 2.70 1.05 2.15 1.45 1.75 2.10 2.10 2.05 2.80 Oct 1.10 2.00 0.90 0.00 1.10 0.70 0.80 0.60 0.60 0.90 0.75 0.70 1.00 0.70 0.70 2.70 0.80 0.85 0.80

44

Table 4 : Information of drinking water borewells Borewell Data - Taluka Panvel

S.N. Name of village Taloje Panchanand Valap Pale Bk. Hedutane Harigram Nere Kaproli Devad Chipale Vihighar Bonshet Moho Shivkar Vichumbe Usarli Kh. Chikhale Bherle Kon Kolkhe Arivali Derawali Giravle Kasalkhand Kudave Shirdhon Chirvat Chinchvan Mini watershed No. 40/1 40/2 40/2 40/2 40/3 40/5 40/5 40/5 40/5 40/5 40/5 40/5 40/5 40/5 40/5 40/5 40/5 40/5 40/5 40/6 40/6 40/6 40/6 40/6 40/6 40/6 40/6 No. of BW 3 5 5 1 7 9 3 3 4 5 5 13 6 4 3 8 3 6 2 2 5 2 5 5 9 1 7 Depth range (m) 25.00 - 6.10 43.28 - 65.00 55.00 - 68.60 36.6 60.00 - 73.50 54.86 - 73.76 45.40 - 7.00 60.00-60.40 61.00-80.20 60.00 - 94.30 60.00 - 76.20 51.80 - 93.20 55.40 - 61.40 61.57 - 64.00 48.77 - 62.20 60.00 - 63.80 60.00 - 70.00 60.00 - 61.00 60.00 - 62.10 66.00 - 75.10 55.46 - 76.80 61.00 - 68.01 64.00 - 74.10 45.00 - 80.75 42.67 - 92.00 59.5 49.00 - 90.00 Casing range (m) 3.05 - 6.10 6.10 - 10.00 6.09 - 7.62 7.3 3.10 - 12.20 3.05 - 12.20 6.1 3.05-13.80 6.10 - 9.14 3.10 - 6.20 6.10 - 9.15 2.74 - 6.40 6.10 - 12.20 3.00 - 6.10 6.1 3.05 - 6.15 6.1 6.10 - 12.19 3.05 - 6.10 3.05 3.05 - 12.20 3.00 3.05 - 6.20 3.05 - 6.10 3.05 - 10.00 3.1 6.10 - 12.80

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

45

Table 4 : Information of drinking water borewells

S.N. Name of village Sangurli Karanjade Vadghar Devloli Bk. Somatne Turmale Nanoshi Patnoli Mosare Dapoli Manghar Kundevahal Vahal Ulwe Bombavi Owle Pargaon Kopar Vaghiwali Valavali Tembhode Asudgaon Adai Akurli Pali Deval Shilottar Raichur Owe Chirle Weshvi Ransai Mini watershed No. 40/6 40/6 40/6 40/6 40/6 40/6 40/7 40/7 40/7 40/7 40/7 40/7 40/7 40/7 40/7 40/7 40/7 40/7 40/7 40/8 40/8 40/8 40/8 40/8 40/8 40/8 40/9 42/1 42/2 42/2 No. of bore well 4 9 1 4 3 5 6 5 3 4 3 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 4 4 3 12 4 3 2 11 4 2 3
46

Depth range (m) 47.24 - 85.94 42.67 - 76.50 58 55.00 - 61.00 49.00 - 55.00 55.47 - 68.00 60.00 - 77.00 60.00 - 79.75 61.00 - 61.50 56.40 - 85.95 60.00 - 76.10 64.40 - 84.50 57.61 - 62.48 55.47 - 62.30 61.50 - 79.85 31.00 - 63.00 67.67 - 79.87 55.47 - 79.86 61.25 - 61.85 51.00 - 57.00 56.40 - 92.00 60.70 - 70.60 50.00 - 71.63 61.00 - 66.00 41.15 - 48.00 33.90 - 61.57 18.00-79.86 60.00 - 67.00 41.76 - 61.00 30.00 - 60.00

Casing range (m) 3.05 -6.10 2.90 - 9.15 9.15 6 6.10 - 12.20 3.05 - 9.14 3.05 - 6.10 3.05 - 6.30 6.1 6.1 3.05 - 6.10 3.05 - 6.00 3.00 - 9.14 3.65 - 12.20 6.10 - 12.20 3.05 - 6.10 6.1 6.1 2.70 - 3.05 3.22 - 12.20 3.05 - 6.10 3.05 - 6.10 3.05 - 7.67 4.25 - 6.10 12.19 - 15.24 3.05 - 33.90 4.00-8.40 6.10 - 7.65 6.09 - 6.60 3.05 - 18.30

28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 1 2 3

Borewell Data - Taluka Uran

Table 5 : Groundwater Assessment in elementary watersheds in the study area

Part I - Groundwater Resources Abstract
SR. NO. WATERSHED NO. TOTAL TYPE WS AREA OF (Hectares) AREA AREA SUITABLE FOR GW RECHARGE (Hectares) TOTAL ANNUAL GW RECHARGE (Ham) NATURAL DISCHARGE (Ham) NET ANNUAL GW AVAILABILITY (Ham) GROSS DRAFT (Ham )

1
1 2 3 4

2
WF WF WF WF 36 40 40 42

5
8295.00 274.00 30927.00 15150.00

6
1068.53 88.24 4672.11 1681.70

7
53.43 8.82 233.61 84.09

8
1015.11 79.41 4438.51 1597.62

9
59.01 36.27 1209.34 220.79

12747 NC 44560 C 44560 NC 24597 NC

NC - Non Command,

Note :- C - Command,

PQ - Poor Quality

Part I - Groundwater Resources Abstract

SR. NO. WATERSHED NO. STAGE OF DEVEL. (%) WATER TABLE TREND PRE MONSOON POST MONSOON CATEGORY OF FOR YEAR 2025 DOME. + INDUS. REQUIREMENT ALLOCATION NET GW AVAIL. FOR WATERSHED IRRIGATION USE (Ham)

1
1 2 3 4

2
WF WF WF WF 36 40 40 42

10
5.81 27.57 13.82

11
RISING RISING RISING

12
RISING RISING RISING

13
SAFE SAFE SAFE

14
10.22 682.23 71.32

15
10.22 682.23 71.32

16
945.88 2590.07 1305.50

Part II Component wise Groundwater Recharge

SR. INDEX NO. NO. WATERSHED NO. TALUKAS INCLUDED TYPE OF AREA TERRAIN HECTARE AREA IN EXISTING IRRI. WELLS

2
WF WF WF WF

3
36 40 40 42 Thane Panvel Panvel

5
NC C NC NC

6
Hardrock Hardrock Hardrock Hardrock

7
8295.00 274.00 30927.00 15150.00

8
143 22 648 121

1 1445 2 1453 3 1453 4 1456

Uran,Panvel
PQ - Poor Quality

Note :- C - Command,

NC - Non Command,

Part II Component wise Groundwater Recharge

SR. INDEX NO. NO. WATERSHED NO. RAIN FALL RECHARGE CANAL IN Ham FROM G.WATER IRRG. TANKS CONSER. STR. TOTAL

SURFACE IRRG

2
WF WF WF WF

3
36 40 40 42

9
1055.06 48.82 4408.09 1632.32

10
0.00 9.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.87 0.00 0.00

11

12
13.48 7.43 218.70 46.28

13
0.00 16.79 6.72 0.00

14
0.00 0.00 38.61 3.10

15
1068.53 88.24 4672.11 1681.70

1 1445 2 1453 3 1453 4 1456

47

Table 6a : Location and type of water samples collected in study area

S.N. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 Taluka Uran Uran Uran Uran Uran Uran Uran Uran Uran Uran Uran Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Ulva Kundevahal Bhangarpada Mankher Patnoli Dapoli Kamba-dbhuje Moha Bhangarpada Kambadbhuje Moha Panvel 1 Panvel 2 Taloja Kharghar Ove Taloja Penahar Padghe Pale Valvali Sukapur Harigram Kaproli Kamothe Kopara Moho Vichumbhe Nandgaon Palaspe Turmal Giravle Kolkhe Karanjade Panvel1 Panvel2 Village Location Near marathi school North side gaothan Bhangarpada to mankher road. North side gaothan Near talav ,north side village Near MIDC pipe line Gaothan Gaothan Near Bhangarpada Ulva River) Near Kambadbhuje Moha gaothan Panvel creak Panvel creak Taloja creak Sec 13 gaothan well Grampanchayat well Higway ,near gaothan Near school Mr. Bhoir well Mr. Patil bore well Gaothan Mr.Bele bore well Gaothan Gaothan Higway Gaothan Grampanchayat well Mr. Dhundrecar bore well. Behind aaganwadi well Grampanchayat well Mr. Bhagilval bore well. Grampanchayat well Grampanchayat well Mrs.Nagapal well Panchayatsam. Grampanchayat well Source Dugwell Dugwell Dugwell Dugwell Dugwell Dugwell Dugwell Dugwell River Creak Creak Creak Creak Creak BW Dugwell Dugwell Dugwell Dugwell Dugwell Dugwell Dugwell Borewell Dugwell Dugwell Borewell Dugwell Borewell Dugwell Dugwell Borewell Dugwell Borewell Dugwell Borewell Dugwell

48

Table 6a : Location and type of water samples collected in study area

S.N. 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 Taluka Panvel Panvel Thane Thane Thane Thane Thane Thane Thane Thane Thane Thane Village Panvel3 Panvel4 Turbhe Darave Kukshet Nerul Karave Belapur (Amrutswal) Belapur Belapur Shahbad Belapur Shahbad Belapur Agroli Location Near rular hospital Police quartar Mr. Patil bore well Sec23 belapur road Sec. 6 public well Near railway station Sec. 38 karave village Ram mandir Gaothan Shahabad Gaothan Shahabad Gaothan near garrage Agroli Gaothan Source Talav Dugwell Borewell Dugwell Dugwell Dugwell Dugwell Talav Dugwell Dugwell Dugwell Dugwell

Table 6b : The methods adopted for physical and chemical analysis

Sr. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Test Temperature PH Turbidity Electrical conductivity Total Dissolved Solid Alkalinity Hardness Calcium Magnesium Carbonate Bicarbonate Chloride Iron Sulphate Nitrate Sodium Potassium Instrument Thermometer PH meter Turbidity Meter Conductivity meter T.D.S. meter Titrimetric method Titrimetric method Titrimetric method Titrimetric method Titrimetric method Titrimetric method Titrimetric method Spectrophoto meter Spectrophoto meter Spectrophoto meter Flame Photometer Flame Photometer

49

Table 6c : Drinking water specification as per ISO 10500 - 1991

Sr. No. Substance or Characteristic Requirement Permissible Limit in (Desirable Limit) the absence of alternate source

Essential Characteristics 1 2 3 4 5 6 Turbidity, NTU, Max pH value Total Dissolved Solid mg/l Max. Total Hardness (as CaCO3) mg/l Max. Iron (as Fe) mg/l, Max. Chloride (as Cl) mg/l, Max. Desirable Characteristics 7 8 9 Calcium (as Ca) mg/l, Max. Magnesium (as Mg), mg/l, Max. Sulphate (as SO4) mg/l, Max. 75 30 200 200 200 100 400 600 5 6.5 to 8.5 500 300 0.3 250 10 No relaxation 2000 600 1 1000

10 Alkalinity mg/l, Max.

50

Table 6d : Chemical analysis results

S.N. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 Taluka Uran Uran Uran Uran Uran Uran Uran Uran Uran Uran Uran Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Village Ulva Kundevahal Bhangarpada Mankher Patnoli Dapoli Kambadbhuje Moha Bhangarpada Utai Kambadbhuje Moha Panvel 1 Panvel 2 Taloja Kharghar Ove Taloja Penahar Padghe Pale Valvali Sukapur Harigram Kaproli Kamothe Kopara Moho Vichumbhe Nandgaon Palaspe Turmal Giravle Kolkhe Karanjade Panvel1 Panvel2 Panvel3 Panvel4 Location Near marathi school North of gaothan Bhangarpada to Mankher road. North of gaothan Near pond ,North of village Near MIDC Gaothan Gaothan Ulva River) Near Kambadbhuje Moha gaothan Panvel creek Panvel creek Taloja creek Sec 13 gaothan well Near GP well Higway ,Near gaothan Near school Mr. Bhoirs well Mr. Patil s bore well Gaothan Mr.Beles bore well Gaothan Gaothan Higway Gaothan Grampanchayat well Mr. Dhundrekars bore well. Behind aaganwadi well Grampanchayat well Mr. Bhagilvals bore well. Grampanchayat well Grampanchayat well Mrs.Nagapals well Near panchayat samiti Grampanchayat well Near rural hospital Police quartar Source DW DW DW DW DW DW DW DW River Creek Creek Creek Creek Creek BW DW DW DW DW DW DW DW Bw DW DW BW DW BW DW DW BW DW BW DW BW DW
Pond

Turb (NTU) 0.1 0.1 4.6 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.23 0.2 0.3 7.1 0.1 4.7 0.2 0.2 0.2 2.8 0.1 0.1 0.2 1.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 2.4 0.1 6

pH 7.8 7.9 8.2 8.1 8 8 8.2 7.9 9.2 8.3 8.3 8.5 8.4 8 8.2 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.4 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.3 7.2 7.2 7.4 7.4 8.3 7.2 7.3 7.7 8.1 7.4

Cond (uSi/cm) 456 433 643 308 327 553 659 142 3780 40700 42600 36800 37300 21200 1788 1340 5050 1310 1687 653 1820 736 977 1106 1717 435 533 734 506 989 1446 1060 861 848 600 887 628 773

TDS (ppm) 292 277 412 197 209 354 422 91 2419 26048 27264 23552 23872 13568 1144 858 3232 838 1080 418 1165 471 625 708 1099 278 341 470 324 633 925 678 551 543 384 568 402 495

Na (ppm) 25 21 21.7 6.3 6.2 22.3 23.4 3.5 1240 10740 10910 10050 10230 5840 70.1 69.7 440 96.4 200 37.7 205 47.8 38.1 75.8 310 41.3 17.9 48.9 20.8 66.5 205 88 55.2 57.8 46.6 69.9 51.1 50.2

DW

51

Table 6d : Chemical analysis results cont

S.N. 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 Taluka Thane Thane Thane Thane Thane Thane Thane Thane Thane Thane Village Turbhe Darave Kukshet Nerul Karave Belapur (Amrutswal) Belapur Belapur Shahbad Belapur Shahbad Belapur Agroli Location Mr. Patils bore well Sec23 Belapur road Sec. 6 public well Near railway station Sec. 38 Karave village Near Ram mandir Gaothan Shahabad Gaothan Shahabad Gaothan near garrage Agroli Gaothan Source BW DW DW DW DW
Pond

Turb (NTU) 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2

pH 7.3 7.2 7.7 7.2 7.6 7.6 7.5 7.3 8.3 7.5

Cond (uSi/cm) 1654 558 1085 869 757 801 783 858 723 462

TDS (ppm) 1059 357 694 556 484 513 501 549 463 296

Na (ppm) 92 42 180 71.5 68.9 85.7 77.9 62.3 57.4 28.2

DW DW DW DW

52

Table 6d : Chemical analysis results cont

S.N. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 Taluka Uran Uran Uran Uran Uran Uran Uran Uran Uran Uran Uran Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Village Ulva Kundevahal Bhangarpada Mankher Patnoli Dapoli Kambadbhuje Moha Bhangarpada Utai Kambadbhuje Moha Panvel 1 Panvel 2 Taloja Kharghar Ove Taloja Penahar Padghe Pale Valvali Sukapur Harigram Kaproli Kamothe Kopara Moho Vichumbhe Nandgaon Palaspe Turmal Giravle Kolkhe Karanjade Panvel1 Panvel2 Panvel3 Panvel4 Location Near marathi school North of gaothan Bhangarpada to Mankher road. North of gaothan Near pond ,North of village Near MIDC Gaothan Gaothan Ulva River) Near Kambadbhuje Moha gaothan Panvel creek Panvel creek Taloja creek Sec 13 gaothan well Near GP well Higway ,Near gaothan Near school Mr. Bhoirs well Mr. Patil s bore well Gaothan Mr.Beles bore well Gaothan Gaothan Higway Gaothan Grampanchayat well Mr. Dhundrekars bore well. Behind aaganwadi well Grampanchayat well Mr. Bhagilvals bore well. Grampanchayat well Grampanchayat well Mrs.Nagapals well Near panchayat samiti Grampanchayat well Near rural hospital Police quartar Source DW DW DW DW DW DW DW DW River Creek Creek Creek Creek Creek BW DW DW DW DW DW DW DW Bw DW DW BW DW BW DW DW BW DW BW DW BW DW
Pond

K (ppm) 2.4 1.5 0.4 1.4 3.2 3.3 1.9 0.6 30 34 36 29 27 15 0.9 4 35 4.3 5 0.3 20 0.4 0.5 3.8 10 2.8 0.7 0.3 0.4 4.2 5 2.5 0.4 6.2 1.5 2.9 3.1 0.6

TH (ppm) 184 172 180 156 160 240 296 120 600 6080 6280 5700 5500 1600 418 480 604 432 400 288 440 400 320 400 396 148 184 180 200 260 260 280 292 270 212 268 172 256

Ca TH (ppm) 96 100 136 88 88 196 172 80 400 1000 1000 700 800 600 256 292 320 220 280 76 100 56 188 160 160 92 92 112 112 192 164 152 128 152 120 184 136 176

Ca (ppm) 38 40 55 35 35 79 69 32 160 401 401 281 321 240 103 117 128 88 112 30 40 22 75 64 64 37 37 45 45 77 66 61 51 61 48 74 55 71

Mg (ppm) 21 17 11 16 17 11 30 10 48 1224 1272 1205 1133 241 30 45 68 51 29 51 82 83 32 58 57 13 22 16 21 16 23 31 40 27 22 20 9 19

DW

53

Table 6d : Chemical analysis results cont

S.N. 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 Taluka Thane Thane Thane Thane Thane Thane Thane Thane Thane Thane Village Turbhe Darave Kukshet Nerul Karave Belapur (Amrutswal) Belapur Belapur Shahbad Belapur Shahbad Belapur Agroli Location Mr. Patils bore well Sec23 Belapur road Sec. 6 public well Near railway station Sec. 38 Karave village Near Ram mandir Gaothan Shahabad Gaothan Shahabad Gaothan near garrage Agroli Gaothan Source BW DW DW DW DW
Pond

K (ppm) 0.7 0.8 10 3.9 4.1 16 9.7 2.1 2.6 5.1

TH (ppm) 580 224 336 328 280 276 308 360 340 128

Ca TH (ppm) 372 120 180 232 140 128 172 176 168 120

Ca (ppm) 149 48 72 93 56 51 69 71 67 48

Mg (ppm) 60 25 38 23 34 36 33 44 41 2

DW DW DW DW

54

Table 6d : Chemical analysis results cont

S.N. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39

Taluka Uran Uran Uran Uran Uran Uran Uran Uran Uran Uran Uran Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel Panvel

Village Ulva Kundevahal Bhangarpada Mankher Patnoli Dapoli Kambadbhuje Moha Bhangarpada Utai Kambadbhuje Moha Panvel 1 Panvel 2 Taloja Kharghar Ove Taloja Penahar Padghe Pale Valvali Sukapur Harigram Kaproli Kamothe Kopara Moho Vichumbhe Nandgaon Palaspe Turmal Giravle Kolkhe Karanjade Panvel1 Panvel2 Panvel3 Panvel4

Location Near marathi school North of gaothan Bhangarpada to Mankher road. North of gaothan Near pond ,North of village Near MIDC Gaothan Gaothan Ulva River) Near Kambadbhuje Moha gaothan Panvel creek Panvel creek Taloja creek Sec 13 gaothan well Near GP well Higway ,Near gaothan Near school Mr. Bhoirs well Mr. Patil s bore well Gaothan Mr.Beles bore well Gaothan Gaothan Higway Gaothan Grampanchayat well Mr. Dhundrekars bore well. Behind aaganwadi well Grampanchayat well Mr. Bhagilvals bore well. Grampanchayat well Grampanchayat well Mrs.Nagapals well Near panchayat samiti Grampanchayat well Near rural hospital Police quartar

Source DW DW DW DW DW DW DW DW River Creek Creek Creek Creek Creek BW DW DW DW DW DW DW DW Bw DW DW BW DW BW DW DW BW DW BW DW BW DW Pond DW

CO3
(ppm)

Hco3
(ppm)

Cl
(ppm)

SO4
(ppm)

No3 N
(ppm)

No3
(ppm)

Fe
(ppm)

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 176 200 240 176 144 0 0 0 0 0 0 64 80 192 40 192 88 88 32 56 0 0 0 0 40 0 0 0 0 0

192 196 260 160 168 240 288 128 24 40 60 24 56 800 240 292 316 324 288 180 320 8 200 136 268 32 140 120 172 240 248 236 200 220 232 296 220 284

41 39 35 12 12 41 39 6 1960 15170 15621 14700 14347 7644 133 118 588 135 269 59 294 69 59 102 392 63 35 78 39 94 274 118 78 78 59 88 67 78

4.2 2.1 0.35 2.8 0.35 1.75 0.35 0.35 73.5 3150 3448 2646 3150 637 216 87.2 204 221 74.2 53.4 94.5 8.05 15.1 7.7 63 66.4 27.4 14.7 10.5 14.4 30.8 43.4 24.2 20.3 7.7 3.5 2.45 4.2

1.95 1.02 0.02 0.15 0.13 0.38 1.66 0.07 0.65 2.55 2.08 1.79 1.82 1.64 2.35 5.75 3.28 8.85 2.11 0.02 10.11 2.52 9.83 0.27 0.79 1.54 0.01 0.85 0.01 0.02 0.12 0.73 9.09 9.44 0.23 0.43 0.66 0.39

8.6 4.5 1 0.7 0.6 1.7 7.4 1 2.9 11.3 9.2 7.9 8.1 7.3 10.4 25.5 14.5 39.2 9.3 1 44.8 11.2 43.5 1.2 3.5 6.8 1 3.8 1 1 1 3.2 40.3 41.8 1 1.9 2.9 1.7

0.04 0.02 0.07 0.34 0.23 0.07 0.02 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.02 0.03 0.08 0.05 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.09 0.08 0.05 0.2 0.04 0.38 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

55

Table 6d : Chemical analysis results cont

S.N. 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49

Taluka Thane Thane Thane Thane Thane Thane Thane Thane Thane Thane

Village Turbhe Darave Kukshet Nerul Karave Belapur (Amrutswal) Belapur Belapur Shahbad Belapur Shahbad Belapur Agroli

Location Mr. Patils bore well Sec23 Belapur road Sec. 6 public well Near railway station Sec. 38 Karave village Near Ram mandir Gaothan Shahabad Gaothan Shahabad Gaothan near garrage Agroli Gaothan

Source BW DW DW DW DW Pond DW DW DW DW

CO3
(ppm)

Hco3
(ppm)

Cl
(ppm)

SO4
(ppm)

No3 N
(ppm)

No3
(ppm)

Fe
(ppm)

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 64 0

340 196 420 308 220 288 328 328 236 180

161 55 231 94 94 120 102 88 80 55

1.05 2.1 7 3.15 193 7.7 12.3 5.25 11.6 4.9

0.73 5.37 0.63 3.19 0.85 0.54 5.42 2.88 2.33 0.21

3.2 23.8 2.8 14.1 3.8 2.4 24 12.8 10.3 1

0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.28 0.01 0.01 0.01

56

GSDA In pursuit of excellence in sustainable groundwater management

K.M. Nagargoje IAS Director Suresh B. Khandale Additional Director

GROUNDWATER SURVEYS AND DEVELOPMENT AGENCY

BHUJAL BHAVAN Shivajinagar, PUNE 411 005.
Telephone - 020 255 13 715/6/7/8 Fax - 020 255 33108 E-mail - dirgsda@vsnl.com Web Site - www.gsda.maharashtra.gov.in