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2011 Alstom Grid. Single copies of this document may be filed or printed for personal non-commercial use and must include this
copyright notice but may not be copied or displayed for commercial purposes without the prior written permission of Alstom Grid.
Network Protection & Automation Guide
-ii
Network Protection & Automation
Guide

NETWORK PROTECTION & AUTOMATION

GUIDE, EDITION MAY 2011

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2011 ALSTOM GRID MAY 2011

ISBN: 978-0-9568678-0-3
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2011 Alstom Grid. Single copies of this document may be filed or printed for personal non-commercial use and must include this
copyright notice but may not be copied or displayed for commercial purposes without the prior written permission of Alstom Grid.
Network Protection & Automation Guide
-iii
CONTENTS

1 Introduction
2 Fundamentals of Protection Practice
3 Fundamental Theory
4 Fault Calculations
5
Equivalent Circuits and Parameters of
Power System Plant
6 Current and Voltage Transformers
7 Relay Technology
8 Protection: Signalling and Intertripping
9
Overcurrent Protection for Phase and
Earth Faults
10 Unit Protection of Feeders
11 Distance Protection
12 Distance Protection Schemes
13
Protection of Complex Transmission
Circuits
14 Auto-Reclosing
15 Busbar Protection
16
Transformer and Transformer-Feeder
Protection
17
Generator and Generator-Transformer
Protection
18
Industrial and Commercial Power System
Protection
19 A.C. Motor Protection
20 System Integrity Protection Schemes
21 Relay Testing and Commissioning
22 Power System Measurements
23 Power Quality
24 The Digital Substation
25 Substation Control and Automation
Appendix A Terminology
Appendix B IEEE/IEC Relay Symbols
Appendix C
Typical Standards Applicable to
Protection and Control Numerical Devices
Appendix D Company Data and Nomenclature
Index

2011 Alstom Grid. Single copies of this document may be filed or printed for personal non-commercial use and must include this
copyright notice but may not be copied or displayed for commercial purposes without the prior written permission of Alstom Grid.
2011 Alstom Grid. Single copies of this document may be filed or printed for personal non-commercial use and must include this
copyright notice but may not be copied or displayed for commercial purposes without the prior written permission of Alstom Grid.
/|s.cmo:|c 11
Chapter 1
Introduction
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2011 Alstom Grid. Single copies of this document may be filed or printed for personal non-commercial use and must include this
copyright notice but may not be copied or displayed for commercial purposes without the prior written permission of Alstom Grid.
2011 Alstom Grid. Single copies of this document may be filed or printed for personal non-commercial use and must include this
copyright notice but may not be copied or displayed for commercial purposes without the prior written permission of Alstom Grid.
/|s.cmo:|c 21
Chapter 2
Fundamentals of Protection Practice

2.1 Introduction
2.2 Protection Equipment
2.3 Zones of Protection
2.4 Reliability
2.5 Selectivity
2.6 Stability
2.7 Speed
2.8 Sensitivity
2.9 Primary and Back-up Protection
2.10 Relay Output Devices
2.11 Tripping Circuits
2.12 Trip Circuit Supervision



2.1 INTRODUCTION
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Figure 2.1: Modern power station
2011 Alstom Grid. Single copies of this document may be filed or printed for personal non-commercial use and must include this
copyright notice but may not be copied or displayed for commercial purposes without the prior written permission of Alstom Grid.
Network Protection & Automation Guide
2-2
Figure 2.2: Example power system
R
1
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1
T
1
G
2
T
2
R
2
GS
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2
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3
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4
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3
33kV
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5
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6
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7
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5
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5
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6 GS
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7
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9
D
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4
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L: Line
2011 Alstom Grid. Single copies of this document may be filed or printed for personal non-commercial use and must include this
copyright notice but may not be copied or displayed for commercial purposes without the prior written permission of Alstom Grid.
Chapter 2Fundamentals of Protection Practice
2-3

Figure 2.3: Onset of an overhead line fault
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Figure 2.4: Possible consequence of inadequate protection

2.2 PROTECTION EQUIPMENT
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2011 Alstom Grid. Single copies of this document may be filed or printed for personal non-commercial use and must include this
copyright notice but may not be copied or displayed for commercial purposes without the prior written permission of Alstom Grid.
Network Protection & Automation Guide
2-4
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Zone 6
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Zone 4
Zone 3
Zone 2
Zone 1

Figure 2.5: Division of power systems into protection zones
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A
FF
Feeder
protection
Feeder
protection
Busbar
protection
Busbar
protection
(a) CTs on both sides of circuit breaker
(b)CTs on circuit side of circuit breaker

Figure 2.6: CT locations
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Figure 2.7: Overlapping zones of protection systems
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2011 Alstom Grid. Single copies of this document may be filed or printed for personal non-commercial use and must include this
copyright notice but may not be copied or displayed for commercial purposes without the prior written permission of Alstom Grid.