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CHAPTER - 6
Selection Of Cement
6.1 It is necessary to use cement of appropriate grade and type for specific applications and environment conditions. Various type of cement produced in India are shown in table 6.1. Table 6.1 Various type of cement produced in India
S N 1 Cement Variety OPC (Ordinary Portland Cement) PPC(Portland Pozzolana Cement) PBFSC (Portland Blast Furnace Slag Cement) Others Rapid Hardening Cement Low Heat Cement Sulphate Resisting Cement Super sulphated Cement As per code Gd-33 IS:269-1989 Gd-43 IS:8112-1989 Gd-53 IS: 12269-1987 IS :1489-1991 IS: 455-1989 Quantity in million tonnes. (Yr : 1996-97) 48.4 70% 13.6 19% 7.33 0.60 IS:8041-1990 IS :12600-1989 IS :12330-1988 1S:6909-1990 TOTAL 10% 1%
2 3 4
70.00
6.2 Major Compounds in Cement: In all the Portland Cements, there are four major compounds. The variation in percentage composition of compounds influences the properties of cement. These compounds are given in table 6.2 below: Table 6.2 Composition of cement
SN Name of compound Tricalcium Silicate Dicalcium Silicate Tricalcium Aluminate Oxide composition 3CaO.SiO2 2CaO.SiO2 Abbreviation Approx. Percentage 45-55% Function
C3S C2S
20-30%
3CaO.AI2O3
C3A
6-10%
Tetracalcium Aluminoferrite
4CaO.AI2O3Fe 2O3
C4AF
15-20%
Mainly responsible for early strength (1 to 7 days) Mainly responsible for later strength (7 days and beyond) C3A increases rate of hydration of C3S. C3A gives flash set in absence of gypsum It hydrates rapidly but its contribution to strength is uncertain and generally very low.
10
11
33 grade OPC (IS: 269-1989) 43 grade OPC (IS: 8112-1989) 53 grade OPC (IS: 122691987) Sulphate Resisting Cement (IS : 123301988 ) Portland Pozzolana Cement (IS: 1489-1991) Part I Rapid Hardening Cement (IS: 8041-1990) Slag Cement (IS: 455-1989) Super Sulphated Cement (IS: 6909-1990) Low Head Cement (IS:126001989) Masonry Cement (IS:34661988) IRS-T40
225
10
0.8
30
600
NS
23
33
43
225
10
0.8
30
600
NS
27
37
53
225
10
0.8
30
600
NS
10
16
33
300
10
0.8
30
600
NS
16
22
33
325
10
0.8
30
600
16
27
NS
NS
225
10
0.8
30
600
NS
16
22
33
400
NS
30
600
NS
15
22
30
320
10
0.8
60
600
NS
10
16
35
10
90
1440
NS
NS
2.5
370
0.8
60
600
NS
NS
37.5
NS
NS-Not specified. * residue on 45 Micron IS sieve, Max, Percent (by wet sieving) is 15.
0.66
43 grade OPC (IS: 81121989) 53 grade OPC (IS:122691987) Sulphate Resisting Cement (IS:123301988) Portland Pozzolana Cement (IS: 14891991)PartI Rapid Hardening Cement (IS: 8041-1990) Slag Cement (IS:455-1989) Super Sulphated Cement (IS:69091990) Low Heat Cement (IS: 12600-1989)
0.66
0.66
0.66Min 1.02Max
NS
2.5%Max. When C3A is 5 or less. 3% Max. when C3A is greater than 5 2.5%Max. When C3A is 5 or less. 3% Max. when C3A is greater than 5 2.5%Max. When C3A is 5 or less. 3% Max. when C3A is greater than 5 2.5%Max
NS
NS
3% Max
0.66Min 1.02Max
0.66
7 8
NS NS
NS NS
4 4
8 10
2.5%Max. When C3A is 5 or less. 3% Max. when C3A is greater than 5 3% Max 6%Min
5 NS
NS
0.66
10
IRS-T40
0.66
2.5% Max. When C3A is 5 or less. 3% Max. when C3A is greater than 5 3.5% Max.
NS - Not specified.
2 3 4 5 6
v) Heat of hydration: Heat of hydration should be specified for the cements for hot weather concreting it should be (i) 7 days <270 Kj/Kg and for 28 days < 320Kj/Kg. For cold weather it should be more . 6.5 Factors affecting choice of cement: Following factors govern choice of cement. Durability Characteristics Functional requirement - Deflection, crack width etc. Design parameters- Strength, fineness, setting time requirement etc. Speed of construction- Time for construction etc. Environmental Conditions- Ground conditions, soluble salts, sulphates, Chemical plants etc.
iii) 53 grade OPC: For concrete grade higher than M-30, PSC works, bridge, roads, multistoried buildings etc. For use in cold weather concreting. For marine structures but C 3A should be between 5 - 8%. iv) Portland Slag Cement (PSC) i.e. OPC + granulated slag: It gives low heat of hydration. The slag should be more than 50% and upto 70%. It is used for ; Marine and off shore structures- very high chloride and sulphate resistant. Sewage disposal treatments works Water treatment plants Constructions which are expected to be attacked by dissolved chlorides and sulphate ions. Should be mainly used for all future structures. v) Portland Pozzolana Cement: IS: 1489(part-I) - 1991 (using flyash): It gives low heat of hydration and reduces the leaching of calcium hydroxide. This cement should be used only after proper evaluation. This should be tested as per IS: 1489 (Pt I) 1991. It is used for : hydraulic structures- dams, retaining walls Marine structures Mass concrete works- like bridge footings under aggressive conditions Masonry mortar and plastering.
vi) SRC- Sulphate Resisting Cement: (C3A < 3%) Sulphate Resisting Portland Cement is a type of Portland Cement in which the amount of tricalcium aluminate (C3A) is restricted to lower than 5% and 2C 3A + C4AF lower than 25%. The SRC can be used for structural concrete wherever OPC or PPC or Slag Cement are usable under normal conditions. The use of SRC is particularly beneficial in such conditions where the concrete is exposed to the risk of deterioration due to sulphate attack, for example, in contact with soils and ground waters containing excessive amounts of sulphates as well as for concrete in sea water or exposed directly
OPC,PSC or PPC OPC,PSC or PPC SSC or SRC SSC or SRC PSC or PPC SSC or SRC SRC or SSC with protective coating.
The use of SRC is recommended for following applications: Foundations, piles Basement and underground structures Sewage and water treatment plants Chemical factories Suitable for underground works where Sulphate is present in the Soil and water. Attention: i) Sulphate resisting cement is not suitable where there is danger of chloride attack. This will cause corrosion of rebar. ii) If both Chlorides and Sulphates are present, Ordinary Portland Cement with C3A between 5& 8 should be used. Sulphate resistance of cements : Chemical resistance of various types of cement in different environmental conditions is given in table 6.7 . Table 6.7 Type of Cement Ordinary Portland Chemicals resistance to sulphates Moderate High Very High C3A <8% C3A <5% C3A =0% 2C3A+C4AF<25% C4AF< 20% or or C4AF +C2F<25% C4AF +C2F<20% No special C3A <6% C3A < 3.5% prescription Slag > 36% Slag > 70% C 3A < 2%
Pozzolana Slag
iii