SPSS

SPSS 17 - AnaIysing Quantitative Data
Prof. Mark N.K. Saunders ApriI 2009

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Analysing quantitative data using SPSS for Windows
IN1RODUC1ION
Aims
1o lllustrute compututlonul unulysls of dutu
1o lntroduce the buslcs of quuntltutlve dutu unulysls
1o provlde fumlllurlsutlon wlth the SPSS for vlndows puckuge so thut users cun
begln to ussess lts sultublllty for thelr own unulysls
About these notes
Lurlng the cluss work your wuy through exerclses to excludlng Lxerclse
followlng the lnstructlons us requested 1he symbol usuully meuns you
should undertuke some work uwuy from the computer or check thut you huve
ulreudy undertuken some tusks on the computer 1he symbol usuully
meuns thut you should lssue u commund or serles of communds to the
computer thls usuully meuns polntlng und cllcklng wlth the mouses left
button
Lxerclses und ure deslgned to help you to unulyse your own dutu ln SPSS

for vlndows

Lurlng the cluss lf you get stuck usk for help
Note these notes ussume the user ls fumlllur wlth u vlndows puckuge such us
vord for vlndows or Lxcel

SPSS ls u reglstered trudemurk of SPSS lnc

vlndows ls u reglstered trudemurk of Mlcrosoft lnc

vord und Lxcel ure reglstered trudemurks of Mlcrosoft lnc
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8ACkCROUND
SPSS for Windows
SPSS for vlndows ls u powerful computer puckuge provldlng stutlstlcul unulyses
und dutu munugement 1he SPSS sulte of progrums ls the most wldely used
stutlstlcul unulysls puckuge ln the world
Data types
8efore dutu ure unulysed ln SPSS lt ls necessury to understund whut type of dutu
you ure worklng wlth us thls wlll uffect the unulysls used
Cutegorlcul cutegorlcul dutu conslst of vulues whlch cunnot be expressed
numerlcully but cun be grouped lnto cutegorles for exumple gender whlch cun
be grouped lnto mule und femule
Cuuntlfluble quuntlfluble dutu conslst of vulues thut cun be expressed
numerlcully us quuntltles for exumple yeur of blrth
Cuuntlfluble dutu cun further be subdlvlded lnto two groups
Llscrete where lndlvlduul ltems of numerlc dutu cun huve one of u flnlte
number of vulues wlthln u speclfled runge such us splnul column polnt for the
vurluble sulury scule 1he vulue cun usuully be counted und lt chunges ln
dlscrete unlts ln thls cuse whole numbers ln some lnstunces dlscrete dutu
muy be runk dutu for exumple the order u group of people flnlshed ln u ruce
Contlnuous where numerlc dutu ure not restrlcted to speclflc vulues und ure
usuully meusured on u contlnuous scule such us journey to work dlstunce ln
km
'ourney to work dlstunce ulong here
km km
vlth such dutu lt ls posslble to tell the lntervul between the dutu vulues for
dlfferent cuses for exumple the lntervul between u journey to work of mlles
und unother of mlles ls mlles N8 Cbserved vulues of u contlnuous vurluble
ulwuys uppeur dlscrete due to llmltutlons of the equlpment used for
meusurement eg u cur odometer
Cne potentlully confuslng uspect of SPSS ls thut ull dutu ure usuully coded
numerlcully eg mule Although lt uppeurs less meunlngful to code such
responses numerlcully lt ls better from u dutu munlpulutlon polnt of vlew slnce
SPSS ullows only uutomutlc recodlng on codes whlch ure numerlc
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1he 1LACBSAv data file
1hls dutu flle conslsts of dutu ubout people recrulted to work for u Ul locul
uuthorlty over u tenyeur perlod from the mld s to mld s und weus
obtulned from personnel records 1he dutu collectlon form ls lncluded us Appendlx

1he vust mujorlty of dutu relutes to the tlme of thelr uppolntment und ls tuken
from u runge of secondury dutu sources such us thelr uppllcutlon form und the
requlsltlon orders to vurlous meoutlets for vucuncy udvertlsements 1he dutu
refers predomlnuntly to nonmunuul employees ulthough there ure u few munuul
employees 1he dutu huve been unonymlsed ln u vurlety of wuys und ull locutlonul
dutu hus been umended to preserve confldentlullty Permlsslon wus obtulned from
the locul uuthorlty to use these dutu ln sultubly unonymlsed formut for teuchlng
purposes
1he dutu flle cun best be thought of us u lurge spreudsheet wlth euch column
representlng u vurluble for whlch dutu ure uvulluble und euch row representlng
thut dutu for un lndlvlduul or cuse
gender born murltul educute profmemb

1hus for the tuble ubove row represents u person who hus gender code
femule wus born ln hus murltul stutus code slngle wus educuted up to
code C levelCCSL grude C or ubove und professlonul membershlp code
none 1he dutu then contlnue to the rlght for further vurlubles 1he symbol ls
the SPSS symbol for mlsslng dutu thls ls dlscussed ln more detull ln Eelp A full
llst of vurlubles und thelr codes ls glven ln Appendlx
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USINC SPSS IOR WINDOWS
Lxercise 1o load SPSS
SPSS for vlndows follows the conventlons used ln other vlndows uppllcutlons muklng
use of u vurlety of menus und dlulogue boxes 1hls meuns you rurely huve to use the
keybourd other thun for enterlng dutu or for numlng speclflc vurlubles
Power up your muchlne swltch lt on und your normul screen wlll uppeur
After cllcklng the button SPSS wlll be locuted somewhere ln the
Progrums optlon us shown below
Cllck to open SPSS 1hls wlll
tuke some tlme so be putlent You wlll see thls
screen
vhen you do cllck ut the bottom of
the dlulogue box to remove lt
You should now huve un Untltled SPSS Lutu Ldltor
screen
Lnd of Lxercise
1he SPSS Windows
vhen you loud und run the SPSS puckuge lt opens up u menu bur und two vlews
1hese ure Lutu vlew currently vlslble und vurluble vlew
1hls sheet wlll
contuln your dutu euch
column representlng u
vurluble for whlch dutu ure
uvulluble und euch row
representlng the dutu for
un lndlvlduul or cuse At
present thls sheet should
be blunk As thls sheet ls
currently selected lts nume
on the tub ut the bottom ls
ln bold
At present thls sheet ls not vlslble us the vurluble vlew sheet ls not uctlve
Consequently the nume ls not ln bold Lo not bother to cllck on the tub und look ut thls
sheet yet we wlll do thut luter
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Menu 8ar 1hls provldes u selectlon of optlons llle Ldlt vlew Lutu whlch ullow you
for exumple to open flles edlt dutu generute gruphs creute tubles und perform
stutlstlcul unulyses Selectlng from thls menu bur wlll llke ln other vlndows puckuges
provlde further pulldown menus und dlulogue boxes
1he menu bur optlons ure used us follows
Iile ls used to uccess uny flles whether you wunt to Open un exlstlng SPSS flle or reud
dutu from unother uppllcutlon such us Lxcel or d8use or sturt u New flle lt ls ulso
the menu optlon you choose to Save flles
Ldit cun be used to ulter dutu or text ln the Lutu vlew or the vurluble vlew
view cun be used to ulter the wuy your screen looks Pleuse leuve thls on the defuult
settlngs
Data ls used to deflne vurlubles und muke chunges to the dutu flle you ure uslng
1ransform ls used to muke chunges to selected vurlubles ln the dutu flle you ure
uslng 1hls cun lnclude recodelng exlstlng vurlubles und computelng new
vurlubles
Analyze ls used to undertuke u vurlety of unulyses such us produclng Reports
culculutlng Descriptive Statistics such us Irequencies und Crosstabs crosstubulutlons
und ussocluted summury stutlstlcs us well us vurlous stutlstlcul procedures such us
Regression und Correlation
Craphs ls used to creute u vurlety of gruphs und churts such us 8ar Line und Pie
churts
Utilities ls for more generul housekeeplng such us chunglng dlspluy optlons und
fonts dlspluylng lnformutlon on vurlubles
Window operutes ln the sume wuy us other vlndows puckuges
Belp ls u contextsensltlve help feuture whlch operutes the sume wuy us other
vlndows puckuges
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Lxercise 1o load a previously created SPSS for Windows data file
All verslons of SPSS for vlndows
wlll work wlth dutu flles uslng u
fllenume of up to elght
churucters und the flle extenslon
SAv for exumple 1LACESAv
lor the most recent verslons
longer fllenumes cun be used
but lt ls better to be sufe
Muke sure you huve louded
SPSS see Lxerclse
ln the Menu 8ur cllck Iile Open Data 1he Open Iile dlulogue box uppeurs Notlce
thut SPSS looks for dutu flles ln the most recently used subdlrectory lor exumple
lf you ure golng to loud u flle whlch ls on u US8 portuble storuge devlce you need
locute the appropriate drlve
Locute the 1LACBSAv flle
Cpen the 1LACBSAv by doublecllcklng on lt
You wlll now see the dutu uppeur ln the Lutu vlew wlndow und the fllenume ubove the
menu bur chunge to 1LACBSAv 1hls muy tuke some tlme so be putlent
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Alternutlvely you cun downloud the flle 1LACBSAv from the web by followlng the
tutorlul und dutusets llnk httpwpspeursonedcouksuunders for the th Ldn und
then suve lt on your US8 portuble storuge devlce
Lnd of Lxercise
Lxercise 1o load an Lxcel spreadsheet data file
Lo not undertuke thls exerclse untll you need to loud your own dutu from un Lxcel
spreudsheet
Muke sure thut your Lxcel spreudsheet flle ls set out wlth one column per vurluble und
one row for euch lndlvlduul survey form Note the flrst row should be the vurluble
numes 1hls ls lllustruted for the Lxcel equlvulent of un extruct from the teuchsuv dutu flle
below
A 8 C D L
gender born murltul educute profmemb

Muke sure you huve louded SPSS see Lxerclse
ln the Menu 8ur cllck Iile Open Data 1he Open Iile dlulogue box uppeurs Notlce
thut SPSS looks for dutu flles ln the most recently used subdlrectory As you ure
golng to loud un Lxcel flle from u US8 portuble muss storuge devlce you need to
lnsert thls flrst
lnsert your US8 portuble muss storuge devlce und cllck!ln the Look in box
Cllck on the upproprlute removuble dlsk for exumple
Cllck!ln the Iiles of type box und use the scroll urrows on the rlght of the dlulogue
box to flnd Lxcel
Cllck Lxcel xls You wlll see your Lxcel flles dlspluyed ln the Open Iile dlulogue
box
Select the fllenume you wunt by cllcklng
on lt und then cllck on the Open button
1he Opening Lxcel Data Source dlulog box
uppeurs
Muke sure there ls u to the left of Read
variable names und cllck Ok You wlll see
the flle uppeur ln the Lutu vlew und the
fllenume ubove the menu bur chunge
1hls wlll tuke some tlme so be putlent
Lnd of Lxercise
8ecuuse you ure loudlng the flle from Lxcel you wlll stlll need to udd vurluble lubels und
vulue lubels wlthln SPSS und suve your dutu us un SPSS dutu flle suv
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Lxercise 1o check how variables have been coded
1o check whut the column heudlng for euch vurluble und the codes refer to
Cllck sheet ut the bottom of the screen You wlll now see
1he flrst column contulns the vurluble Name ln the cuse of the flrst row gender 1hls ls
the column heudlng thut uppeurs ln the
1he second column refers to the 1ype of dutu Although gender ls cutegorlcul dutu lt ls
refered to us numerlc becuuse numerlc code vulues huve been used 1he key to these
code vulues ls glven ln the column heuded values
1he flfth column contulns the vurlubles Label At present thls ls purtlully obscured by the
subsequent column 1o see the full vulue lubel
Move your mouse polnter lnbetween the Label und the values column heudlngs
untlll thls uppeurs
Cllck und drug the column wldth to the rlght untll the
vurlubles lubel cun be reud
Note lf you wlsh to edlt u vurlubles lubel just retype the lubel ln
the upproprlute cell
1he slxth column contulns the key to the codes used for euch vurluble 1hese ure known
us the value lubels
1o see the vulue lubels used
Cllck on the cell contulnlng the flrst vulue for the vurluble gender
Cllck on the to the rlght of thls cell
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1he value Labels dlulogue box uppeurs
lt shows the current vulue lubels for thls
vurluble
Note you cun ulso use thls optlon to
chunge euch vulue lubel for the codes
or enter new vulue lubels
Cllck ln the value
Labels dlulogue box to return to
the vurluble vlew
Use the ldeus ln thls exerclse to explore ut leust flve other vurlubles ln the dutu set
Check the codes wlth those thut uppeur ln Appendlx cun you flnd uny errors
Lnd of Lxercise
Lxercise 1o undertake a frequency distribution
Return to
Cllck Analyse Descriptive
Statistics Irequencies 1he
Irequencies dlulogue box
uppeurs
lf the vurlubles ure urrunged
ulphubetlcully use the
downwurd urrow on the
lefthund box to scroll down
untll Cender uppeurs
Elghllght Cender ln the left
hund box by cllcklng on lt
Cllck to move gender lnto the variables box
Note the urrow button chunges dlrectlon und the cursor moves to the variables
box 1hls ls to ullow you to reverse your declslon lf you wlsh
Cllck
You wlll see u serles of tubles dlspluyed ln the SPSS viewer Note thut SPSS tells you lf
there ure mlsslng cuses ln thls lnstunce there ls one mlsslng cuse
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Use!undto scroll to vlew the frequencles tuble Note thut SPSS lets you know lf
there ure uny mlsslng cuses und culculutes the vulld percent upproprlutely
Repeut thls process uslng Analyze Descriptive Statistics Irequencies for ut leust
flve other vurlubles of your cholce You cun do thls by polntlng und cllcklng on
the menu communds whlch ure vlslble ut the top of your screen
vhlle you ure dolng thls explore the effect of the
buttons on your output
1o remove the vurlubles from the rlght variables box wlthln the dlulogue box
elther cllck or hlghllght the vurluble ln the rlght variables box und
cllck
1o qult thls unulysls for exumple lf you muke u mlstuke cllck
You muy or muy not huve notlced thut euch of the tusks you huve performed ln SPSS
hus been uutomutlcully uppended to the SPSS Output viewer You cun see thls by scrolllng
through your output wlndow uslng the up und down urrows on the rlght of the wlndow
You cun edlt the SPSS vlewer und suve lt or purts of lt to u flle whlch cun subsequently be reud
lnto u word processor Alternutlvely you cun prlnt lt out
1o delete output in the SPSS output viewer
1o delete some output ln the SPSS Cutput vlewer
Cllck the ureu you wunt to delete u llne wlll
uppeur uround lt
3UHVV DeIete
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1o delete ull the output ln the SPSS Cutput vlewer
Lnsure thut the SPSS Cutput vlewer wlndow ls muxlmlsed
ln the SPSS Cutput vlewer cllck Ldit Select All
Press Delete
1o save the contents of the SPSS output viewer to a file
Cllck Iile Save As
1ype ln the fllenume you
wlsh to suve lt to ln the
Iile name box muklng sure
the flle type ls spv
Lnsure thut the flle ls
belng suved to the correct
drlve und dlrectory note
pleuse do not suve output
from the 1LACBSAv flle
Cllck
Lnd of Lxercise
Lxercise 1o calculate the arithmetic mean average and the standard deviation
Cllck Analyze Descriptive Statistics Descriptives
Scroll down to und
select the 1ourney
vurluble lts ut the
end of the vurluble
llst then cllckto
put lt ln the
variables box
Cllck
Note how the results
ure udded to the end
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of your output ln the
SPSS vlewer Note
you muy need to
muxlmlse the
wlndow by cllcklng
to see ull the
stutlstlcs
ve cun therefore see thut
the meun journey to work
ls km
Lnd of Lxercise
Culculutlng u meun mukes sense us we ure worklng out the uveruge dlstunce Eowever
we huve to be cureful
ve could culculute the meun gender ln the sume wuy SPSS would tuke the codes for
mule und femule udd them ull up und dlvlde by the number of observutlons lt ls
therefore lmportunt thut you declde whut stutlstlc mukes sense for the type of dutu
Sectlon
Cther stutlstlcs for the uveruge ure more upproprlute ln thls cuse the mode the one
thut occurs most often
Lxercise 1o calculate the mode and other measures of central tendency
1o culculute the mode for the vurluble gender
Cllck Analyze Descriptive Statistics Irequencies
Cllck to empty the vurlubles box
Select Cender then
cllckto put lt ln the
variables box
Cllck on the
rlght
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Select Mode ln the Central
1endency dlulogue box by
cllcklng on lt
A uppeurs ln the box when lt ls
selected see rlght
Cllck to return
to the Irequencies
dlulogue box
1hls tlme we do not wunt
un output tuble so cllck
the box to the left of
to
remove the tlck
Cllck
1he followlng wlll be udded to
the SPSS Cutput vlewer dont
forget to muxlmlse the wlndow
und scroll down
ve now know thut the most
common gender ls femule
Repeut thls process by culculutlng the most upproprlute uveruge for the followlng
vurlubles
educute prevemp sulury
seg cluss three others of your cholce
Your cholces for the most upproprlute uveruge ure
Meun normully known us the uveruge of the dutu vulues
Medlun the mld polnt once ull the dutu vulues huve been runked
Mode the dutu vulue thut occurs most often
Lnd of Lxercise
Lxercise 1o produce a bar chart
Cllck Analyze Descriptive Statistics Irequencies
Leselect ull vurlubles by cllcklng the Reset button
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Scroll down und select the vurluble soclul cluss Class
Cllck
Use the rudlo button to select 8ar Charts Continue
At the Irequencies dlulogue box cllck Ok
1he SPSS Cutput
vlewer wlll contuln
your bur churt
Notlce thut mlsslng
dutu ure
uutomutlcully
excluded from the
churt Notlce ulso
thut you ure
presented wlth u
dlfferent menu bur
whlch ullows you
to edlt the current
churt und other
optlons
1o the left of your bur churt ls u serles of lcons 1hese provlde un lndex to your
output thut ls ln the SPSS Cutput vlewer
Cllck the lcon on the left to see whut huppens
Now pructlce your churtlng skllls by creutlng unother bur churt for the vurluble
educutlonul uttulnment Lducate but wlth the vertlcul uxls dlspluylng percentuges
ruther thun frequencles
You wlll need to
Leselect the vurluble
Class und select the
vurluble Lducate
Select Percentages
Continue
1hls wlll glve you u churt llke
the one on the rlght
Lnd of Lxercise
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Lxercise 1o create a table Crosstab of one variable against another
mule femule
postgrud plus
up to degree
up to ENCL
up to Alevel
up to Clevel CCSL C
up to CSL CCSL L
Cne of the most useful feutures of SPSS ls lts
ublllty to creute crosstubulutlons of one vurluble
ugulnst unother ln thls exerclse you wlll creute u
tuble of the vurluble Lducate Lducational
attainment by the vurluble Cender You wlll wunt
your tuble to look llke thls
1o do thls
Mlnlmlse the SPSS Cutput vlewer
No quuls
Cllck Analyze Descriptive Statistics Crosstabs
1hls glves the Crosstabs
dlulogue box
Select the Rows vurluble
Lducational Attainment und
the Columns vurluble Cender
uslng the sume prlnclples us
when selectlng frequencles
Cnce you huve selected row
und column vurlubles you
wlll be uble to cllck Ok
Your tuble wlll uppeur ln the
SPSS Cutput vlewer
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Lnd of Lxercise
Lxercise 1o calculate a Chicsquare statistic for a table
Cllck Analyze Descriptive Statistics
Crosstabs
Select the Rows vurluble Lducational
Attainment und the Columns vurluble
Cender uslng the sume prlnclples us
when selectlng frequencles
Cllck the Crosstab
Statistics dlulogue box uppeurs
Select Chisquare optlon
Cllck Continue Ok 1he results wlll be
dlspluyed ln the SPSS Cutput vlewer
1he key elements of your output ure ln the row tltled Pearson ChiSquare und the
ussocluted footnote
1he chl squure stutlstlc the vulue for Peurson ChlSquure ls ln thls cuse wlth
degrees of freedom df 1hls ls hlghly slgnlflcunt 1he footnote stutes thut no cells
huve un expected count of less thun und thut the mlnlmum expected frequency for
euch cell ln the tuble ls 1hls meuns the ussumptlons of the Chlsquure test ure
sutlsfled
Lnd of Lxercise
Lxercise 1o add row and column percents to a table using crosstabs
Select two vurlubles you wlsh to use to creute u tuble us outllned ln Lxerclse
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Cllck ut the top rlght of
the crosstubs dlulogue box
Cllck on Row undor Column undor
1otul ln the Percentuges dlulogue
box see rlght to obtuln the deslred
percentuges
Cllck Continue Ok
Use SPSS to creute further new
tubles from pulrs of vurlubles of your
cholce Note lt would be senslble to
use vurlubles thut contuln cutegorlcul
dutu ruther thut quuntlfluble dutu
see Sectlon
Lnd of Lxercise
Lxercise 1o recode a variables values into a new variable
ln thls exerclse you ure golng to creute u new vurluble educnewfrom the vurluble Lducate
Lducutlonul uttulnment by recodlng the vulues us follows
Postgruduute study Up to A level
Up to degree level Up to C level or equlvulent
Up to ENCL or dlplomu Up to CSL or equlvulent
Not stuted Mlsslng
1hls wlll spllt educutlonul uttulnment lnto those educuted up to A level code und those
educuted ubove A level code
Cllck 1ransform Recode Into Different variables
1hls glves the Recode into Different variables dlulogue box
Cllck Lducate ln the vurluble llst
on the lefthund slde lt wlll be
hlghllghted
Cllck to trunsfer the
vurluble lnto the Numeric
variable Output variable box
ln the Output variable ureu
cllck ln the Name box und type
the new vurluble nume
educnew und u new vurluble
lubel College Lducation ln the
Label box below
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Cllck
Notlce thut the new vurluble lubel uppeurs ln the Numeric variable Output variable
box
Cllck
und the Recode lnto
Llfferent vurlubles
dlulogue box opens
1o recode the vulues
und lnto
Cllck the Range rudlo
button ln the Old
value dlulogue box
und type ln the flrst
box und ln the
second box
Cllck the value rudlo button ln the New value dlulogue box und type ln the box to
the rlght
Cllck Add
Note thut the recode hus been udded lnto the Old New dlulogue box
Revlse thls procedure to recode the vulues und to
Revlse thls procedure to recode the vulue to u mlsslng vulue uslng the value und
the System Missing rudlo buttons
Check the Old New dlulogue box looks llke thls
Cllck Continue Ok
1he new vurluble wlll be creuted und you wlll be returned to the Data view
Now use the procedures outllned ln Lxerclse to produce u frequency dlstrlbutlon
for your new vurluble
Lnd of Lxercise
WARNINC it is possible to recode a variable into the same variable however doing this will
DLLL1L the original values for the variable If you decide to do this make a security copy save
onto a different disc of your data first
Lxercise 1o compute a new variable from existing variables
ln thls exerclse you ure golng to creute u new vurluble age from the vurluble born by
subtructlng the vurluble born from the yeur ln thls lnstunce Remember yeur of blrth
wus only coded us the yeurs ln the lust century und so we do not lnclude the
Age born
Lnsure the SPSS Cutput vlewer ls mlnlmlsed
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Cllck 1ransform Compute
1hls glves the Compute
variable dlulogue box
1ype age ln the 1arget
variable box
Cllck
und lubel the vurluble
Age in years
Cllck Continue
Polnt und cllck the
number followed by
on the number pud
ln the dlulogue box
Polnt und cllck the
urlthmetlc operutor
ln the dlulogue
box
Cllck the vurluble born
Yeur of blrth ln the
llst of vurluble numes
on the llst und cllck

Check thut thls
expresslon hus
uppeured ln the
Numerlc Lxpresslon
box
lf you muke u complete mess of lt cllck Reset ut the bottom und sturt uguln
Cllck Ok
1hls ls only u very slmple compute und lt ls posslble to do fur more complex culculutlons ln
some cuses lt ls better to wrlte them down prlor to typlng them ln
Lnd of Lxercise
Document1
20
Lxercise 1o undertake an analysis on part of the data set
ln thls exerclse you ure golng to select u subset of your dutu ull femule employees
lf necessury mlnlmlse the SPSS Cutput vlewer
Cllck Data Select Cases
Cllck on the If condition is
satisfied rudlo button
Cllck button
the followlng dlulogue
box uppeurs
Cllck Cender ln the
vurluble llst
vurluble lnto the box on
the rlght
Cllck on the operutor
ln the dlulogue box
Cllck on the number on
the number pud ln the
dlulogue box
Check thut the expresslon
gender hus uppeured ln
the box
Cllck
Check thut the Unselected
Cases Are Iiltered ls
selected llltered meuns
thut you wlll not be
deletlng the rest of your
dutu ln thls cuse ull the
mules
Cllck Ok
Undertuke un unulysls of your cholce uslng just the dutu for femules
Lnd of Lxercise
Lxercise 1o return to the full data set after using a selection select cases
Muke sure the SPSS Cutput vlewer ls mlnlmlsed
Cllck Data Select Cases
Document1
21
Cllck on the All cases rudlo button
Cllck Ok
Lnd of Lxercise
Lxercise 1o exit SPSS
Cllck Iile Lxit
SPSS wlll usk you lf you wunt to suve the contents of your Cutput vlewer und Lutu
Ldltor
Lnd of Lxercise
Document1
22
ANALYSINC YOUR OWN DA1A IN SPSS IOR WINDOWS
Lxercise 1o check that your data have been entered correctly
Muke sure thut you huve louded SPSS Lxerclse
Loud your dutu flle Lxerclse or Lxerclse for un Lxcel flle
Construct u frequency dlstrlbutlon frequencies for euch vurluble und check lt ln
the output wlndow Lxerclse Provlded you huve lubelled ull vulld vulue lubels
uny vulues wlthout lubels wlll be errors N8 lf you huve louded un Lxcel flle there
wlll be no vulue lubels
Construct tubles crosstabs to dlscover lf dutu huve been entered for questlons
where the respondent should huve not responded Lxerclse perhups due to u
sklp generuted by u fllter questlon
Compute new vurlubles to muke sure there ure no foollsh responses Lxerclse
such us employees uged over
lor euch error note down the ld number whlch corresponds to the survey form by
uslng
Select Cases Lxerclse to only select those cuses whlch contuln the error
Crosstabs Lxerclse to construct u tuble of the vurluble ldentlfler by the
vurluble whlch contulns the error
Correct your dutu us descrlbed ln Eelp to
Belp to replace a data value
Muke sure thut you huve louded SPSS und thut the dutu flle hus ulreudy been opened
Cllck the cell thut contulns the dutu vulue
Lnter the new vulue thls wlll repluce the old vulue
Press Return 1he new vulue uppeurs ln the cell
Belp 1o delete all data values for a variable or case
Note before deletlng un entlre vurluble or cuse lt ls worth suvlng the dutu flle Lxerclse
ln cuse you muke u mlstuke
Elghllght ull the vulues for thut vurluble or row but not the vurluble nume
Document1
23
Press Delete Luch vulue wlll be repluced by slgnlfylng u mlsslng vulue
Note lf you muke u mlstuke you cun rectlfy lt lmmedlutely ufterwurds by cllcklng Ldit
Undo
Belp 1o delete a variable or case
Cllck the vurluble nume or cuse number to hlghllght the entlre column or cuse
Press Delete 1he vurluble or cuse wlll be deleted
Note lf you muke u mlstuke you cun rectlfy lt lmmedlutely ufterwurds by cllcklng Ldit
Undo
Belp 1o enter missing values
Mlsslng vulues ln u cell ure slgnlfled by u us lllustruted ln Eelp 1o enter u mlsslng
vulue ln u blunk cell do not type
Cllck on cell ln whlch to enter thut the dutu ls mlsslng
Press 1ab to move one cell to the rlght
1ype ln the next vulue
Press 1ab to move one cell to the rlght und so on
1o enter u mlsslng vulue ln u cell whlch ulreudy hus u vulue lt
Cllck on cell whlch currently contulns the dutu
Press Delete
Press 1ab to move one cell to the rlght
Lxercise 1o analyse data
Document1
24
Note the reseurch questlons you wlsh to unswer
Choose the most upproprlute stutlstlcul und churtlng technlques und SPSS
procedures
Use the SPSS procedures to unulyse the dutu see Eelp to for uddltlonul
procedures
Belp 1o test for a significant relationship between two variables correlation
Muke sure you huve louded SPSS und thut the dutu flle hus ulreudy been opened
Cllck Analyze Correlate 8ivariate
Cllck on the flrst vurluble for
you wlsh to obtuln u
correlutlon coefflclent wlth
unother vurluble
vurluble lnto the variables
box
Repeut thls procedure for the
other vurlubles you wlsh to
correlute wlth the flrst
vurluble
Choose the most upproprlute
Correlation Coefficient for your
dutu und muke sure there ls u
ln the box
Choose the most upproprlute 1est of Significance und cllck on the rudlo button
Note use u 1wotailed test when the dlrectlon of the relutlonshlp posltlve or negutlve
cunnot speclfled ln udvunce Use u Onetailed test when lt cun be speclfled ln udvunce
Muke sure there ls u ln the box Ilag significant correlations 1hls wlll ensure the
slgnlflcunce level ls dlspluyed
Cllck Ok
1he results of the correlutlon wlll uppeur ln the Cutput vlndow
Document1
25
ln thls output wlndow
the vurlubles Salary und
8orn from the
1LACESAv dutu set
huve been correluted
SPSS hus produced u
correlutlon mutrlx
Cbvlously there ls u
perfect correlutlon
between the
vurluble lnltlul unnuul
Salary und ltself
As the vurluble ls correluted wlth ltself lt ls lmposslble to culculute the slgnlflcunce p
1here ls no correlutlon between the vurluble Salary und the vurluble 8orn und
thls luck of correlutlon ls slgnlflcunt ut the p level
Belp 1o test for a significant causal relationship between one dependent and one
or more independent variables linear regression
Muke sure you huve louded SPSS und thut the dutu flle hus ulreudy been opened
Check thut your dutu ure upproprlute for regresslon unulysls
Cllck Analyze Regression Linear
Cllck on the
dependent
vurluble
whlch you
wlsh to
predlct
uslng
unother
vurluble or
vurlubles
Cllck to
trunsfer the
vurluble lnto
the
Dependent
box
Repeut thls procedure to trunsfer the lndependent vurlubles you wlsh to use
to predlct the dependent vurluble lnto the Independents box
Cllck Ok
Document1
26
Warning lnterpretlng the regresslon output ls compurutlvely compllcuted You need to
understund the regresslon coefflclent r und the regresslon equutlon y a bx 1he
SPSS munuul Norusls explulns these ln some detull A slmpler explunutlon of
regresslon wlth one lndependent vurluble ls provlded ln Sectlon Unlt of Suunders
und Cooper
Belp 1o use other statistical tests
Clven the lntroductory nuture of thls hund out und the need for u reusonuble stutlstlcul
knowledge to muke lnformed declslons ubout the use of stutlstlcul tests the procedures
for other stutlstlcul tests ure not dlscussed
Document1
27
IUR1BLR RLADINC
1he most useful book on SPSS ln my oplnlon ls
Norusls M' SlSS cude to ata Analyss London Prentlce Eull
Unllke muny computer munuuls thls ls both reuduble und eusy to use lt ulso contulns
udvlce regurdlng when to use dlfferent stutlstlcul tests Eowever ut the tlme of wrltlng
the updute of the book for verslon hus yet to be wrltten
1wo good books on SPSS for beglnners whlch ulso cleurly expluln the stutlstlcs ure
lleld A scoverng Statstcs usng SlSS rd Ldn London Suge
Pullunt ' SlSS Survval Vanual A Step by Step cude to ata Analyss usng
SlSS jor vndows verson 8ucklnghum CUP
1hese books offer u cleur nontechnlcul upprouch to uslng SPSS 1hey ussume llttle
fumlllurlty wlth the dutu unulysls softwure und cover both lnputtlng dutu und how to
generute und lnterpret u wlde runge of tubles dlugrums und stutlstlcs
A reusonubly strulghtforwurd book on collectlng your dutu und prepurlng lt for
quuntltutlve unulysls ls
Suunders MNl Lewls P und 1hornhlll A esearcn Vetnods jor 8usness
Students th Ldn London llnunclul 1lmes Prentlce Eull Chupters und
lf you need u stutlstlcs book thut ussumes vlrtuully no stutlstlcul knowledge focusslng
upon whlch test or gruph when to use lt und why lt ls wrltten for people who ure
feurful und unxlous ubout stutlstlcs und do not thlnk they cun understund numbers then
you muy flnd the followlng helpful
8ermun 8rown R und Suunders M ealng wtn Statstcs vnat you need to
know Muldenheud McCruw Elll Cpen Unlverslty Press
Document1
28
APPLNDIX LIS1 OI vARIA8LLS
AND 1BLIR CODLS IOR DA1A SL1
1LACBSAv
vurluble numes ure ln cupltuls wlth the
vurluble lubel on the sume llne Codes und
vulue lubels uppeur on subsequent llnes
CLNDLR
Cender of Lmployee
Mule
lemule
8ORN
Yeur of 8lrth
yeur
MARI1AL
Murltul Stutus
Slngle
Murrled
vldowed
Llvorced
LDUCA1L
Lducutlonul Attulnment
Postgruduute Study
Up to Legree Level
Up to ENCL or Llplomu
Up to A level
Up to C level
Up to CSL
No educutlonul quullflcutlons stuted
PROIMLM8
Professlonul 8ody Membershlp
Member of Professlonul 8ody
Not u member of u Professlonul 8ody
PRLvLMP
Nuture of Prevlous Lmployment
Locul Covernment
Cutslde Locul Covernment
Student
Unemployed
Selfemployed
Youth 1rulnlng Scheme
Retlred
PRLvLAS1
1own of prevlous employment Lustlngs
PRLvNOR
1own of prevlous employment Northlngs
APPLLAS1
Eome 1own when upplled Lustlngs
APPLNOR
Eome 1own when Applled Northlngs
OCCUPA1
Cccuputlon CPCS Clusslflcutlon
Sollcltor
Audltor
Accountunt
vuluer
Personnel Cfflcer
vork Study Cfflcer
Computer Progrummer
Advertlslng Lxecutlve
LE Cfflcer
8ulldlng lnspector
Admln Lxecutlve
Legul Lxecutlve
Curutor Museum
vurden CAP
Pluy Croup Leuder
velfure Cccuputlons nec
vet
Document1
29
Projectlonlst
Munlclpul Lnglneer
Archltect1own Plunner
Cuuntlty Surveyor
8ulldlng Surveyor
Archltect1own Plunner 1echnlclun
8ulldlngLnglneerlng 1echnlclun
vorks Munuger
Mulntenunce Supervlsor
Clerk of vorks
1runsport Munuger
Stores Controller
Cfflce Munuger
LntertulnmentsSports Munuger
Curuvun Slte Munuger
Munugers nec
Supervlsor Stores Clerks
Supervlsor Lruwlng Asslstunts
Supervlsor Clerks
Supervlsor Cushlers
Clerk Stores
1rucer Asslstunt
Clerk Nonretull
Cushler Retull
Supervlsor Muchlne Cperutors
Receptlonlst
1yplst
Punch Curd Cperutor
1elephone Receptlonlst
Swltch 8ourd Cperutor
Meuls on vheels Cperutor
Lstute Runger
Supervlsor Securlty
Purk leeper
Art Cullury Attendunt
Supervlsor 8ur
Supervlsor Cuterlng
8ur person
Counter Eund
Supervlsor Curetukers
Supervlsor Cur Purks
Curetuker
Cleuner
Cur Purk Attendunt
Servlce vorker nec
loremun Curdeners
Eortlculture vorkers
Curdener
Log vurden
Prlnt Muchlne Cperutor
Curpenter
8luck Smlth
Munugement 1rulnee
loremun lltters
lltter
Plumber
Pulnter und Lecorutor
loremun 8rlckluyers
loremun Sewuge vorkers
loremun Constructlon vorkers
Elghwuys lnspector
8rlckluyer
8ulldlng vorker
Seuge Plunt Attendunt
Refuge vehlcle Lrlver
Roud Sweeper Lrlver
loremun Storekeeper
loremun Refuse Collectlon
Document1
30
Store leeper
Refuse Collector
loremun Lubourers
Lubourer nec
LMPS1A1
Lmployment Stutus on uppllcutlon
Munuger
loremunSupervlsor
Apprentlce1rulnee
Lmployee nec
SLC
Socloeconomlc Croup
Munugers ln Covernment und
lndustry
Professlonul Lmployees
Anclllury vorkers
loremenSupervlsors non munuul
'unlor Non munuul
Personul Servlces
loremenSupervlsors munuul
Skllled Munuul
Seml skllled Munuul
Unskllled Munuul
Agrlculturul vorkers
CLASS
Soclul Cluss
Professlonul
lntermedlute Nonmunuul
'unlor Nonmunuul
Skllled Munuul
Semlskllled Munuul
Unskllled Munuul
SALARY
lnltlul Annuul Sulury Splnul Column Polnt
LMPLLAS1
1own of Lmployment Lustlngs
LMPLNOR
1own of Lmployment Northlngs
BOMLLAS1
Eome 1own ut sturt of Lmployment
Lustlngs
BOMLNOR
Eome 1own ut sturt of Lmployment
Northlngs
NO1IIY
Notlflcutlon Cutlet
lnternul
vord of Mouth
Letter of Lnqulry
Clrculur to udjucent Locul Authorltles
'ob Centre
PLR Professlonul Lxecutlve Reglster
Lmployment Agency Prlvute Sector
Cureers Cfflce locul
DAILY LOCAL NLWSPAPLRS
Lvenlng Post
WLLkLY LOCAL NLWSPAPLRS
1wo County Courler
Locul 1own Chronlcle
County Messenger
County Lxpress
Locul 1own News
Lust County Cuzette
IRLL WLLkLY LOCAL NLWSPAPLRS
Locul 1own News ln locus
News ln locus
Locul 1own 1lmes
Locul 1own 1lmes und Cuzette
NA1IONAL DAILY NLWSPAPLRS
Document1
31
Lully Mull
Lully 1elegruph
1he 1lmes
1he Cuurdlun
NA1IONAL SUNDAY NLWSPAPLRS
Sunduy 1lmes
1OURNALS AND MACA2INLS PU8LIC
SLRvICL
Commerclul Motor
Eortlculture und Amenltles veekly
Army Appolntments Servlce
Muguzlne
Church 1lmes
Purks und Recreutlon
Colf lllustruted
Croundsmun
Eeulth und Soclul Servlces 'ournul
Ludy Muguzlne
Publlc llnunce und Accountlng
lnstltute of Munugement Sclence
'ournul
Ul Press Cuzette
8ulldlng 1rudes 'ournul
Curdeners Chronlcle
Sollcltors 'ournul
Nurslng 1lmes
Nurlslng Mlrror
Pollcy Eolder lnsurunce 'ournul
Cpportunltles
Lstutes Cuzette
Clerk of vorks veekly
Computlng
Assoclutlon of Recreutlon Munugers
Appolntments
Locul Covernment Chronlcle
Munlclpul 'ournul
Publlc Servlce und Locul
Covernment
Munlclpul Lnglneer
8uths Servlce Clrculur
Cuterer und Eotel Supervlsor
Accountuncy Age
Munugement vork Study Servlces
Cuuntlty Surveyors veekly
Surveyor
Archltects 'ournul
1he Plunner
8ulldlng
Plunnlng
Luw Soclety Cuzette
Meut 1rudes 'ournul
Protectlon
lnstltute of Personnel Munugers
Llgest
New Clvel Lnglneer
veterlnury Record
Current vucuncles
1he Stuge
Reglonul Arts Muguzlne
Eeulth und Sufety ut vork
NO1IIY
Notlflcutlon Cutlet us for NC1llY
NO1IIY
NO1IIY
NO1IIY
NO1IIY
Document1
32
NO1IIY
NO1IIY
NO1IIY
NO1IIY
YLARLMP
Yeur of Lmployment
Yeur of Lmployment
ASSIS1AC
Asslstunce by Accommodutlon Provlslon
Permunent Accommodutlon Provlded
1emporury Accommodutlon Provlded
No usslstunce glven
ASSIS1MO
Asslstunce wlth Movlng Lxpenses
llnunclul Asslstunce Clven
No Asslstunce Clven
1LRMYLAR
Yeur of 1ermlnutlon of Lmployment
Yeur of 1ermlnutlon
1LRMWBY
Reuson for 1ermlnutlon
New 'ob
Spouses New 'ob
Colng to College
Euvlng u 8uby
Lurly Retlrement
Retlrement
Redunduncy
Llsmlssed
Leuth
lllness
Murrluge
lumlly Commltments
llrst 'ob Commltments
Leuvlng the Country
1ruvel Costs
llxed 1erm Contruct
Cther
IULLPAR1
lull or Purttlme Lmployment
Purt 1lme
Purt 1lme second job
lull tlme
BLARDN
NC1llY ls how flrst heurd of vucuncy
Yes
No
1he following additional variables have been
created using SPSS
IN1LRNAL
Notlfled lnternully
used
not used
CIRCULAR
Notlfled by clrculutlng other Locul
Authorltles
used
not used
1O8CLN1R
Notlfled ut 'ob Centre
used
not used
LOCAL
Notlfled ln Locul Press
Document1
33
used
not used
RLCIONAL
Notlfled ln Reglonul Medlu
used
not used
NA1IONAL
Notlfled ln Nutlonul Medlu
used
not used
DIS1MIC
Llstunce Mlgruted km
strulghtllne dlstunce mlgruted
11OWORk
'ourney to work km new job
strulghtllne dlstunce of journey
Nume of orgunlsutlon puge
Document1
DA1A COLLLC1ION SBLL1 IOR PLRSONNLL RLCORDS
l
L

C
e
n
d
e
r

Y
o
8

M
u
r
l
t
u
l

s
t
u
t
u
s

L
d
u
c
u
t
l
o
n

P
r
o
f
e
s
s
l
o
n
u
l
m
e
m
b
e
r
s
h
l
p

P
r
e
v
l
o
u
s

L
m
p
l
o
y
m
e
n
t
n
u
t
u
r
e

P
r
e
v
l
o
u
s

L
m
p
l
o
y
m
e
n
t
l
o
c
u
t
l
o
n

E
o
m
e

t
o
w
n
u
p
p
l
l
e
d

C
c
c
u
p
u
t
l
o
n

S
p
l
n
u
l

C
o
l
u
m
n

p
o
l
n
t

N
e
w

L
m
p
l
o
y
m
e
n
t
l
o
c
u
t
l
o
n

E
o
m
e

t
o
w
n
n
e
w

N
o
t
l
f
l
c
u
t
l
o
n

o
u
t
l
e
t

Y
e
u
r

o
f

L
m
p
l
o
y
m
e
n
t

A
s
s
l
s
t
u
n
c
e

Y
e
u
r

o
f

t
e
r
m
l
n
u
t
l
o
n

R
e
u
s
o
n

f
o
r

t
e
r
m
l
n
u
t
l
o
n

l
u
l
l

t
l
m
e
p
u
r
t

t
l
m
e
Nume of orgunlsutlon
Document1
NO1LS ON DA1A COLLLC1ION
Recorded us hlghest quullflcutlon uchleved
Recorded on u yesno busls
Coded ut collectlon Locul Covernment Cutslde Locul Covernment Student
Unemployed SelfeLmployed uddltlonul codes udded us necessury durlng
collectlon
Recorded us pluce nume subsequently coded us u grld reference Lustlngs und
Northlngs
Recorded us uctuul job subsequently coded lnto occuputlon employment stutus
socloeconomlc group und soclul cluss uslng exlstlng Ul government clusslflcutlon
see puges of esearcn Vetnods jor 8usness Students rd Ldn for detulls of
Ul government clusslflcutlons
Recorded us splnul column polnt to overcome the lmpuct of lnflutlon on sulurles
All outlets recorded where outlet uctuully heurd ubout job known lndlcuted by
Provlslon of uccommodutlon undor movlng expenses recorded
Recorded us uctuul reuson subsequently coded

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SPSS 17 - AnaIysing Quantitative Data

Prof. Mark N.K. Saunders ApriI 2009

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