IMPERIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DIPLOMA IN ESTATE MANAGEMENT CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL ASSIGNMENT REPORT AMANDA ANDREW WONG YEE TING

TAN CHEAU LING NG LEE FEHN 1006724 1006737 1006810 1006985

DIPLOMA IN ESTATE MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION OF ALUMINIUM AND ALUBOCOND APPLICATIONS PROPERTIES OF ALUBOCOND FABRICATIONS CONSTRUCTION STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION MANY ADVANTAGES OF ALUMINIUM CONCLUSION REFERRENCES APPENDICES

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3-6 7-9 10 - 13 14 - 16 17 18 - 19 20 - 22 23 -26 26 27 - 28 29

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INTRODUCTION
ALUMINIUM Aluminium is a very young metal, extracted for the first time in 1854. Commercially produced as a precious metal from 1886, its industrial production for civil applications only took off in the 1950s. The first well-known application in buildings dates back to 1898, when the dome of San Gioacchinos Church in Rome was clad in aluminium sheets. The stunning Art Decoinspired Empire State Building in New York was the first building to use anodised aluminium components back in 1931. Aluminium is now utilised for a host of applications in building and construction and is the material of choice for curtain walling, window frames and other glazed structures. It is extensively used for rolling blinds, doors, exterior cladding and roofing, suspended ceilings, wall panels and partitions, heating and ventilation equipment, solar shading devices, light reflectors and complete prefabricated buildings. Structures like offshore living quarters, helicopter decks, balustrades, scaffolding and ladders, are also commonly made of aluminum.

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Aluminium Life Cycle

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DIPLOMA IN ESTATE MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY

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ALUCOBOND
ALUCOBOND is the ORIGINAL ACM

Aluminum Composite Material (ACM) consists of two sheets of smooth .02" aluminum thermobonded to a polyethylene core in a continuous process. ALUCOBOND is prefinished with a premium Kynar 500 PVDF resin-based coil coating that is available in a spectrum of attractive standard colors along with any custom color you desire. To allow for imaginative design and creativity ALUCOBOND comes in a variety of lengths and widths. ALUCOBOND is the Global Brand Leader. From its creation in 1969, the "Original Aluminum Composite Material," ALUCOBOND has earned its brand leadership through consistent performance and service excellence. The enormous success of ALUCOBOND is based on its excellent product qualities such as exceptional top-grade flatness and rigidity, low weight, excellent formability, weather resistance, simple fabrication and ease of cleaning. In addition, a large choice of colors and a wide variety of designs offer architects and designers unlimited possibilities for creative, innovative and customised planning.

ALUCOBOND brings a superior metal panel image to any project. ALUCOBOND, known for its lightweight qualities, also has other desirable attributes such as a rainbow 5
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of consistent color and finish options, the ability to form textures or curves or the option to create modules. When you need to present an exceptionally flat, high-tech metal panel image, ALUCOBOND allows you the ease of mind that you have chosen the proven leader. As the original "Aluminum Composite Material," ALUCOBOND has developed the leading fabricators and installers in the metal wall panel industry. This ensures that ALUCOBOND is engineered, fabricated and installed to meet design and specification needs. ALUCOBOND is available in a large range of formats and the possibilities for implementing ALUCOBOND for interior and exterior applications are extremely varied. It is used in projects ranging from the precise construction of residential buildings, representative public buildings, company headquarters, commercial and industrial buildings to the prestigious landmarks of modern urban construction. Since all ALUCOBOND products are fully recyclable, they are ideal for projects that highly value the use of eco-friendly materials. ALUCOBOND shows excellent product properties such as extraordinary flatness, a large variety of colours and perfect formability. It has been developed as a rigid and, at the same time, flexible fascia material for architecture. ALUCOBOND is extremely weatherproof, impact-resistant and break-proof, vibration-damping, and ensures easy and fast installation.

As a light composite material consisting of two aluminium cover sheets and a plastic core, the versatile ALUCOBOND product is a material also preferred in areas other than architecture, such as image-building Corporate Design, and is widely used in industry and transportation. Numerous international prizes have been awarded for this successful product. With more

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DIPLOMA IN ESTATE MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY successful materials world-wide.

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than 130 million sq.m of ALUCOBOND sold, it has proved to be one of the most

APPLICATIONS
Modernity - Give buildings and skylines the shape of the future. a) High Rise Cladding a new building or refurbishing an old one; there is no doubt that the long-lasting appeal of the contemporary finish, unparalleled durability and flexibility of application makes ALUCOBOND the means for creating an outstanding landmark in any location regardless of aspect or challenging environmental factors. b) Low Rise Smaller structures, new or old, commercial or domestic, benefitt equally from the ALUCOBOND promisea building that says today and for the future. c) Public Buildings Public offices and civic centres demand a highly functional yet attractive solution for exterior and interior cladding. The wide array of colours, shapes and textural detail allows ALUCOBOND to answer the call for a modern and efficient finish that will enhance the overall appeal of the dynamic urban setting. d) Style Realise decades of architectural individuality and classic styling with ALUCOBOND aluminium composite material. The unsurpassed finish and flatness of ALUCOBOND, its dynamic range of colours and exciting shapes allow the designer complete freedom of creativity.

e) Residential applications

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Property owners and architects alike seek to continually challenge the status quo of residential projects with the use of interesting surface finishes and combining unusual architectural features and forms. Adding distinctive style to a suburban residence is now possible with ALUCOBOND aluminium cladding which allows almost unlimited scope to create the ultimate dream home.

Product
a) ALUCOBOND

Colours
Architecture and colour design are inseparable.. ALUCOBOND is now available in 30 standard colours, 21 speciality surfaces including Spectra, NaturAL, Wood Design and anodized colours, plus 44 pre-formulated colours.

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DIPLOMA IN ESTATE MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY a) Solid Colours

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No matter whether a soft white or a vibrant red is selected, solid colours are always a good choice when a uniform appearance without special effects is required. The gloss of solid colours is between 30-40% according to Gardner scale. b) Metallic Colours The different appearance of colour and gloss under various light conditions and viewing angles gives these surfaces a vivid impression and brings them to life. The gloss of metallic colours is between 30-40% according to Gardner Scale. Special Effect Colours / Spectra Colours & NaturAL Finishes. These eye-catching finishes applied using the same coil coating process are the result of continuous development of new paint systems and provide evidence of 3A Compositess know-how and competency in the latest coating technology. Unless specified, the gloss level of these specialised finishes are between 70 - 80% according to Gardner Scale.

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PROPERTIES OF ALUCOBOND
ALUCOBOND is a composite panel consisting of two aluminium cover sheets (0.5mm thick) and a polyethylene core. It is produced with various core thicknesses in a continuous process.

a) Mechanical Properties The composite material is rigid, resistant to blows, breakage and pressure and has high bending, buckling and breaking strengths. The strength is determined by the 0.5mm thick aluminium cover sheets in Peraluman-100, EN AW-5005A (AIMgI), acc to EN 573-3
Tensile strength: 0.2% proof stress: Elongation: Modules of elasticity: Rm 130N/mm Rp0.2 90N/mm A5.0 5% E = 70000N/mm

Since the cover sheets determine the bending strength, the core material can be disregarded when calculating the bending tension. ALUCOBOND Architectural can provide structural analysis using computer calculations based on the Finite Element Method.

Thickness 3mm

Weight (kg/m) 4.5

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4mm 6mm 5.5 7.3

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b) Acoustical Properties
Panel of ALUCOBOND 3 mm 4 mm 6 mm thickness Average air-borne transmission Sound absorption Loss factor loss (Frequency range 100-3200Hz) 25 dB 26 dB 27 dB 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.0072 0.0087 0.0138 factor (frequency 200Hz)

i) Sound insulation (according to EN ISO 140-3/1995 and ISO IDIS 717-1/1993) The average airborne sound transmission loss for 3mm, 4mm and 5mm of panel thickness is 25dB, 26dB and 27dB respectively. Frequency range 100 to 3,200Hz. Rear-ventilated ALUCOBOND cladding considerably improves sound insulation. The sound insulation of a lightweight concrete wall is doubled when clad with ALUCOBOND. ii) Sound absorption (according to EN20354) Sound absorption factor as Average = 0.05 for all panel thicknesses. iii) Vibration dampening (according to EN ISO 6721) The loss factor of ALUCOBOND is about 6 times better than that of a solid aluminium sheet.

Remark: Vibration damping material is used to reduce or eliminate noise in industrial, electronic, structural and ergonomic applications caused by resonance and vibration. Damping is the energy dissipation properties of a material or system under cyclical stress. It is the conversion of mechanical energy into thermal energy. The amount of energy dissipated is a measure of the materials damping level. 11
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DIPLOMA IN ESTATE MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY c) Fire Behaviour

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The non-combustible aluminium cover sheets protect the PE core (Polyethylene core)

d) Thermal Properties Due to its relatively thin and homogeneous core ALUCOBOND is not an insulating panel, however in certain instances its insulating properties can be considered. Besides, its thermal expansion is effectively controlled by the aluminium cover sheets. Actual linear expansion 2.4mm/m/100C. . At a temperature difference of 100C the longitudinal deformation is 2.4 mm/m length/width. Temperature resistance is from -50C to + 80C.

Thickness (R-value) Thermal resistance

[mK/W]

(U-value) coefficient [W/(m K)] 5.65 5.54

Temperature [C] From -50 to +80 From -50 to +80

Heat transmittance Resistance

3 mm 4 mm

0.0069 0.0103

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6 mm 0.0172 5.34

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From -50 to +80

R and U values are used to indicate the design thermal performance of a building material or assembly. R-values represent the resistance of heat flow through a building material. The higher the R-value, the greater the resistance and the insulating value. U-values on the other hand are the direct opposite. U-values represent the amount of heat flow that transmits through a building assembly which is built-up of various materials and the surface air film resistances. The lower the U-value is, the slower the rate of heat flow and the better the insulating quality. d) Surfaces ALUCOBOND surfaces are coated using exclusively high-quality and ecologically compatible lacquer systems. With ALUCOBOND stove-lacquering, customers can choose from a wide range of standard and metallic colours or select any type of special individual colour. They are highly resistant to weather conditions and unaffected by industrial emissions. These properties are achieved by using fluorinated bonding agents; for standard finishes PVDF or FEVE based top lacquers are used. Special surface effects are achieved on request by using duroplastic fluoropolymers which are virtually as weather resistant as PVDF and FEVE lacquering systems e) Storage Protect pallets during storage against rain, penetration of moisture or condensation. Pile pallets in stacks one on top of the other (do not place the panels in an upright position); stacks must not comprise more than 6 pallets of identical size. Avoid storage for a period of more than 6 months f) Specifications
Thickness : Standard Width : Special Width : Standard 4mm For special application 3mm, 6mm 1000, 1250, 1500, 1575mm min 875mm max 2050mm* (subject to min 2000m per width for solid and metallic colours)

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Standard Length : Special Length : 2500, 3200, 4000mm

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to customers specification max 8000mm

FABRICATION
a) Cutting ALUCOBOND can be cut with a vertical panel saw, circular or jig saw. It can also be cut into shape using CNC machining centres, water jet cutting machines, and copy routers. b) Drilling ALUCOBOND can be drilled with twist drills, normally used for aluminium and plastics on machines common for metals. c) Shearing Shearing can be done with a guillotine. To prevent surface damage, use protective pads between down-holders and ALUCOBOND surface and adjust to minimum down holding pressure. Use carpet protection on feeder table. Do not use ball supports as they damage the ALUCOBOND surface. Shearing will cause a slight deflection of the cut edge on the impact side.

d) Punching ALUCOBOND can be punched using conventional sheet metal punching machines or manual notchers. For clean cuts use sharp tools and dies with minimal cutting clearance. Punching will cause a slight deflection of the cut edge on the impact side. e) Bending

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Bending is possible with a folding table or a bending press. To protect the surface finish of ALUCOBOND during bending use padding strips. The spring back of ALUCOBOND is greater than that of a solid aluminium sheet. ALUCOBOND can also be bent using a roll bending machine (pyramid or pinch rollers). To protect the surface finish of ALUCOBOND during bending use only polished rollers free of dents and other defects. f) Riveting Riveting is possible using solid or blind rivets with conventional riveting tool. For exterior applications allow for thermal expansion and possible building movements. g) Welding The plastic core of ALUCOBOND can be hot-air welded using conventional hot-air welding equipment and plastic filler rod. Hot-air welding provides a water-tight joint for decorative purpose only. It is not suitable for joints where structural strength is required. h) Screwing Use conventional wood, sheet-metal or machine screws made of stainless steel. For exterior applications allow for thermal expansion and possible building movements. i) Clamping With serrated corner joint or butt-joint sections or clamped between special aluminium extrusions. j) Bonding For exterior use and structural applications: adhesive sealing compounds, double-sided VHB tapes, consult sealant manufacturer for correct application. For interior applications: metal adhesives, double-sided VHB tapes

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DIPLOMA IN ESTATE MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY sheet only. k) Routing & Folding

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Adhesives and sealants do not adhere to the plastic core. Apply to the aluminium cover

ALUCOBOND composite panels can be shaped using a very simple processing method, called the routing and folding method. It enables a fabricator to produce shapes of various kinds and sizes. A V-shaped or rectangular groove is routed on the reverse side of the ALUCOBOND composite panel using a disk or end milling cutter. A thin layer of the core material should be left at the base of the groove. The untouched outer cover sheet can now be bent manually, giving an exact and clean folding line which follows the routed groove. The outer radius of the folded edge depends on the shape of the groove and its depth. The routing can be done using a vertical panel saw equipped with ALUCOBOND grooving accessories, a CNC machining centre, a portable sheet milling machine or a hand router. The routing and folding method can be used for ALUCOBOND composite panels with all available standard surface finishes. l) Surfaces ALUCOBOND surfaces are coated using exclusively high-quality and eco-friendly lacquer systems. They are highly weather resistant and resistant to industrial emissions. These properties are achieved using UV-resistant bonding agents. All surface coats are applied in a continuous coil-coating process.

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CONSTRUCTION
Construction method and systems that can be use to install the ALUCOBOND.

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STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR
a) Comparison of thickness and panel weight with equal rigidity. The composite structure of ALUCOBOND: Two aluminium cover sheets and a plastic or mineral filled core, results in an impressive strength-to-weight ratio, even when comparing large panel sizes. Even though the panels are very lightweight, (easy to transport and handle), they are highly rigid and strong, thus making the most suitable for exterior wall cladding. When properly designed and installed, ALUCOBOND panels will keep their shape and remain flat for life, even when exposed to extreme temperature changes.

Comparison of thickness and panel weight with equal rigidity.

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DIPLOMA IN ESTATE MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY b) Wind load and permissible panel sizes

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The graphs for 3 and 4 mm thick ALUCOBOND indicate the maximum permissible panel length without having to add a stiffener based on applicable design wind load and panel width.

Graph for the wind load and permissible panel sizes. Technical data for different types of ALUCOBOND products.

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ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
a) Naturally ALUCOBOND During the life cycle of ALUCOBOND composite panels, no substances containing CFC, VOCs are set free at any time. The core material does not contain any nitrogen, chlorine or sulphur. Therefore, selecting ALUCOBOND for projects which require environmentally friendly materials is a natural choice. b) The Rear-Ventilated Faade During decades of use in a rear-ventilated cladding system, ALUCOBOND protects the building from weathering and the harmful effects caused by industrial and environmental pollution. An external cladding system using ALUCOBOND acts as a barrier against solar radiation. The ventilated space between the ALUCOBOND panels and the wall or the thermal insulation reduces the heat transmission. The rear-ventilated cladding system using ALUCOBOND protects the buildings wall from high and rapid temperature changes. Moisture can pass through the wall. The building stays dry. c) Environment, Safety and Health For ALUCOBOND, effective, continuous environmental protection is a main priority. It is of utmost importance to preserve natural resources in order to ensure a livable tomorrow for future generations. It commits itself to continuous self-improvement program for environmental protection. d) Storage / Handling - Protect ALUCOBOND pallets during storage against rain, seeping in of moisture and condensation. - Only pallets of identical size should be stacked, with a maximum of 6 pallets stacked on top of each other. - Avoid storing the product for more than 6 months, as it may be come difficult to remove the protective foil.

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DIPLOMA IN ESTATE MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY produce marks on the panels. e) Installation

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- When stacking the panels, nothing should be placed in between them, as this could

To avoid possible reflection differences, it is recommended to install the panels in the same direction as marked on the protective peel-off-foil. Color variations may occur between panels originating from different production batches. To ensure color consistency, the total requirement for a project should be placed in one order. f) Protective Foil - To avoid glue residuals on the surface of the panels due to UV radiation, it is recommended to remove the protective foil as soon as possible after the installation. - The protective foils and the panel surfaces must not be marked using ink (marker), adhesive tapes or stickers, as the lacquered surfaces could be damaged by solvents or plasticisers. - Make sure to remove the protective foil as soon as possible after installation as prolonged exposure to the elements could make the foil difficult to remove. g) Cleaning and Maintenance The frequency of cleaning depends on the design and the degree of soiling. h) Recycling ALUCOBOND can be fully recycled, i.e. both the core material and the aluminium cover sheets can be recycled and used for the production of new material. i) Warranty ALUCOBOND stands for high quality and longevity. Warranties according to the product specification and approved field of application can be obtained upon request.

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ALUCOBOND is setting new standards with its aesthetic, photovoltaic faade system. ALUCOBOND photovoltaic is a new, unique, integrated faade system combining ALUCOBOND composite panels, having proved their value over the past 40 years; with functional, photovoltaic modules. This integrated faade system is reconciling creative optics with technological and ecological demands. Architects and city planners are making permanent changes to our environment, which results in a tremendous responsibility for the following generations. It is their task and their concern not only to make our towns look attractive, but also to design them so that they are sustainable and environment-friendly. By using ALUCOBOND photovoltaic, building owners, architects and faade designers are able to meet todays demands for functionality, energy balance and aesthetics without having to make any compromises, and set completely new standards in energy and resource-saving architecture. The systems can be integrated in the most differing faade formations in a creative way. Modern buildings that use ALUCOBOND photovoltaic look attractive are an architectonic eye catcher and contribute decisively towards protecting our environment.

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ALUMINIUM COMBINES MANY ADVANTAGES

1. WIDE CHOICE OF ALLOYS Aluminium in its pure form is a very soft metal, and hence not suited for building applications. Thanks to the addition of alloying elements such as copper, manganese, magnesium, zinc, etc and thanks to suitable production processes, the physical and mechanical properties can be varied in a wide range to satisfy the requirements of a large number of different applications. 2. DESIGN FLEXIBILITY The extrusion process offers an almost infinite range of forms and sections, allowing designers to integrate numerous functions into one profile. Coated sheets and composite panels may be manufactured flat, curved, shaped into cassettes, or sandwiched with other materials. In addition, aluminium can be sawed, drilled, riveted, screwed, bent, welded and soldered in the workshop or on the building site. 3. LONG SERVICE LIFE Aluminium building products are made from alloys that are weatherproof, corrosionresistant and immune to the harmful effects of UV rays, ensuring optimal performance over a very long period of time. In 1898, the dome of San Gioacchinos Church in Rome was clad in aluminium sheets, which are still in pristine condition today, more than 100 years later. 4. LOW MAINTENANCE Apart from routine cleaning for aesthetic reasons, neither bare nor painted aluminium requires any maintenance, which translates into a major cost and ecological advantage over the lifetime of a product.

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DIPLOMA IN ESTATE MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY 5. HUNDREDS OF SURFACE FINISHES

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Aluminium can be anodised or painted in any colour, to any optical effect, using any number of surface touches, in order to meet a designers decorative needs. Such processes also serve to enhance the materials durability and corrosion resistance, as well as providing an easy-to-clean surface.

6. HIGH STRENGTH-TO-WEIGHT RATIO This unique property allows architects to meet required performance specifications, while minimising the dead load on a buildings supporting structure. This is a key advantage for cladding and roofing applications. Furthermore, thanks to the metals inherent strength and stiffness, aluminium window and curtain wall frames can be very narrow, maximising glazed surface and solar gains for given outer dimensions. Moreover, the materials light weight makes it easier to transport and handle on-site, reducing the risk of work-related injury.

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DIPLOMA IN ESTATE MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY 7. HIGH REFLECTIVITY This characteristic feature makes aluminium a very efficient material for light management. Aluminium solar collectors and light channels can be installed to lower energy consumption for artificial lighting and heating in winter. Aluminium shading devices can be used to reduce the need for air conditioning in summer. 8. HEAT CONDUCTIVITY

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Aluminium is a good conductor of heat, which makes it an excellent material for heat exchangers used in energy efficient ventilation systems or in solar thermal heat collectors. While it may be a disadvantage in window and faade applications, this property is overcome by an appropriate profile design and the use of thermal breaks made of low conductivity materials.

9. FIRE SAFETY Aluminium does not burn, and is therefore classified as a non-combustible construction material (European Fire Class A1). Aluminium alloys will nevertheless melt at around 650C, but without releasing harmful gases. Industrial roofs and external walls are increasingly being made of thin aluminium cladding panels, intended to melt during a major fire, allowing heat and smoke to escape and thereby minimising damage.

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DIPLOMA IN ESTATE MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY 10. NO RELEASE OF DANGEROUS SUBSTANCES

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Several studies have proved that aluminium building products do not present a hazard to occupants or the surrounding environment. On both sides, todays studies prove that the alloys used, their surface treatments (either coating or anodising) and the materials used are all neutral. Aluminium building products have no negative impact, either on indoor air quality or on soil, surface and groundwater. 11. OPTIMAL SECURITY Where high security is required, specially designed, strengthened aluminium frames can be used. While the glass for such applications may well be heavy, the overall weight of the structure remains manageable thanks to the light weight of the aluminium frame.

CONCLUSION
Aluminium plays a key role for the sustainability of new buildings and the renovation of existing ones. Thanks to its performance properties, aluminium largely contributes to the energy performance, safety and comfort of new buildings. Aluminiums versatility also allows for an easy upgrade of existing buildings, including historic ones. Aluminium plays an important role in the production of renewable energy from solar sources. Finally, at the end of its very long lifespan, the high intrinsic value of aluminium is a major economic incentive for its recycling, through several processes adapted to the nature of building scraps, securing its cradle-to-cradle life cycle and associated environmental benefits. The recycling of aluminium building products is therefore not a potential, it is todays reality.

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REFERENCES
1 - 3A Composites (ALUCOBOND) www.3acomposites.com 2 - http://www.stylepark.com/en/3a-composites/products 3 - http://www.sorbothane.com/blog/vibration-damping-material/ 4 - http://www.barbourproductsearch.info/3a-Composites-ALUCOBOND-rainscreen-cladding-2TD-file007505.pdf 5 - http://srt251sjkno.blogspot.com/2008/05/major-construction.html 6 - http://www.rockwoolasia.com/thermal/r+-c12-+u+value Further info / References European and global links European Aluminium Association www.aluminium.org European Aluminium Association, Building Group www.alu-build.eu Federation of European Aluminium Windows & Curtain Wall Manufacturers Associations www.faecf.org European Aluminium Award www.aluminium-award.eu European Commission portal for energy efficiency in buildings www.buildup.eu Organisation of European Aluminium Recycling Industry www.oea-alurecycling.org European Aluminium Foil Association www.alufoil.org International Aluminium Institute www.world-aluminium.org International Aluminium Institute, Green Building Website aluminium.org National aluminium associations: Austria Fachverband NE-Metall - Wirtschaftskammer sterreich www.nemetall.at Aluminium Fenster Institut www.alufenster.at Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Hersteller von Metall-Fenster/Tren/Tore/Fassaden www.amft.at Belgium Aluminium Center www.aluminiumcenter.be Denmark Aluminium Danmark www.alu.dk France Association Franaise de lAluminium www.aluminium-info.com Association Aluminium Architecture www.aluminiumarchitecture.com http://greenbuilding.world-

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Germany Gesamtverband der Aluminiumindustrie www.aluinfo.de Verwertungsgesellschaft Aluminium-Altfenster www.a-u-f.com Greece Aluminium Association of Greece www.aluminium.org.gr Greek Association of Aluminium Manufacturers www.seka.org.gr Italy Centro Italiano Alluminio www.assomet.it

IMPERIA INSTITUTE OF

Syndicat National de la construction des fentres, faades et activits associes www.snfa.fr

Unione Nazionale Costruttori Serramenti Alluminio Acciaio e Leghe www.uncsaal.it Spain Asociacin Nacional de Extruidores de Perfiles de Aluminio www.anexpa.org Switzerland Association Suisse de lAluminium / Aluminium-Verband Schweiz www.alu.ch The Netherlands Vereniging Nederlandse Metallurgische Industrie www.vnmi.nl Aluminium Centrum www.aluminiumcentrum.nl Vereniging Metalen Ramen en Gevelbranche www.vmrg.nl Sweden Aluminiumriket Sverige www.aluminiumriket.com United Kingdom Aluminium Federation www.alfed.org.uk Council for Aluminium in Buildings www.c-a-b.org.uk Aluminium Brands: Alcoa Architectural Products (Kawneer, Reynobond, Reynolux) www.alcoa.com Alumil www.alumil.com Hydro Building Systems (Wicona, Technal, Alumafel/Domal) and Hydro Rolled Products www.hydro.com Metra www.metraarchitettura.it Novelis www.novelis-painted.com Reynaers Aluminium www.reynaers.com Sapa Building System & Sapa Profiles www.sapagroup.com Schco www.schueco.com Elval Colour (Etem and Etalbond) www.elval-colour.com 3A Composites (ALUCOBOND) www.3acomposites.com

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DONE BY AMANDA ANDREW, WONG YEE TING, TAN CHEAU LING, NG LEE FEHN

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DIPLOMA IN ESTATE MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY

IMPERIA INSTITUTE OF

APPENDICES

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DONE BY AMANDA ANDREW, WONG YEE TING, TAN CHEAU LING, NG LEE FEHN

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DIPLOMA IN ESTATE MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY PRODUCT IMAGES

IMPERIA INSTITUTE OF

ALUMINIUM COMPOSITE PANEL

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DONE BY AMANDA ANDREW, WONG YEE TING, TAN CHEAU LING, NG LEE FEHN

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