NATIONAL ENGINEERING HANDBOOK SECTION

HYDROLOGY

CHAFTER 21.

DESIGN HYDROGRAPHS

Victor Mockus Eydraulic Engineer Revisions by Vincent McKeever William Owen Robert Rallison Hydraulic Engineers

Reprinted with minor revisions, 1972

NEH Notice 4-102, August 1972

NATIONAL ENGINEERING H N B O ADOK SECTION

HYDROLOGY

CHAPTER 2 1

DESIGN H D O R P S Y R G AH Contents

&

Introduction P r i n c i p a l Spillways Runoff curve number procedure Sources of r a i n f a l l d a t a Areal adjustment of r a i n f a l l amount Runoff curve numbers Climatic index Channel l o s s e s Quickreturnflow Upstream r e l e a s e s Combination of channel l o s s . quick r e t u r n flow. and upstream r e l e a s e Runoff volume maps procedure Areas of mapped runoff volume Deep snowpack a r e a s Construction of p r i n c i p a l spi1lwa;- hydrographs and mass curves Development of Table 21.10 Use of Table 21.10 Examples

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.2 . . . . . . . . . 21.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 . 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.12 Faergency Spillways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hydrologic c r i t e r i a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Source of design storm r a i n f a l l am0un.t Duration adjustment of r a i n f a l l amount A r e a l adjustment of r a i n f a l l amount Runoff determination Dimensionless hydrographs Construction of emergency s p i l l w a y an$ freeboard hydrographs Figures

..... ....... .............. ............ .................

.....

Figure 21.la Quick r e t u r n flow combine? w i t h p r i n c i p a l s p i l l w a y hydrograph f o r t h e runoff volume map procedure

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21.9

Figures Figure Mass curves of runoff ES-1003 323-1011 ES-1012 ES-1020 (Contiguous s t a t e s ) Sheet 1 of 5 Sheet 2 of 5 Sheet 3 of 5 Sheet 4 of 5 Sheet 5 of 5 ES-1021 (Hawaii) Sheet 1 of 5 Sheet 2 of 5 Sheet 3 of 5 Sheet 4 of 5 Sheet 5 of 5 ES-1022 (Alaska) Sheet 1 of 5 Sheet 2 of 5 Sheet 3 of 5 Sheet 4 of 5 Sheet 5 of 5 ES-1023 (Puerto Rico) Sheet 1 of 5 Sheet 2 of 5 Sheet 3 of 5 Sheet 4 of 5 Sheet 5 of 5 ES-1024 (St Thomas. S t John. S t Sheet 1 of 5 Sheet 2 of 5 Sheet 3 of 5 Sheet 4 of 5 Sheet 5 of 5

. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .: ....................... ....................... ...................... .................... ..................... .................... .....................

.................... .................... .................... ...................... ....................

.................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... ..................... .................... ....................

. . Croix Islands ) .................... .................... .................... .................... .....................

Tables

Tables 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 Ratios f o r a r e a l adjustment of r a i n f a l l amount Ten-day runoff curve numbers Channel-loss f a c t o r s f o r reduction of d i r e c t runoff Minimum quick r e t u r n flow f o r PSH derived from rainfall

.... ............ ...................... .....................

Tables Table Arrangement of increments b e f o r e c o n s t r u c t i o n of 21.11 PSHandPSMC 21.14 PSH and P M f o r example 21.1 S C 21.16 PSH and P M f o r example 21.2 S C 21.18 PSH f o r example 21.3 21.19 S e r i a l numbers of PSH and P M S C Time, r a t e , and mass t a b u l a t i o n f o r p r i n c i p a l spillway hydrographs (PsH) and mass curves (PSMC) 21.20 Equations used i n c o n s t r u c t i o n of E H and F S H 21.52 Hydrograph computation 21.54 Hydrograph computation 21.56 21.57 R a i n f a l l p r i o r t o excess r a i n f a l l R a i n f a l l and time r a t i o s f o r determining To when storm duration i s g r e a t e r than 6 hours 21.58 Hydrograph f a m i l i e s and To/Tp r a t i o s f o r which dimensionless hydrograph r a t i o s a r e given i n .21.59 Table 21.17 Time, discharge, and accumulated runoff :-atios 21.60 f o r dimensionless hydrographs

....................

............. ............. ............ ..... ............

..... ................ ................ ........... ....

..

................... ...........
Exhibits

Exhibit 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 100-year 10-day runoff f o r developing t h e p r i n c i p a l spillway hydrograph ( e a s t ) Ratios of volumes of runoff ( Q 1 / Q l O ) f o r developing t h e PSH ( e a s t ) Quick r e t u r n flow f o r developing t h e p r i n c i p a l spillway hydrograph 100-year 10-day runoff f o r developing t h e p r i n c i p a l spillway hydrograph ( w e s t ) Ratios of volumes of runoff (Q,/Qlo)for developi n g t h e PSH ( w e s t )

. . . . . . . . . . . . 21.48a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.48b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.48~ . . . . . . . . . . . 21.48d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.48e

.

NATIONAL ENGINEERING HANDBOOK SECTION

HYDROLOGY
CHAPTER 21.

DESIGN H D O R P S Y R G AH

Introduction This chapter contains a systematic approach t o t h e development of design hydrographs f o r use i n proportioning e a r t h dams and t h e i r s p i l l ways according t o SCS c r i t e r i a . Included a r e d a t a o r sources of d a t a f o r design r a i n f a l l amount, d u r a t i o n , and d i s t r i b u t i o n ; methods of modifying design runoff t o include e f f e c t s of channel l o s s e s , quick r e t u r n flow, o r upstream r e l e a s e s ; and methods f o r r a p i d c o n s t r u c t i o n of hydrographs..

L
The methodology presented i n t h i s chapter i s s u i t a b l e f o r t h e design of many t y p e s of water c o n t r o l s t r u c t u r e s , i n c l u d i n g channel works, but t h e emphasis i s on hydrology f o r design of e a r t h dams t h a t provide temporary s t o r a g e f o r f l o o d prevention i n a d d i t i o n t o permanent s t o r a g e f o r o t h e r uses. I t s c h i e f purpose i s t o c o n t r i b u t e t o s a f e design. Although t h e methods are based on d a t a of a c t u a l storms and f l o o d s , they a r e not intended f o r reproducing hydrographs of a c t u a l f l o o d s ; more s u i t a b l e methods f o r a c t u a l floods a r e found i n e a r l i e r chapters. The remainder of t h i s chapter i s divided i n t o two major p a r t s . The f i r s t i s concerned with hydrologic design f o r p r i n c i p a l s p i l l w a y s , t h e second f o r emergency spillways. The examples i n each p a r t go only a s f a r a s t h e completion of hydrographs. Methods of r o u t i n g hydrographs through spillways a r e given i n c h a p t e r 17. Uses of hydrographs a r e i l l u s t r a t e d i n o t h e r SCS p u b l i c a t i o n s . P r i n c i p a l Spillways The SCS c r i t e r i a r e q u i r e p r i n c i p a l spillway c a p a c i t y and t h e associat e d floodwater r e t a r d i n g s t o r a g e t o be such t h a t p r o j e c t o b j e c t i v e s a r e 'met and t h a t t h e frequency of emergency s p i l l w a y o p e r a t i o n i s within s p e c i f i e d l i m i t s . The c r i t e r i a a r e met by use of a P r i n c i p a l Spillway Hydrograph (PSH) o r i t s mass curve (PSMC), which a r e developed a s shown i n t h i s p a r t of t h e chapter. D e t a i l s of SCS hydrologic c r i t e r i a a r e given f i r s t , t h e n d e t a i l s of t h e PSH and P M developS C ment a r e given i n examples.
NEH Notice 4-1,

January 1971

Any one of four methods of runoff determination is suitable for the design of principal spillway capacity and retarding storage. They are (1) the runoff cunre number procedure using rainfall data and the watershed's characteristics, (2) the use of runoff yolume maps covering specific areas of the United States, (3) the regionalization and transposition of volume-duration-probability analyses made by the SCS Central Technical Unit, and (4) the use of local streamflow data with provision of sufficient documentation on the method and results. The latter two methods are not discussed in this chapter because they vary in procedure from @ w e to case, due to conditions of local data, and standard procedures have not yet been established. Runoff Curve Number Procedure The runoff curve number procedure uses certain climatic data and the characteristics of a watershed to convert rainfall data to runoff volme. This procedure should be used for those areas of the country not covered by runoff volume and rate maps. (Exhibit 2 . through 21.5. ) 11

SOURCES OF RAINFALL DATA. Rainfall data for the determination of direct runoff may be obtained from maps in U.S. Weather Bureau technical papers :
For durations to 1 day.-TP-40. 48 contiguous States. TP-42. Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands. TP-43. Hawaii. TP-47. Alaska. For durations from 2 to 10 days.-=-49. 4 contiguous States 8 TP-51. Hawaii. TP-52. Alaska. TP-53. Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands.

AREAL AWUSTMEWl OF R A I N F U AMOUNT. If the drainage area above a

structure is not over 10 square miles, no adjustment in rainfall amount is made. If it is over 10 square miles, the area-point ratios of table 21.1 may be used to reduce the rainfall amount. The table applies to all geographical locations serviced by SCS. The ratios .. are based on the 1- and 10-day depth-area curves of figure 10, U S 0 Weather Bureau TP-49, but are modified to give a ratio of 1 at 1 square miles. RUNOFF CURVE NUMBERS. The runoff curve number (CN) for the drainage area above a structure is determined and runoff is estimated as described in chapters 7 through 10. The CN is for atltecedent moisture condition I1 and it applies to the 1-day storm used in development of the PSH or PSMC. If the 100-year frequency 10-day duration point NEH Notice 4-1, January 1971

Table 21. i . - - ~ a t i o s f o r a r e a l adjustment of r a i n f a l l amount Area Area/point r a t i o f o r 1 day 10 days Area Area/point 1 day ratio for 10 days

3. m i .
10 or l e s s 15 20
25

30

r a i n f a l l f o r t h e s t r u c t u r e s i t e i s 6 or more inches, t h e CN f o r t h e 10day storm i s taken from t a b l e 21.2. If it i s . l e s s than 6 inches, t h e CN f o r t h e 10-day storm i s t h e same a s t h a t f o r t h e 1-day storm. The 10-day CN i s used only with t h e t o t a l 10-day r a i n f a l l .
CLIMATIC IIVDEX. is:

The climatic index used i n t h i s part of t h e chapter

where

C i = climatic index

Pa = average annual p r e c i p i t a t i o n i n inches Ta = average annual temperature i n degrees Fahrenheit P r e c i p i t a t i o n and temperature data f o r U.S. Weather Bureau s t a t i o n s can be obtained f r o m t h e following Weather Bureau publications: Climatological Data. Issued annually and monthly f o r each S t a t e o r a combination of S t a t e s and for Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands. The annual issues contain annual and monthly data and averages o r departures; monthly issues contain similar information f o r individual months. Supplement f o r 1931-1952. Climatic Summary of t h e United S t a t e s Issued once f o r each S t a t e o r a combination of States.

Climates of t h e S t a t e s .
Rico and Yirgin Islands.

Issued once f o r each S t a t e and f o r Puerto

Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating Degree Days. Issued once f o r each S t a t e o r a combination of States. Also contains annual averages.

(210-VI-NM-4,

Amend. 6, March 1985)

Table 21.2. --Ten-day runoff curve numbers*

Runoff curve numbers for:

1 day

10 days

lday

lodays

1 day

10 days

* This

t a b l e i s used only i f the 100-year frequency lO-day p o i n t rain-

f a l l is

or more inches.

I f it i s l e s s , t h e 10-day CIi i s t h e same

as t h a t f o r 1 day.

(210-VI-NEH-4, Amend. 6, March 1985)

Climatic Maps f o r t h e National Atlas. Maps with a scale of one i n t e n million. A map f o r ayerage annual p r e c i p i t a t i o n i s available but t h e r e i s no map f o r average annual temperature. SCS personnel may obtain these publications thPough t h e i r Regional Technical Service Center. I f t h e drainage a r e a above a s t r u c t u r e has a climatic index l e s s than 1, then t h e d i r e c t runoff from r a i n f a l l may be decreased t o account f o r channel l o s s e s of i n f l u e n t streams. Channel l o s s e s can be determined from l o c a l data but t h e ' l o s s e s must not be more than determined by use of t a b l e 21.3. When adequate l o c a l d a t a a r e not a v a i l able, t a b l e 21.3 i s t o be used. Example 21.1 gives t h e procedure f o r making t h e channel l o s s reduction of d i r e c t runoff.

CHANNEL LOSSES.

Channel l o s s e s i n areas where t h e c l i m a t i c index i s 1 o r more w i l l require s p e c i a l study; r e s u l t s must be approved by t h e Director, Engineering Division, before being used i n f i n a l design hydrology.

QUICK RETURN F O . Quick r e t u r n flow (QRF) i s t h e r a t e of discharge t h a t LW P e r s i s t s f o r some period beyond t h a t f o r which t h e 10-day PSH i s derived. It includes base flow and other flows t h a t become a p a r t of t h e flood hydrograph such a s ( 1 ) r a i n f a l l t h a t has i n f i l t r a t e d and reappeared soon afterwards a s surface flow; ( 2 ) drainage from marshes and potholes; and ( 3 ) delayed drainage from snow banks. I f t h e drainage a r e a above a s t r u c t u r e has a climatic index g r e a t e r than 1, then QRF must be added t o t h e hydrograph o r mass curve of d i r e c t runoff from r a i n f a l l . QRF can be determined from l o c a l data but it must not be l e s s than t h e steady r a t e determined by use of t a b l e 21.4. When adequate l o c a l data a r e not a v a i l a b l e , t a b l e 21.4 i s t o be used. Example 21.2 gives t h e procedure f o r adding QRF t o t h e hydrograph or mass curve of d i r e c t runoff derived from r a i n f a l l .

UPSTREAM RELEASES. Releases from upstream s t r u c t u r e s must be added t o t h e hydrograph o r mass curve of runoff. This addition must be made regardless of other additions o r subtractions of flow. Upstream r e l e a s e r a t e s a r e determined from routinns of applicable hydrographs o r mass curves through t h e upstream s t r u c t u r e s and t h e reaches downstream from them.
LW PT E M COMBINATIONS O CHANNEL LOSS, QUICK RETURN FO AND U S R A RELEASE. F In t h e introduction it was s t a t e d t h a t t h e chief Purpose of t h e methodology i n t h i s chapter i s t o contribute t o safe design and t h a t these methods a r e not intended f o r reproctucing a c t u a l floods. Equation 21.1 and t a b l e s 21.1 through 21.4 must be considered i n t h a t l i g h t . For l a r g e watersheds t h e topography may be such t h a t two climatic indexes a r e needed, f o r example where a semiarid p l a i n i s surrounded by mountains. In such cases t h e design storm i s determined f o r t h e watershed a s a whole, t h e d i r e c t runoff i s estimated separately f o r t h e two

N Notice 4-1, January 1971 M

....................................................................... . . :-------------------------------------------------: . :
ORAlN&Gt AREA C L I R A T I C INDEX C I

TABLE 21.3--CHANNEL-LOSS

FhCTGRS FOR REDUCTION O f DIRECT RUNOFF

1.0

0.9

t 08

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4 OR LESS

------SP. MI.

1. OR LESS 2. 3. 4. 5.

20. SO. 40. SO. 60.

200. 250. 500. 350.

roo.

NXU Notice 4-103, June 1981

Sable 21.4. Minimum quick return flow for PSH derived from rainfall. Ci

Qm
in./aax

Ci

&RF
i n . 1 ~

pl =

+ Change

in tabulation interval.

For C i greater than 3, uee:

QRF
or

= g ( ~ i1)O*5 for QRF it. csm = 0.335 ( C i

&RF

- 1)0'5 f o r w i n

inches per day.

(210-VI-NEH-4, Amend. 6, March 1985)

p a r t s by use of appropriate CN and then combined, t h e channel l o s s reduction i s based on t h e a r e a of t h e semiarid p l a i n and i t s c l i m a t i c index, t h e hydrograph o r mass curve of d i r e c t runoff i s constructed, and QRF from t h e mountain a r e a i s added. I f t h e r e a r e upstream s t r u c t u r e s , t h e i r r e l e a s e s a r e always added regardless of t h e downstream c l i m a t i c index or o t h e r considerations. Rmoff Volume Maps Procedure

The runoff volume and r a t e maps, e x h i b i t s 21.1 through 21.5, a r e provided f o r areas of t h e United S t a t e s where measured runoff volumes vary s i g n i f i c a n t l y from those obtained from t h e curve number procedure f o r converting r a i n f a l l t o runoff. The mapped areas a r e of two gener,al types: ( 1 ) t h e areas where runoff from e i t h e r snowmelt, dormant season r a i n f a l l , o r a combination of t h e two produce g r e a t e r runoff volumes than growing season r a i n f a l l and ( 2 ) t h e deep snowpack areas of high mountain elevations.

AREAS O bIAPPED RUNOFF VOLUME. The 100-year 10-day runoff volume maps, F e x h i b i t s 21.1 and 21.4, represent regionalized values derived from gaged streamflow data &d supplementk with climatological data and l o c a l observations. These values should be used f o r estimating floodwater detention storage within t h e map a r e a where l o c a l streamflow d a t a a r e not adequate.
Areal reduction should not be made on t h e 10-day runoff volumes shown i n t h e maps. Since these-amounts were derived from stream gage d a t a , base flow and channel l o s s w i l l be automatically included i n t h e map values and i n Table 21.10. Quick r e t u r n flow i n t h i s procedure i s used as t h e r a t e of discharge expected t o p e r s i s t beyond t h e flood period described under t h e 10-day PSH. The r a t e s of discharge, e x h i b i t 21.3, were derived by averaging t h e accumulated depths of runoff between t h e 1 5 t h and 30th day on volume-duration-probability (VDP) accumulation graphs. They were obt a i n e d from t h e same VDP s t a t i o n d a t a from which t h e 100-year 10-day runoff volumes i n e x h i b i t 21.1 were obtained. When using t h e Runoff Volume Maps Procedure, t h e quick r e t u r n flow r a t e , exhibit 21.3, is made an extension t o t h e PSH before routing it through t h e r e s e r v o i r , f i g u r e 21.la.

DEEP S O P C AREAS. N WA K

Flood volume estimates from t h e deep snowpack areas may be calculated from l o c a l streamflow d a t a o r by regionalization and t r a n s p o s i t i o n of streamflow data.

A standard procedure f o r making a regional a n a l y s i s of volumes of runoff f o r v - w i n g durations and frequencied has not been developed a t t h i s time. Past experience has indicated t h a t acceptable e s t i mates can be made using multiple regression techniques. I f watersheds can be s e l e c t e d t h a t a r e reasonably homogeneous with regard t o items

N ~otice M 4-1, January 1971

TIME

- DAYS

Figure 21.la

Quick Return Flow Combined with P r i n c i p a l Spillway

Hydrograph f o r t h e Runoff Volume Maps Procedure.

such as seasonal p r e c i p i t a t i o n , range of elevation, aspect, cover, geology, s o i l s , e t c . , estimating equations can be developed with a minimum number of independent variables. U n t i l techniques a r e developed t o properly analyze t h e e f f e c t s of a number of v a r i a b l e s , t h e s e l e c t i o n of homogeneous gaged watersheds with as much s i m i l a r i t y t o t h e ungaged watersheds a s possible i s recommended f o r estimating volume-duration-probability data. St a t i s t i c s from volume-durat ionp r o b a b i l i t y studies of gaged watersheds can a l s o be used t o a s s i s t i n developing estimating equations. Construction of P r i n c i p a l Spillway Hydrographs and Mass Curves The p r i n c i p a l spillway capacity and r e t a r d i n g storage amount a r e propoptioned using t h e Principal Spillway Hydrograph (PsH) o r i t s mass curve (PSMC) developed from tabulations given i n t a b l e 21.10. Examples i n t h i s s e c t i o n show how t o s e l e c t t h e appropriate s e t of t a b u l a t i o n s and t o construct t h e PSH or PSMC. One o r more routings of t h e PSH o r P M give t h e required storage and p r i n c i p a l spillway capacity; t h e S C routings a r e discussed i n chapter 17. D X L P E T O TABLE 21.10. The p r i n c i p l e s of hydrograph development E E OM N F a r e discussed i n chapter 16 but because t h e standard s e r i e s of PSH and P M i s not described t h e r e , t h e method of preparation w i l l be S C b r i e f l y given here. The P H and P M i n t a b l e 21.10 a r e developed from a continuous 10-day S S C period of on-site d i r e c t runoff, a l l of a given frequency. Choice of t h e 10-day period i s based on SCS experience with t h e use of both stream-flow records and an e a r l i e r system of standardized hydrographs. I f t h e runoff i n t h e 10-day period i s arranged i n order of decreasing

NEH Notice 4-1, January 1971

rate of flow and then accumulated to form a mass curve, it has the appearance of c m e A in figure 21.1. Such a curye is a straight line on log paper and it has the equation: where

&D = Qio ~ ~ / 1 0 1 ~ (21.2) QD = total runoff at time D in days Q ~ = total runoff at the end of 10 days Q D = time in days o & , in which Q1 is the total runoff at the a = log ( Q ~/ )
end of 1 day

Thus, knowing only the 1- and 10-day runoff amounts, a continuous mass curve can be developed for the entire lO-day period. Examination of such mass curves of runoff from streamflow stations in many locations of the United States showed that the exponent varied from 0.1 to 0.5. Extremes of 0.0458 and 0.699 were chosen for the standard curves; these extremes correspond to Qi/Qlo ratios of 0.9 and 0.2 respectively. The ratio Ql/Qlo is used hereafter in this chapter as a parameter in preference to a or Qlo/Ql because Qlo is more satisfactory as a divisor in preparing PSH and PSMC with dimensionless rates and amounts of flow. Ql/Qlo ratios of 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, ., 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0 8 and 0.9 were selected to give representative degrees of curvature for the runoff curves. The 10-day on-site runoff for each Qi/Qlo ratio was rearranged as shown in table 21.5to provide a moderately critical distribution of the 10-day runoff. This gave a distribution midway between extremes that are theoretically possible. On figure 21.1, curves A and B show the extremes and c w e C shows the rearranged distribution for a Ql/Qlo ratio of 0.4. The effects of watershed lag were included by taking increments of runoff for each of the eight typical mass curves, making incremental hydrographs, and summing these to give total hydrographs for watersheds with times of concentration of 1.5, 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 54, 60, 66, and 72 hours. This gave 112 hydrographs , each of which was redueed to unit rates of runoff and afterwards accumulated and reduced to unit mass curves. Curve D in figure 21.1 is the mass curve developed from curve C for a watershed with a t h e of concentration of 24 hours, Runoff for curve D went on for more than a day past the termination point E but because the rate was so small, the mass curve was terminated as shown. Other PSH and PSMC in table 21.10 are similarly terminated. The time interval is varied to reduce the size of the table and at the same time give enough points for reproducing the PSH and PSMC accurately. Straight-line connection of points is accurate enough for graphical work and linear interpolation for tabular work. USE OF TABLE 21.10. The parameters for selecting a set of tabulations from table 21.10 are the Ql/Qlo ratio and the time of concentration Tc in hours. The ratio and Tc of a watershed will seldom be values for

NEH Notice 4-1, Jan.uarY 1971

Table 21.5.--Arrangement and PSMC Time

of increments before construction of PSH Increment

19th largest 1/2 day 11 1, 17th ,I I, 15th " 11 It 13th " I? 1, 11th "

9th

"
It

I,
TI

I1
it
11

7th 5th

,,

II

t1 ?t 3rd " 9th largest 1/10 day

I, 1, " 7th 11 I, 5th " I, 11 3rd " Largest 1/10 day 2nd largest 1/10 day

4th 6th

I'

*I It
It

I, it
11

8h t

"

"

It 1, 10th " 4th largest 1/2 day

NEE Notice 4-1, January 1971

which t h e t a b l e i s prepared, t h e r e f o r e choose t h a t s e t having a Q i / Q l o r a t i o and Tc nearest those of t h e watershed. It i s e a s i e r t o make t h e choice on t a b l e 21.9, which gives available P H and P M and t h e i r S S C s e r i a l numbers, and then t o look up t h e s e r i a l number i n t a b l e 21.10 f o r t h e tabulations. Examples The procedure by which a P H o r P M i s developed w i l l be i l l u s t r a t e d S S C by four examples. I n example 21.1, channel l o s s e s a r e taken from d i r e c t runoff before development of a P H and PSMC; i n example 21.2, S i s added t o a PSH and PSMC; i n example 21.3, runoff volume and r a t e maps ( e x h i b i t 21.1through 21.5) a r e used t o obtain runoff; and i n example 21.4, upstream r e l e a s e s a r e added t o a PSH. Example 21.1.--Develop t h e 50-year frequency PSB and P M f o r a S C watershed l o c a t e d a t l a t i t u d e , longitude The watershed has a drainage a r e a of 15.0 square miles, time of concentration of 7.1 hours, average annual p r e c i p i t a t i o n of 22.8 inches, average annual temperature of 61.5OF, and a runoff curve number (CN) of 80. There a r e no upstream s t r u c t u r e s .
1. Compile t h e 1 and 10-day point r a i n f a l l amounts from U.S. Weather Bureau maps. For t h i s l o c a t i o n TP-40 and TP-49 a r e used. The 50-year frequency 1 and 10-day amounts a r e 6.8 and 11.0 inches respectively.

2. Determine t h e a r e a l r a i n f a l l . Get t h e adjustment f a c t o r s from t a b l e 21.1. For t h e drainage a r e a of 15.0 square miles they a r e 0.978 and 0.991 f o r t h e 1 and 10-day r a i n s respectively. The a r e a l r a i n f a l l is 0.978(6.8) = 6.65 inches f o r t h e 1-day r a i n and 0.991(11.0) = 10.9 inches f o r t h e 10-day r a i n . 3. Determine t h e CN f o r t h e 10-day r a i n . F i r s t check whetker t h e 100-year frequency 10-day point r a i n f a l l amount i s 6 or more inches. The appropriate map- i n TP-49 shows it i s , therefore e n t e r t a b l e 21.2 with t h e 1-day CN of 80 and f i n d t h e 10-day CN i s 65.

4. Estimate t h e d i r e c t runoff f o r 1 and 10 days. Enter figure 1 0 . 1 w i t h t h e r a i n f a l l amounts from s t e p 2 and t h e appropriate CN from s t e p 3 and f i n d Q1 = 4.37 and Q l o = 6.34 inches.
5. Comp~tet h e c l i m a t i c index. Using t h e given d a t a and equat i o n 21.1, t h e index C i i s 1 0 0 ( 2 2 . 8 ) / 6 1 . 5 ~= 0.603. Because t h e C i i s l e s s than l t h e channel l o s s may be used t o reduce d i r e c t runoff.

6. Estimate t h e n e t runoff. The net runoff i s t h e d i r e c t runo f f minus t h e channel l o s s but when t a b l e 21.3 i s used t h e net runoff is obtained by a m u l t i p l i c a t i o n not a subtraction. Enter
NEH Notice

4-1', January 1971

t a b l e 21.3 with t h e drainage area 15.0 square miles and t h e C i of 0.603 and by i n t e r p o l a t i o n f i n d a reduction f a c t o r of 0.75. Multiply Q1 and Qlo of s t e p 4 by t h e f a c t o r t o get net runoffs of 3.28 and 4.76 inches respectively. The n e t runoffs w i l l be Q1 and Qlo i n t h e r e s t of t h i s example. 7. Compute t h e 0.689.

QIIQIOr a t i o .

From s t e p 6, Q1/Q10 = 3.28/4.76 =

8. Find t h e PSH and P M tabulations i n t a b l e 21J.Q. Enter S C t a b l e 21.9 with t h e r a t i o 0.689 and Tc of 7.1 hours and f i n d t h a t t h e P H with values nearest those i s No. 22. Locate t h e approS p r i a t e t a b u l a t i o n s i n t a b l e 21.10 by looking up P H No. 22. ColS umns 1, 2, and 4 of t a b l e 21.6 show t h e time, r a t e , and mass t a b u l a t i o n s taken from t a b l e 21.10.
9. Compute PSH discharges i n c f s . F i r s t f i n d t h e product of drainage a r e a and 810. This i s 15.0(4.76) = 71.40 mile2-inches. Multiply t h e e n t r i e s i n column 2, t a b l e 21.6 by 71.40, t o get t h e discharges i n c f s i n column 3.
10. Compute P M amounts i n inches. Multiply t h e e n t r i e s i n S C by column 4 , t a b l e 21.6,~. t o get accumulated runoff i n inches a s shown i n column 5. I f amounts i n acre-feet o r another u n i t a r e desired, convert Q l o t o t h e desired u n i t before making t h e s e r i e s of multiplications. The example i s completed with s t e p 10. m e next s t e p i s t h a t of routS S C ing t h e P H o r P M through t h e s t r u c t u r e ; see chapter 17 f o r routing methods. In t h e second example t h e s t e p s concerning channel l o s s a r e omitted and s t e p s concerning &RF a r e included. Example 21.2--Develop t h e 25-year frequency PSH and P M f o r a waterS C , longitude The watershed has a shed a t l a t i t u d e drainage a r e a of 8.0 square miles, time of concentration of 2.0 hours, average annual p r e c i p i t a t i o n of 30.5 inches, average annual temperat u r e of 53.1F, and a runoff curve number of 75. QRF during flood periods i s estimated t o be 5 c f s . There a r e no upstream s t r u c t u r e s i n t h e watershed.

1. Compile the 1- and 10-day point r a i n f a l l amounts from U.S. Weather Bureau maps. For t h i s location TP-40 and TP;49 a r e used. The 25-year frequency 1- and 10-day amounts a r e 5.6 and 12.5 i n ches respectively.

2. Determine the a r e a l r a i n f a l l . Because t h e drainage a r e a i s not over 10 square miles t h e a r e a l r a i n f a l l i s t h e same as t h e point r a i n f a l l . The amounts i n s t e p 1 w i l l be used.

NEH Notice

4-1, January 1971

Table 21.6. --PSH and P M f o r example 2l.1 S C Time cfs A 4 0 csmlinch PSH

Acc.
40

ps pm

cfs

inches

NEH Notice 4-1,

January 1971

3. Determine t h e CN f o r t h e 10-day r a i n . The 10-day amount i n s t e p 1 i s over 6 inches t h e r e f o r e t h e 100-year 10-day amount i s t o o , and t a b l e 21.2 may be used. Enter t h e t a b l e with t h e CN of 75 f o r 1 day and f i n d t h e CN i s 58 a t 1 0 days.

4. ~ 6 t i m a t et h e d i r e c t runoff f o r 1 and 1 0 days. Enter f i g u r e 1 0 . 1 with t h e r a i n f a l l amounts from s t e p 2 and t h e a p p r o p r i a t e Because CN from s t e p 3 and f i n d Q1 = 2.94 and Q l o = 6.68 inches. t h e r e a r e no channel l o s s e s , t h e d i r e c t runoff i s t h e n e t runoff.
5. Compute t h e 0.440.

QlIQlor a t i o .

From s t e p

4,

Q 1 / Q l o = 2.9416.68

6. Find t h e PSH and P M t a b u l a t i o n s i n t a b l e 21.10. Enter t a b l e S C , 21.9 with t h e r a t i o of 0.440 and T of 2 . 0 hours and f i n d t h a t t h e PSH and P M w i t h v a l u e s n e a r e s t t h o s e i s No. 3. Locate t h e S C a p p r o p r i a t e t a b u l a t i o n s i n t a b l e 21.10 by looking up PSH No. 3. 7. Compute PSH d i s c h a r g e s i n c f s . F i r s t f i n d t h e product of drainage a r e a and Q l o . This i s 8 . 0 ( 6 . 6 8 ) = 53.44 mile2-inches. Multiply t h e e n t r i e s i n t a b l e 21.10 f o r PSH No. 3 by 53.44 t o g e t aischarges i n c f s . These a r e shown i n column 2 , t a b l e 21.7, under t h e heading of " ~ r e l i m i n a r yPSH" because t h e f i n a l PSH must contain QRF. 8. Compute P M amounts i n inches. Multiply t h e e n t r i e s i n t a b l e S C 21.10 f o r P M No. 3 by Ql0 (6.68 inches) t o g e t accumulated S C runoff i n inches. The r e s u l t s a r e shown i n column 5, t a b l e 21.7, under t h e heading "Preliminary PSMC" because t h e f i n a l P M must S C S C c o n t a i n accumulated QBF. I f t h e P M i s t o be i n a c r e - f e e t o r another u n i t , convert $10 t o t h e d e s i r e d u n i t b e f o r e making t h e s e r i e s of m u l t i p l i c a t i o n s .

9. Determine t h e minimum p e r m i s s i b l e quick r e t u r n flow. F i r s t compute t h e c l i m a t i c index: using t h e average annual p r e c i p i t a t i o n and temperature m d equation 21.1, t h e index C i i s 100(30.5)/ 53.1' = 1.08. Enter t a b l e 21.4 w i t h t h e C i of 1 . 0 8 and f i n d t h a t t h e minimum &RF is 0.045 inches p e r day o r 1.20 csm, which conv e r t s t o 8.0(1.20) = 9.6 c f s . The l o c a l l y e s t i m a t e d QRF i s 5 c f s . Therefore t h e minimum p e r m i s s i b l e Q F i s 9.6 c f s because it i s R l a r g e r t h a n t h e l o c a l l y estimated flow. Round 9.6 t o 1 0 c f s and e a b u l a t e i n column 3, t a b l e 21.7.
10. Add &RF t o t h e preliminary PSH. The QRF shown i n column 3, t a b l e 21.7, i s added t o t h e preliminary PSH, column 2 , t o g i v e t h e PSH aischarges i n column 4.
1 . Add &RF t o t h e preliminary PSMC. The accumulated QRF i n 1 S C inches, column 6, t a b l e 21.7, i s added t o t h e p r e l i m i n a r y P M column 5 , t o give t h e P M amounts i n column 7. S C

NEH Notice 4-1,

January 1971

21.16
12 Table 21.7.--PSH and PSMC for example 2 .

Time

Preliminary

QRF*
cfe -

PSH
cfs -

Prelim-

inary
PSMC
inches

Acc.
QRF**

PSMC

PSH
cfs 0

inches

inches
0 .1 0

. 1 . 5
10 . 2.o

48 60 69 78 10 0 118 16 4 181
230

1 0 10 10 1 0 1 0 1 0

10 58 7 0 7 9 88 110 128 156 191 240 269 308 380 522

20 02

0 .1 0

.oo
.2 0

.1 1 -26 .60 10 .0 12 .6 15 .8 1.72 19 .1

2-13

.4 0 -09 .4 1 .6 1 .18 .9 I
.0 2

-13 -30 69

3 -0 35 . 4.0 42 . 4.4

10 10
10 1 0
1 0 10 1 0 1 0 1 0
1 0 1 0

1.14 14 .2 17 .6 19 .1
21 .1

46 . 4.7 4.8 49 . 50 . 5-1 5.2 5.3 54 . 5.5 5-6 5.8 6.o 65 . 70 . 8.0 9-0
1. 00 1. 01

29 5 28 9 30 7
512

.1 2

1992 1039 567 383

302

22 .5 24 .0 26 .0 3.16 3.84 42 .0 4.42 45 .7 4.69 48 .0 49 .7 5. U 54 .1 56 .6 60 .7 64 .1 66 .6 66 .8 66 .8 66 .8 6.68

etc
'

-21
.2 2 .22 -22

23 .4 24 .6 26 .2 2.82 33 .8 40 .7 44 .3 46 .6 48 .1 49 .4 0 50 5 5-23 53 .8 5-70 59 .8 64 .3 68 .1 7.u 7. 3 I 71 .4 71 .8 72 .2

etc.

10
1 0

27 5 27 0 174 154 128 108 84 7 2 57

2 0
0 0

1 0
1 0

1049 577 33 9 312 267 27 1 184 164 138 U8 94 82 67

12

-23

-23 .4 2 .4 2 -25 -25 .6 2 -27 .9 2 -32

10 10
1 0

10 10
1 0 1 0 1 0

. %
.40

10.3
1. 10

10
1 0 1 0 etc.

10
1 0 1 0 etc.

.5 4 .5 4 .6 4 5 0 .4 5
etc.

12.o
etc.

etc.

* 9 6 cfs rounded to . ** At a rate of 0.045

1 cfs. 0 inches per day.

NEH Notice 4-1,January 1971

I n t h e t h i r d example t h e use of the runoff volume maps i s i l l u s t r a t e d . Example' 21.3--Develop t h e 100-year frequency PSH f o r a watershed l o c a t e d a t 43' l a t i t u d e and 77' longitude. The watershed has a drainage a r e a of 12 square miles, time of concentration of 3.5 hours.
1. Estimate 100-year 10-day runoff volumes from exhibit 21.1. The i n t e r p o l a t e d value i s 8.8.

~ t 2. Select t h e Q ~ / Q r aO i o from exhibit 21.2. t h e value i s 0.4.

For t h i s a r e a

3.

Calculate 1-day volume of runoff. (8.8') = 3.52 inches.

Ql/Qlo

= 0.4,

Qi

= (0.4)

4. Find t h e PSH t a b u l a t i o n s i n Table 21.10. Enter t a b l e 21.9 with t h e Q l / Q l c r a t i o of 0.4 and Tc of 3.5 hours and f i n d t h a t 1 t h e P S H t i t h values nearest i s No. 1 . Locate appropriate tabu1 l a t i o n s i n t a b l e 21.10 by looking up P H No. 1 . S
5. Compute PSH discharges i n c f s . Find t h e product of drainage a r e a and 4 1 0 . This i s (12) (8.8)' = 105.6 mile2-inches. E n t r i e s 1 f o r P H No. 1 a r e multiplied by t h i s value t o obtain discharge S i n cfs. These a r e shown i n column 2, t a b l e 21.8.
6. Determine the'quick-return flow r a t e . i n t e r p o l a t e d value i s 5.3 csm. From exhibit 21.3 t h e

Extension of quick-return flow r a t e s beyond t h e PSH. The quick-return flow r a t e i s ( 1 2 ) (5.3) = 63.6 c f s , round t o 64 cfs. This constant r a t e of discharge i s an extension t o t h e P H as shown i n f i g u r e 21. l a , and column 4, t a b l e 21.8. N S o value l e s s than 64 c f s should be used i n t h e recession s i d e of t h e PSH. The procedure f o r adding r e l e a s e s from upstream s t r u c t u r e s i s shown i n t h e following d e s c r i p t i v e example. If a lower s t r u c t u r e has channel l o s s e s i n i t s contributing area t h e deduction f o r channel l o s s i s made i n t h e preliminary PSH f o r t h a t area. Deductions may a l s o be required f o r PSH of t h e upper s t r u c t u r e s but once t h e s e PSH a r e routed through t h e s t r u c t u r e s no further deductions a r e made i n t h e release rates. Example 21.4--~dding r e l e a s e s from upstream s t r u c t u r e s when developing t h e PSH f o r a lower s t r u c t u r e i n a s e r i e s i s done as follows :
1 Develop t h e preliminary P H f o r t h e lower s t r u c t u r e . Use t h e . S method of example 21.1 o r 21.2 o r 21.3 whichever i s applicable.

7.

NEH Notice 4-1, January 1971

Table 21.8.--PSH for Example 21.3.

Time

Preliminary PSH

QRF

PSH

cfs -

cf s -

cfs 0 61 116 134 151

0 .1

0
61 116 134 151

.5
1.0 2.0

11.0 12.0 etc.

o
etc.

64 64
etc.

64 64
etc;

NM Notice 4-1, Jauary 197i

2. Flood-route the upstream structure releases or outflows to the lower structure. Chapter 17 discusses flood-routing procedures.

3. Add the routed flows to the preliminary PSB to get the PSH for the lower structure.
Note that if an upstream structure is itself a lower structure in a series then the procedure of example 21.4 must be followed for it first.

Table 21.9.-Serial

nlahbers of PSH and PSMC

hours -

Serial numbers

* **

Use this row for all Tc less than 1.5 hours. Use this row for all Tc over 72 hours.

NM Notice 4-1,January 1971

Table 21.10.--Time, r a t e and mass t a b u l a t i o n s f o r P r i n c i p a l Spillway Iiydrographs (PSH) and M s Curves (PSMC) as Tc = S e r i a l No. : 1 Q ~ / Q ~ ~ 02 : Time PSH cfS/AQl0 PM S C PSH
C~S/AQ,~

1.5 hours

2 0.3

3
0.4 PM S C PSH PM S C PSH

4
0 05 PSK

a10 CfSIO a10 cfs/A%O eO

Table 2 1 .lo. --(Continued)

T, = 1.5 hours

Serial No. :

QJQlo
Time

5 0.6
P S
PSH

6 0.7
PSE PSH

7 0.8
PSMC PSH

8 0.9
PSMC

PSH

Table 21 -10. --(Continued)

T = 3 hours , Serid No.. :

9
0.2

Q A o
Time

:
PSH

10 0-3
PM S C PSH PM S C PSH

L L 04 .

12
0.5

PSMC

PSH

PSE

Table 21 LO.--(continued) Tc = 3 hours Serial No, : 13 Time PSH

~ ~ 1: %0.6 ~
PSW PSH

14 07 .
PSMC PSH

15 08 .
PSMC

1 6
09 .

PSH

PSMC

U.24

Table 2 l .LO. --(continued)

T, = 6 hours
S e r i a l No. : 17 Q ~ / Q ~ o: 0-2 Time 18 Oe3

19
0.4

20 0 -5

PSH

PM S C

PSH

PM S C

PSH

PEW

PSH

PSK

Table 21.lo. --(continued)

Tc
Serial No. : 21
Q I / Q ~ ~:
=

6 hours

22

o .6
PSMC PSH

0-7
PSW

23 0.8
PSH PSMC

24 0.9
PSH PSMC

Time

PSH

days
0

. 2

.5
1.0 2-0

3.0 3h 4.0 403 4.6 4.8 4.9 5 00 5.1 5.2 593 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.8 6.0 6.5 7 -0 7.5 8.0 9.0 9.9

10 -1

10.3 10.8

21.26

Table 21.10. --(continued)

hours
S e r i a l No. : 25 Time
26 28

PSE

PSMC

PSH

PSH

PSB

PSMC

Table 2 .lo. --(continued) 1

T ,
S e r i d No. : 29 Q ~ / Q :~ ~ 0.6

= 1 2 hours

30
0.7 PSI42 PSH PM S C

31
0 -8 PSH

32
0.9 PSH

Time

PSH

PSW

PSMC

Table 21 .lo. --(Continued)

!? 18 hours i = ,

Serial Time

NO.

%/Bl0

: 33 : 0.2

34 0.3
PSMC PSH
PM S C

35
0.4 PSH PSW

36
0.5

PSR

PSH

PM S C

Table 21.10. --(continued )

T,
=

18 hours

Serial NO. : 37 Q ~ / Q :~ 0.6

Time

38 0.7
PSMC PSH

39 0.8

40 0.9
PSK PSH PSMC

PSH

c f s / ~ & , UlOcfs/AQIO ~

a10

PSK

PSH

&lo

cfs/A%o L%~

Table 2 . o --(continued) 1 l.

T = 24 hours ,
S e r i a l No.

4 1
PSW

Q ~ / Q :~ ~0.2

42 0.3 PSH PSE

43
0.4 PSH PSE

44
0 -5

Time

PSH

PSH

PSMC

Table 21.10. --(continued)

Tc
S e r i a l No. : Ql/~lo : Time

45
0.6 PM S C

4 6
0.7 PH S PM S C

4 7
0.8 PH S

24 hours 48
0.9
PSbC

PH S

PM S C

PSH

2l.32
Table 21.10a--(Continued)

Tc= 30 hours
Serial Time e. 0

4g Ql/Qlo : 0.2
No. : PSH PSI.c Q/Q-~ 0 .OOO?

50 0*3
PSH PSE Q&o 0

51 0.4
PSH dAQ,o 0 PSIE so 0

52 0.5
PSH PEW

-/AQlo

cf4AQ1.o%o
0

A50 .Y55 1.6% l.y55 2.252 2-574 2.99 3.228 3.579 3.8% 4.124 40438 4.724 4.935 5.052 K8 4:845 4.471

.0103 a0407 .0747

-0005 .0077 .0306 .0568

.1201

-538 1.195
,998

.0057 .0233 .0437 .0932 .1567 .2068

:g

*067 .425 .764 .937

1.229

.0003 .0046 *0181

.Q339

.1527 -2416 .3022 -3363 .3614

.lY55 -2528 .2865 -3133 .32P .3474 .3682 .m6 e4171 .444G 04713 .4982 .5241 .57l.6 A126 .a81 .6933 .7312 .76&z

~6% 2.274 22339 4.249 5.520

-0738 .1263
SW3

.1975 .2232 .2412 .2645

443

.2823 .3032 :gE .3913 Y-779 .4266 9.730 .4626 9a348 .W8 8e761 .5312 7.337 .5w7 60050 .6&o 5.048 .6&S 3.919 .7302 3.157 .7@39 2.497 .8103 2.068 1.457 1.253 .915 .416 ~65 -063
.9920 .997Q .999 1 .oooo
~.@ri

kgi 10.535 U.666 12.218 12.098 n-502 10.630 a.5a5 6.816

?gz

.3708 .4148 .4597 .5032 .544c .614g .6n5 .n67 .7689 ma A69 .8768
1% :g$

.3299

31076 2.2& 1.799 1.366 l-1.16 ,951 ,705 .32l .127 .048

2.555 2.322 2.170 2.009 1.530 -702

.7665 .8206 - 8703

:gz

.8106 .a576 .aw . Y470 .9734

:;g

:gg .59 .107 . Yy@ 0 1.0000

.99% 1.0000

l.OOOC

.Vv38 .9977 .995-Q

Table 2 .lo.--(continued) 1

T = 30 hours ,
Serial NO. : 53 QI/Q~O : 0 6 . Time PSH PSMC

54
0.7 PSH PSMC

55

56
09 . Pix PSH PSMC

08 .
PSH

Table 21.LO. --(Continued)

T = 36 hours ,
S e r i d No. :

57
02 .

Q & O
Time

:
PSH

58 0 03
PSH PSm

59

Oak
PSH PSM:

60 0-5
PSH PSW

P a

Table 21 .lo. --(continued)

T = 36 hours ,
S e r i a l No. : 61 Ql/Q-,o : 0.6 62 0.7 PSMC 63 0.8 PM S C 64 0.9 PM S C PSH PSW

Time

PSH

PSH

PSR'

C ~ ~ / A Q , ~

U0c

f ~ / ~ % ~

L1 &0 cfs/A5iO U10

a0 1

T b e 2 -10. al 1 --(continued)

T = 4 hours , 2
Serial N O . : 65 Ql/Ql0 : 0 2 .

66
03 .

67
04 .

68
PSMC PSH

0-5

Time

PSH

PSMC

PSR

PSMC

PSH

PSK

Table 21.10. --(continued)

T ,
Serial No. : 69
Q1/Ql0
:

42 hours

0.6

70 0.7

71
0.8

72 0.9 PSE

Time

PSH

PSE

PSH

PSE

PSH

PSH

PSE

2.8 13
Table 21.lo.--(continued)

T = 48 hours ,
S e r i a l No. :

7 3
02 .
PSW

74 0.3
PSH PM S C

7 5 o -4
PSH PSbE

7 6 0-5
PSH PSW

Tm ie
days 0

PSH

sZ%0 .L1

a10

* l o

Q0 l

c s A 3 L 0f / ! 0 ! f/!0 5 c s A 3 & L 3 0

. 6 13 . 2-0 3-0

4. o 48 . 50 . 5-2 54 .
55 . 5.6 57 . 58 . 5.9
6. o 6. l 6.2 6.3 6.4

66 . 6-8 70 . 7.3 76 .
80 . 85 . 92 .

1 .o 0

1. 05 l. l2
1. 20 13. O 15. O

Table 2 20.--(Continued) 1

T = 4 hours , 8
Serial NO. : 7 7 Ql/Qlo : o .6 Time PSH PSMC

7 8 07 .
PSH PSMC

79
08 .
PSB PSKC

a
0.9
PSH PSKC

Table 21.lo. --(continued)

T , = 54 hours

Serial Time

NO. :

81
0.2

82
0.3

83

8 4
0 -5

Q ~ / Q ~ :o

04 .
PSMC
PSH

PSH

PSMC

PSH

PSMC

PSH

PSM2

Table 21-10. --(continued)

T ,
S e r i a l No. : 85

= 54 hours

86
0.7 PM S C PSH PM S C

Q1/Q1o
Time

87
0.8 PSH PSE

88
0.9 PSH PM S C

0.6

PSH

2.2 14
Table 21.10. --(continued)

T, = 60 hours

Serial No. : 89

9
PSMC PSH PSM:

91
0.4

Ql/Q-l~ : 0.2 0 -3

9 0.5
PSM: PSH PSMC

Time

PSH

PSH

Table 21 .lo. --(Continued)

Serial No. : 93 Q : 06 .

94 0.7
PSH PSMC

95 08 .
PSH PSK

T = 60 hours , % 09 .

Time

PSH

PSMC

PSH

PSMC

Table 2 .lo. --(Continued) 1

T ,
Serial NO. : 97 9/Q10 : 0 2 .
Time
days =

66 hours
0.5

98 03 .
PSH PM S C

9 9 04 .
PSH PM S C

10 0
PSH

PSH

PM S C

PSMC

0 . 6 13 .
20 .

30 . 40 . 48 . 50 . 52 . 54 . 56 . 58 . 60 . 62 . 64 . 6.5 66 . 6*7 6.8 7-0 7.2 74 . 7.7 80 .

8.5

1 . 0o

9.0 95 .

1. 06
l. l2
1. 20

1. 3O 1. 40 17. O

Table 2 . 0 --(continued) 11.

Tc =

Serial No. : 101 Q ~ / Q: ~ ~ 6 0 .

Time

102

07 .
PSH PSE

103 0.8 PSH PI2 S4

66 hours 104
0.9 PSMC

PSH

PSMC

PSH

Table 21.10. --(continued)

Serial No. : 105 : 0.2 Q/O l% Time days PSH cfs/AQ10

106 0.3 PSH PSMC

107

108

04 .
PSH Pi s% PSH

05 .
PSMC

PSMC

a10 cfs/AQlo

&

Table 21.10. --(continued)

T ,
S e r i a l No. : 109 Q1/~,, : 0 -6 Time PSH PSMC ll0 0.7 PSH PM S C

= 72 h o u r s

lll

0.8
PSH PSMC

112 0.9 PSH PM S C

TIME

IN DAYS

FIGURE21.1

Mass curves o f runoff in various arrangements.

RAT~OS FOR 50 AND 26-YEAR 10-DAY RUNOFF VOLUMES TO obtain: W-YEAR IO-DAY
~ ~

Mulli~ly map values by. ~rea 1 Area 2 Area 3

RUNOFF

0.85 0 70

25-YEAR 10-DAY RUNOFF

0.90 0.80

0.92 0.85

FIGURE 2-1 ( A ) 100-YEAR. 10-DAY RUNOFF (INCHES) PRINCIPAL SPILLWAY HYDROGRAPH

JANUARY 1971. REV. A P R i L 1976

LEGEND Q1

1-Day Volume Runoff

(Il0. 10-Day Volume Runoff

FIGURE 2-1 (El)

RATIOS OF VOLUMES OF RUNOFF (Ql/Q1,,)

PRINCIPAL SPILLWAY HYDROGRAPH

ANUARY 1971. REV. A P R I L 1976

,-

ANUARY 1971, REV. APRIL 1976

-.

PRINCIPAL SPILLWAY HYDROGRAPH SNOWMELT PRODUCING FLOOD AREAS

Emergency Spillways L/ Flows larger than those completely controllable by the principal spillway and retarding storage are safely conveyed past an earth dam by an emergency spillway. The emergency spillway is designed by use of an Emergency Spillway Eydrograph (ESH) and its m i n i m freeboard determined by use of a Freeboard Hydrograph ( H . Both kinds of hydrographs are constructed F) by the same procedure. There is a small difference in that procedure d e periding on whether a watershed's time of concentration is or is not over six hours. This part of the chapter presents a manual method of developing ESH and

FH. The method requires the use of the dimensionless hydrographs given in table 21.17. Methods of routing the ESH or FH through structures are given
in chapter

17.

Alternatives to developing and routihg the hydrographs manually are (i) use of the SCS electronic computer program, in which basic data are input and the ESH or FH, the routed hydrograph, and reservoir elevations are output; and (ii) the Upper Darby or UD method, in which no hydrograph is needed but which uses the hydrograph characteristics of ESH or FH in an indirect routing procedure with results in terms of spillway elevation and capacity. The hydrologic criteria given below apply to the manual method and its alternatives. The examples that follow apply only to the manual method.

Hydrologic Criteria SOURCE OF DESIGN STORM RAINFALL AMOUNT. The basic 6-hour design stom rainfall amount used in development of ESH and FB is taken from one of the following maps:

Background information on the material in this part of the chapter is given in "Central Technical Unit Method of Hydrograph Development," by M. H. Xleen and R. G. Andrews, Transactions, American Society of Agricultural Engineers, vol. 5, no. 2, p. 180-185,1962; and in "Hydrology of Spillway Design: Small Structures Limited Data," by Harold 0 Ogrosky, . paper no. 3914, Proceedings, American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of the EIydraulics Division, &a 1 6 . fy 9 4

ES -1020, 5 sheets. 4 contiguous States. Supplementary sheets 8 for California and Washington-Oregon are also given. ES-1021, 5 sheets. Hawaii. ES-1022, 5 sheets. Alaska. ES-1023, 5 sheets. Puerto Rico. ES-1024, 5 sheets. Virgin Islands.

The rainfall amounts on these maps are minimums allowed by SCS criteria for various classes of structures.
DURATION ADJUSTMEW OF RAINFALL AMOUNT. If the time of concentration of the drainage area above a structure is more than six hours, the duration of the design storm is made equal to that time and the rainfall amount is c. increased using a factor from figure 2.2, part ( )

If the drainage area above a struc0 ture is 1 square miles or less, the areal rainfall is the same as the rain0 fall taken from the maps of ES-1020 through 1024. If the area is over 1 square miles but not over 1 0 square miles, the areal rainfall is obtained 0 by use of a factor from figure 21.2, part ( ) a . If the area is over 1 0 0 square miles, the adjustment factor for the area is requested from the Engineering Division, Washington, D. C. When a request is submitted the following info-%ion about the area should also be submitted: (lj location, 2 preferably the latitude and longitude of the watershed outlet; ( ) size in square miles; ( 3 ) length in miles, following the main valley; ( ) time of 4 concentration in hours; (5) runoff curve number; (6) proposed value of the adjustment or adjustment factor. If a factor is also needed for a subwatershed of that watershed, then similar information about the subwatershed should also be submitted.
AREPL ADJUS!lNEWt OF RAINFALL AMOUNT.

RUNOFF DEERMINATION. Runoff is determined using the methods ~f cbapter 1 . 0 The runoff curve number (CN) for the drainage area above a structure is de0 termined by any of the methods in chapter 1 . This CN must be for antecedent moisture condition I1 or greater and it applies throughout the design storm regardless of the stom duration.

DIMENSIONLESS HYDROGRAPHS. The ESH and FH are made using the dimensionless hydrographs given in table 21.17. If a hydrograph is to be developed in an electronic computer program, then the storm distribution given in figure 2 . . 12b (Es-1003-b) must be used to get an equivalent ESH or F . B.

Construction of Emergency Spillway and Freeboard Hydrographs Two examplesof hydrograph construction are given. The first illustrates the procedure when the watershed time of concentration is not over six hours,

t h e second when it i s . There i s no difference i n procedure f o r ESR and FH. Equations used i n t h e examples a r e l i s t e d i n table 21.11. Example 2l.5.--Construct an ESH f o r a c l a s s (b) s t r u c t u r e with a drainage a r e a of 1.86 square miles, time of concentration of 1.25 hours, CN of 82, and l o c a t i o n a t l a t i t u d e , longitude-.

1. Determine t h e 6-hour design storm r a i n f a l l amount, P. For t h i s s t r u c t u r e class t h e ESH r a i n f a l l amount i s taken from ES-1020, sheet 2 of 5. For t h e given l o c a t i o n t h e map shows t h a t P = 9.4 inches.
2. Determine t h e a r e a l r a i n f a l l amount. The a r e a l r a i n f a l l i s t h e same a s i n s t e p 1 because t h e drainage area i s n o t over 10 square miles. Step 2 of example 21.6 shows t h e process.

3. M e the duration adjustment of r a i n f a l l amount. No adjustment i s made because t h e time of concentration i s not over s i x hours. Step 3 of example a . 6 shows t h e process.
4.
Determine t h e -off amount, Q. Enter f i g u r e 10.1 with P = 9.4 inches and CN = 82 and f i n d Q = 7.21 inches. Determine t h e hydrograph family. Enter f i g u r e 21.3 (ES-1011) with

5.

CN = 82 and a t P = 9.4 read hydrograph family 2.

6. Determine t h e duration of excess r a i n f a l l , To. Enter f i g u r e 21.4

(Es-1012) with P = 9.4 inches and a t CN = 82 read by i n t e r p o l a t i o n t h a t To = 5.37 h o y s .

7. Compute t h e i n i t i a l value of Tp.

= 0.88 hours.

By equation 21.4 t h i s i s O.T(l.25)

= 6.10.

8. c o m p u t e d % r a t i o .

This i s 5.37/0.88

9. S e l e c t a revised To/$ r a t i o from t a b l e 21.16. This t a b l e shows t h e hydrograph families and r a t i o s f o r which dimensionless hydrographs a r e given i n t a b l e 21.17. E n t e r t a b l e 21.16 with t h e r a t i o from s t e p 8 and s e l e c t t h e tabulated r a t i o n e a r e s t it. For this example t h e selected r a t i o , ( ~ ~ / T ~ ) r e v . , 6. is
10.

i n ratio.

Compute Rev. Tp. This i s a revised Tp used because of t h e change By equation 21.3, Rev. Tp = 5.37/6 = 0.895 hours. By equation 2l.6 t h i s i s 484(1.86)/0.895 = 1006 c f s .

ll. Compute qp.

2 Compute Qqp. Using t h e Q from s t e p 4 and t h e qp from s t e p ll gives ~ ( q p ~ ( ' 1 0 0 = 7253.26 c f s . Round t o 7250 cfs. 6 )

13. Compute t h e times f o r which hydrograph r a t e s w i l l be computed. In equation 21.7 u s e Rev. TD from s t e p 10 and t h e e n t r i e s in t h e t/s
c o l of the selected hydrograph i n t a b l e 21.17. ~ a r e shown in c o l m 2 o f t a b l e 21.12.

The computed ti%

Table 2l.U--Equations used in construction of ESH and FE Equation

No.

Rev. Tp = sp =

To I W T p rev

44A 8
Rev. Tp

where

A
q

drainage area in square miles = hydrograph rate in cfs

=

9c = hydrograph rate in cfs when Q = 1 inch 9p = hydrograph peak rate in cfs when Q = 1 inch Q = design storm runoff in inches Rev. Tp = revised time to peak in hours t = time in hours at which hydrograph rate is computed Tc = time of concentration in hours

To

duration of excess rainfall in hours

= revised ratio from table 2 . 6 11 (To/Tp)rev. = time to peak in hours for CTU design hydrographs Tp

14. Compute t h e hydrograph r a t e s . Use equation column of t h e selected hydrograph i n t a b l e 21.17. r a t e s a r e shown i n column 3 of t a b l e 21.12.

21.8 and t h e qc/qp

The computed

o The hydrograph i s completed with s t e p 14. B w t h e hydrograph i s further r e t d ~ U h t e do r p l o t t e d f o r routing through t h e spillway depends on t h e routing method t o be used. See chapter 17 f o r routing d e t a i l s . The mass curve f o r t h e hydrograph can be obtained using t h e Q t / ~ column of t h e selected hydrograph i n t a b l e 21.17. Ratios i n t h a t column a r e multiplied by t h e Q of s t e p 4 t o give accumulated runoff i n inches a t t h e time computed i n s t e p 13. For accumulated runoff i n acre-feet o r another u n i t , convert Q t o t h e desired u n i t before making t h e s e r i e s of m u l t i p l i cations.

In t h e following example t h e storm duration i s increased because the time of concentration i s over six hours. Increasing t h e duration a l s o requires increasing t h e r a i n f a l l amount but i f t h e drainage a r e a i s over 10 square miles t h e increase i s p a r t l y o f f s e t by the decrease i n a r e a l r a i n f a l l .
Example 21.6.--Construct a FH f o r a c l a s s ( c ) s t r u c t u r e with a drainage a r e a of 23.0 square miles, time of concentration of 10.8 hours, CN of 77, and l o c a t i o n a t latitude-, longitude-.

1. Determine t h e 6-hour design storm r a i n f a l l amount, P. For t h i s s t r u c t u r e c l a s s t h e FK r a i n f a l l amount i s taken from ES-1020, sheet 5 of 5 . For t h e given l o c a t i o n the map shows t h a t P = 25.5 inches.
2 Determine t h e a r e a l r a i n f a l l amount. Use t h e appropriate curve on f i g u r e 2l.2.a (Es-1003-a). For t h i s l o c a t i o n t h e "Humid and subhumid climate" curve a p p l i e s and t h e adjustment f a c t o r f o r t h e drainThe adjusted r a i n f a l l i s age a r e a of 23.0 square miles i s 0.93. 0.93(25.5) = 23.72 inches.

3. Make t h e duration adjustment of r a i n f a l l amount. The duration i s made equal t o t h e time of concentration, i n t h i s case, 10.8 hours. Enter f i g u r e 21.2 .c (Es-1003-c) with t h e duration of 10.8 hours and f i n d an adjustment f a c t o r of 1.18. The adjusted r a i n f a l l i s 1.18(23.72) = 27.99 inches. It i s rounded t o 28.0 inches f o r t h e r e mainder of this example.
4.
Determine t h e runoff amount, Q. Enter f i g u r e 10.1 with the r a i n fall from s t e p 3 (P = 28.0 inches) and a t CN = 77 find Q = 24.7 inches.

5 . Determine t h e hydrograph family.

CN =

77

Enter f i g u r e 21.3 ( E S - 1 0 ~ ) with and a t P = 28.0 inches read hydrograph family 1.

6 . Determine t h e duration of excess r a i n f a l l , To. Enter t a b l e 2l.14 with CN = 77 and f i n d t h a t P*, t h e r a i n f a l l p r i o r t o the excess r a i n f a l l , i s 0.60 inches. Enter t a b l e 21.15 with t h e r a t i o P/P = 0.60/28.0 = 0.0214 and by i n t e r p o l a t i o n read a time r a t i o of 0.950. m e n To = (time r a t i o ) x (storm duration) = 0.950(10.8) = 10.26 hours.

SCS-EIIG-319 Rev. 1-70 File Code ENG-13-14

HYDROGRAPH COMPUTATION

DATE COMPUTED BY CHECKED BY

WATERSHED OR PROJECT STATE

(zMmm z'*)

STRUCTURE SITE OR SUBAREA

OR. AREA

A36

SQ. MI.

STRUCTURE

CLASS^

LZC
POINT RAINFALL

HR. STOW U R A T I O N HR. D

2 IN.

ADJUSTED RAINFALL. AREAL : FACTOR DURATION: FACTOR

RUNOFFCURVE NO.

'

B2
2

HYDROGRAPH FAMILY NO.

CWUTEO
REVISED T

6.10

0,835

X C O L U W = (t/Tp) R N .

aCOLUYO =

(s/ $XQX$)

T a b l e 21.12

Hydrograph computation

NM Notice 4-102, August 1972

7.

o.T(l0.8)

Compute the i n i t i a l value of Tp. = 7.56 hours.

By equation 21.4 t h i s i s

I
.

8. Compute the TO/% r a t i o .

This i s 10.26/7.56 = 1.357.

9. Select a revised T,/T r a t i o from table 21.16. Enter table 21.16 and s e l e c t the tabulated r a t i o nearest it. with the r a t i o from step For t h i s example the selected r a t i o , ( ~ ~ / T ~ ) r e i s. ,1.5. v
10. Compute Rev. Tp. This i s a revised Tp used because of the change i n r a t i o . By equation 21.5, , Rev. Tp = 10.26/1.5 = 6.84 hours.

ll. Compute
cfs.

By equation 21.6 this i s 484(23.0)/6.84 = 1627.5 Round t o 1628 cfs.

Usin the Q from step 4 and the q from step 7 (16287 = 40,W.6 cfs. Round t o & , a 2 cfs.

a.

2 Compute Qq @vesw2t:

13. Compute the times for which hydrograph r a t e s w i l l be computed. Use equation 21.7 with the Rev. Tp from step 10 and the entries i n The comthe t/Tp column of the selected hydrograph i n table 21.17. puted rates are shown i n column 2 of table a.13.
14. Compute the hydrograph rates. Use equation a . 8 with Qqp of step 12 and the qc/q column of the selected hydrograph i n Mole 21.17. The computed rafes are shown i n coLumn 3 of table 21.13.

,;.1-70 l e Code ENG-13-14

HYDROGRAPH COMPUTATION

DATE COMPUTED BY CHECKED BY

- I
Q,=IP,/QR

WATERSHED OR PROJECT STATE

P-----

( E x ~ f l P L E 2L 6,

STRUCTURE SITE OR SUBAREA DR. AREA

23.0

SQ. MI.

STRUCTURE CLASSC

Tc POINT RAINFALL

HR. STORM DURATION

255

IN.

ADJUSTED RAINFALL: AREAL : FACTOR

DURATION: FACTOR

RUNOFF CURVE NO.

77

Z47

IN.

HYDROGRAPH FAMILY NO. CDMPUTEDTp

'.56
HR.

HR.

To

10.26

REVWI

T P

6-84

% - REV. T P ( X Y= QS m.D2
r c o L u u o = (1 / Tp) REV. Tp UCDLUMM) = (Q, /QN

W4A

I428

CFS
CFS.
P(C0tUYI) = (\ /

sQV XX

Table 21.13

Hydrograph computation.

NEII Notice 4-102, August 1972

Table 21.14.--Rainfall

prior to excess rainfall.

(inches)

(inches)

(inches)

(inches)

(inches)

Table 21.15.--Wnfall and time ratios for determining To when the storm duration is greater than 6 hours. Rainfall ratio Time ratio Rainfall ratio Time ratio Rainfall ratio Time ratio

Rainfall ratio

Time ratio

(Change in tabulation increment. )

Table 21.16. --Hydrograph families and T o / ~ p ratios for which dimen11 sionless hydrograph ratios are given in table 2 . 7

Asterisks signify that dimensionless hydrograph tabulations are given

in table 2 . 7 11.

Table 21.17

--Time, discharge, and accmmlated runoff ratios for dimensionless hydrographs Hydrograph Family 1

Line No.

t/Tp

qc/qp

Table 21.17

(continued)

Eydrograph Family 1

T,/T~ = 4

To/TP = 6

Line
No.

1
2

3 4

5
6
7

8
9 10
1 1 12

13
14

15
16

17

18

19 20

21
22 23 24 25

26

Table 2l. .17

(continued)

Hydrograph Family 1

No.
1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1.22 2.44 3.66 4.88 6 .lo 7-72 8.54 9-76 lo. 98

12.20

10
12

l. l

13 14 15 16 17 18 1-9
X)

13.42 14.64 15.% 17.08 18.30 19-52 20.74 23.18

u9 .6

2 1

22 23 24 23 26 27 28 29 3Q
31

24.40 25.62 26.84 28.06 29.28

Table 21.17 (Continued)

Hydrograph Family 1

To/Tp = 36

Line t/Tp
No.

qc/qp

Q~/Q

Table 21.17 (continued)

Hydrograph Family 2
T ~ / T ~ = 1

To/Tp = 1.5

Line t/Tp No.

qc/qp

Q~/Q

Table 21.17 (continued)

Eydrograph Family 2

%/TI, = 3
Line t / ~ ~

No.
1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

21 22
23

24
25 26 27 28 29

70
31 32

Table 21.17

(continued)

Hydrograph Family 2

Line No.

~ ~ qc/qp

t / ~ p qc/qp

&t/&

Table

2l.17

(continued) To/% = 50

Hydrograph Family 2 To/Tp = 75

To/Tp = 36

2.8 16

Tbe2.7 al 11

(continued) Hydrograph Family 3

Line No.
1
2

4
5
6 7 8

9
10

1 12

ll

13 14 1 5

1 16
17
18 1 9 2 0
21. 2 2

23

NM Notice 4-102, August 1972

Table 21.17 (continued)

Hydrograph Family 3

TO/rp 3 =
Line t / ~ ~
No.

1
2

34 3 .68 4 1.02 5 1.36 6 7 8 9

1 0

17 .0 20 .4 2.38 2-72 30 .6

1 1 12

34 .0 3.74 13 4.08 14 4 4 .2 15 4 7 .6 51 .0 5.78 6.12 6.46 71 .4

7.48

16 17 18 19
X,

5-44

u 6.80
22

2 3 24 2 5 2 6

78 .2

u.70

Table 21.17(~ontinued)

Hydrograph Family 3

Line
No.

1 2 3

4
5
6

7 8 9
10
U. 12 13 14 15

16 17 18 19 20

2 1 22 23 24 25
26 27

Table 21.17 (Continued)

Hydrograph Family 3

Line No.

t/Tp

qc/qp

T b e 2 . 7 (Continued) al 11
iiydrograph Family 4

Line No.

1
2

4 5
6 7
8 9 10
ll 12 13 14 15

16 17 18 19
20

2 1
22 23

Table 2 l . 17 (continued)

Hydrograph Family

u.74

Table

21.17

(continued)

EIydrograph Family

Line
No.

1 2

.0 5 3 10 .0 4 15 .0 5 20 .0
6 25 .0 7 30 .0 8 3-50 g 40 .0 10 4 5 .0

50 .0 55 .0 1 60 3 .0 14 6 5 .0 115 7 0 .0
ll 12

75 .0 80 .0 18 8 5 .0 19 9 0 .0 20 95 .0
16

17

2 1.0 1 00 22 10.50 2 1.0 3 10

2 l.0 4 l5
25 1 . 0 20

2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9
jo

1.0 25 1.0 30 U.50 1.0 40 1.0 45

31 32

3 3 34

NM Notice 4-102, A w s t 1972

Table 21.17

(continued)

Hydrograph Family 4

Hydrograph Family

Line No.

t/Tp

qc/qp

Table 2 l . 17 (continued)

Hydrograph Family 5

Table 21.

17 (continued)

Hydrograph Family 5

Line No.

t/Tp

1 2

3 4 5

36 -72 1.08 1.44 1.80 2.16 2.52 2.88 3.24

3.60 3.96 4.32 4.68 5.04

6 7 8 g
10

1 1

13 14 15 16 17 18 lg
20

12

5.40 5-76 6.12 6.48 6.84

Table 21.17

(continued)

Hydrograph Family 5

Line No.

t/Tp

d q p Q~/Q

Table 21.17

(concluded)

Hydrograph Family 5

TO/T, Line t/TP No. qc/qP Q~/Q

= 50

21.81

HYDROLOGY: CRITERIA FOR DESIGN STORMS USED IN DEVELOPING

EMERGENCY SPILLWAY DESIGN AND FREEBOARD HYDROGRAPHS

DRAINAGE AREA HI SOUARE MILES ((1)

RAINFALL RATIOS FOR DRAINAGE AREAS OF 1 TO 100 SQUARE MILES 0

REFERENCE

U S. DEPAEIMENT OF AGiLICULl'UEE .

SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE

(210-VI-NEH-4, Amend. 6, March 1985)

Runoff curve numbers

Chart f o r selectin, a hydrograph family f o r a given Figure 21-3. r a i n f a l l and runoff curve number.

NEH Notice 4-102, August 1972

Duration of excess rainfall in hours - To

Duration of excess r a i n f a l l f o r a &hour r a i n f a l l and Figure 21-4. f o r runoff curve numbers 40 t o 100.

NEH Notice 4-102, August 1972

FIGURE 21.5 (1 of 5 )

(210-VI-NEH-4, Amend. 6, March 1985)

FIGURG 21.5 ( 2 of 5 )

(210-VI-NEH-4, Amend. 6, March 1985)

FIGURE 21.5 ( 3 of 5 )

(210-VI-NM-4, Amend. 6, March 1985)

FIGURE 2 . ( 5 of 5) 15

(210-VI-NEH-4, Amend. 6, March 1985)

FIGURE 21.6 ( 5 of 5 )

FIGURE 21.7 (2 of 5 )

I
0

I
i

FIGURE 21.7 ( 4 of 5)

-.-

FIGURE 21.7 ( 5 of 5 )

(INCHES) WR DEVELOPING THE FREEWARD HYDROGRAPH f O R CLASS

lbl STRUPURES

,
6s. 3 ' 0

PL__ .,..,.

---__ i ES 1023
i,, t..

Sheet 4

di'5

. .

--

FIGURE 21.8 ( 5 of 5 )

FIGURE 21.9 (1 of 5 )

M I N I M U M SIX.HOUR PRfCIPITAlION lincherl for derelopfnp lh. CLASS

..05

FREEeOARD HYDROGRAPH

lor

101

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U S SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE JUNE 1V6I

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FIGURE 21.9 ( 3 of 5 )

FIGURE 21.9 ( 4 of 5)

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