Gaseous State

Chapter 2 : Gaseous States
2.1 Ideal Gas 04

2.2 Diffusion 09
2.3 Daltons Law 12
2.4 Eudiometry 13
2.5 Kinetic Theory of Gases 14
2.6 Maxwells Law of Distribution of Molecular Speeds 15
2.7 Molecular Speeds 16
2.8 Real Gases 18
2.9 Critical State 22
Solved Example 28
Exercises 33
Previous Years IITJEE Questions 38
Answer Key 39
2
Gaseous States
2010, NH Elite
Every effort has been made to avoid error or omissions in this publication. In spite of this errors may creep in.
It is notified that authors or seller will not be responsible for any damage or loss of action to anyone of any kind
in any manner, therefrom. No part of this book may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means
(graphic, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping or information retrieval system)
or reproduced on any disc, tape or perforated media or other information storage device, etc., without the
written permission of NH Elite Education Services Limited. Breach of this condition is liable for legal action.
All rights reserved.
All disputes are subject to Delhi Jurisdiction only.
Corporate Office: 30, Hauz Khas Village, 3rd Floor
Power House Complex, New Delhi-110016
Phone: 011- 44160000
Chemist
Robert Boyle
Interesting Fact
Although Boyles chief scientific interest was
chemistry, his first published scientific work, New
Experiments Physico-Mechanicall, Touching the
Spring of the Air and Its Effects (1660), concerned
the physical nature of air, as displayed in a brilliant
series of experiments in which he used an air pump
to create a vacuum. The second edition of this work,
published in 1662, delineated the quantitative
relationship that Boyle derived from experimental
values, later known as Boyles law: that the volume
of a gas varies inversely with pressure.
Education is
what remains
after one has
forgotten
everything he
learned in
school.
Albert Einstein
The Age of Plastics
In 1907 the Belgian chemist Leo Baekeland
reacted together the organic molecules Phenol
and formaldehyde to produce a hard, mouldable
material that his company named Bakelite. This
was the first plastic that retained its shape after
being heated, and it heralded a new age of useful
synthetic substance.
GASEOUS STATES IITJEE COURSE
CHEMISTRY| 4 IIT STUDY CIRCLE
Section - 2.1 Ideal Gas
2.1.1 Boyles Law
For a fixed amount of an ideal gas kept at a fixed temperature pressure (P) and volume (V) are inversly proportional to each other.
1
P
V
or 2
1
P k
V
=
or
2
PV k (constant) =
1 1 2 2 3 3
PV P V P V .... = = =

A
l
t
e
z
z
a

m
d
r
c
r
i

(
p
o
l
l
i
c
i
)

Volume (Pollici Cubi)
0 10
20 30
40 50
20
0
40
60
80
100
120
Diagramma p-V dei dati originali di Robert Boyle
Modello pV=K

Dati di Boyle

0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120
Pressure
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
Pressure vs. 1/Volume
1
/
V
o
l
u
m
e

.

(

1
0
0
)

PV
P (cm)
1
100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Illustration 1:
Calculate the minimum pressure required to compress 700 mL gas at 1.75 bar to 200 mL. Assume that temperature
remains constant.
Solution :
According to Boyles law
1 1 2 2
PV P V = (n, T constant)
Given that
1
P 1.75 = bar
1
V 700 = mL
2
P ? =
2
V 200 = mL
2
1.75 700 P 200 =
2
P 6.125 = bar
IITJEE COURSE GASEOUS STATES
IIT STUDY CIRCLE CHEMISTRY| 5
2.1.2 Charles Law
At constant pressure, the volume of a given mass of an ideal gas is directly proportional to the absolute scale of temperature.
V T
or
1
V k T = where k
1
is a constant it can also be written as
1
V
k ( constant)
T
= or
3 1 2
1 2 3
V V V
...
T T T
= = =

0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0
Temperature/degrees C
V
o
l
u
m
e
/
l
i
t
e
r
s

22.0
24.0
26.0
28.0
30.0

V
o
l
u
m
e

Temperature (C) 0
273
P
1
< P
2
< P
3
P
1

P
2
P
3
Illustration 2:
The volume of a gas is 0.30 L at 25C. Calculate the final volume at a temperature of 315C.
Solution :
According to Charles law
1 2
1 2
V V
T T
=
(n, T constant)
Given that,
1
V 0.30L =
1
T 298K =
2
V ? =
2
T 588 =
2
2
V 0.30
V 0.59L
298 588
= =
2.1.3 Gay- Lussacs Law
The pressure of a gas of fixed mass and fixed volume is directly proportional to the absolute temperature of the gas
P T
or
3
P k T = or
3
P
k
T
= (constnat)
3 1 2
1 2 3
P P P
....
T T T
= = =

V
1
V
2
V
3
V
4
V
1
< V
2
< V
3
< V
4

Temperature (K)
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

(
b
a
r
)

Pressure vs temperature (K) graph
(Isochores) of a gas
0

100

200

300
400

Gay-Lussacs law is actually the law of combining volumes.
T
H
E
O
R
Y
Illustration 3:
A gas kept in closed vessel is heated by 1C During the process, pressure of gas incrreases by 0.4%. Assuming the gas
to be ideal, calculate its final temperature.
Solution :
Using the law P = T law
1 2
1 2
P P
T T
=
Let the initial pressure is P. then P
1
= P, T
1
= T
2
0.4
P P P,
100
= +
2
T T 1 = +
P 100.4P
T 100(T 1)
=
+
T = 250 K
Final temperature = T + 1 = 251 K.
2.1.4 Avogadros Law
Equal volumes of ideal or perfect gases, at same temperature and pressure contain same number of molecules
V n

4
V
k
n
= (constant)
Illustration 4:
An acetylene tank provides 9340 L C
2
H
2
for producing oxyacetylene flame, at 0C and 1 atm pressure then oxygen
cylinder attached provides 7.010
3
L O
2
at 0C and 1 atms pressure. Calculate the number of tanks required for complete
combustion of acetylene provided by the tank.
Solution :
2 2
C H burns as
2 2 2 2 2
2vol 5vol
2C H 5O 4CO 2H O + +
(at same P & T)
Thus O
2
required of
4
2 2 2
5
9340LC H 9340 2.34 10 L O
2
= = and
So number of tanks
4
3
2.34 10
3.34
7.0 10
= =
tank
4 tank.
2.1.5 Ideal Gas Equation
In a gas, the molecules have enough kinetic energy so that the effect of intermolecular forces is small (or zero for an ideal gas),
and the typical distance between neighbouring molecules is much greater than the molecular size. A gas has no definite shape
or volume, but occupies the entire container in which it is confined. A liquid may be converted to a gas by heating at constant
pressure to the boiling point, or else by reducing the pressure at constant temperature.
It is also called perfect gas equation or equation of state. It is given by
PV nRT =
where P = pressure of the gas
1 atm = 1.013 bar = 1.013 10
5
Pa = 76 cm of Hg = 760 mm of Hg = 760 torr
1 bar = 10
5
Pa = 100 kPa; 1 Pa = 1 Nt/m
2
; 1 mm of Hg = 1 torr
V = Volume occupied by the gas (volume of the container)
1 L = 1000 cc = 1000 mL = 10
3
m
3
= 1 dm
3
1 mL = 1 cc
n = Number of moles of the gas n
0
g given massin grams
M molar mass in grams
= =
T = Temperature in Absolute scale (tc + 273.15) = T K
R = Universal gas constant, whose value is same for all the gases
R = 0.0821 L atm/ mole K = 0.0831 L bar / mole K = 8.314 J/mole-K.
= 8.314 10
7
erg/mole K = 1.89 Cal/mole K.
It is equivalent to Boltzmann Constant (K
B
)
B
A
R
K
N
=
=
23
1.38 10 J / K

1 1
23 1
8.314J mole K
K
6.022 10 mole

Combining all the laws

We get ideal gas equation
PV
nT
=
constant = R i.e.,
PV nRT =
According to IUPAC STP (standard conditions of temperature and pressure) is at 0C and 100 kPa (1 bar)
Molar volume of an ideal gas at 0C and 1 bar (100 kPa ) is 22.7 L/mole and at 0C and 1 atm it is 22.4 L/mole
2.1.6 Various Forms of Ideal Gas Equations
Ideal gas equation can be written in many forms what ever is the form it carries the same meaning.
(i)
PV nRT =
N no. of gas molecules
(ii)
B
PV NK T = K
B
Boltzmann constant
(iii)
0
PM RT =
0
M Molar mass of the gas
(iv)
0
PVM gRT = g mass of the gas smaple.
density of the gas sample
Illustration 5:
A 2.0 mL bubble of gas is released at the bottom of a lake where the pressure is 6.5 atm. and temperature is 10C. What
is the volume of gas when it reaches to the surface where pressure is 0.95 atm and the temperature is 24C.
Solution :
By using
1 1 2 2
1 2
P V P V
T T
=
Given that, P
1
= 6.5 atm,
2
P 0.95 atm =
1
T 10 C = = 283 K,
2
T 24 C 297K =
1
V 2.0mL =
2
V ? =
6.5 2.0 0.95 V
283 297

=
V 14.36 =
mL
T
H
E
O
R
Y
Illustration 6:
Calculate the weight of CH
4
in a 9 dm
3
cylinder at 16 bar and 27C.
Solution :
Given :
3
P 16bar; V 9dm ; T 300K = = =
4
3 1 1
CH
MM 16; R 0.083bar dm K mol

= =
w
PV RT
M
| |
=
|
\
16 9 (w / 16) 0.083 300 =

w 92.5 =
g.
Illustration 7:
At 0C, the density of a gaseous oxide at 2 bar is same as that of nitrogen at 5 bar. What is the molecular mass of the
oxide?
Solution :
M
RT
= ;
oxide
oxide
2 M 5 28
M 70g / mol
RT RT

= =
Molecular mass of gaseous oxide.
Illustration 8:
When 4 g of gaseous substance X is introduced into an initially evacuated flask kept at 25C, the pressure is found to
be 1 atm. The flask is evacuatd and 6 g of y is introduced. The pressure is found to be 0.5 atm at 25C. Calculate the ratio
of
x
y
M
(M-
M
molecular weight).
Solution :
w
PV RT
M
=
y
x x
y x y
M
P w
P M w
=
( V, R and T are constant)
y
x
M
1 4
0.5 M 6
=
x
y
M 4 0.5 1
M 6 3
= =
2.1.7 Applications of Ideal Gas Equations
One important point about pressure is when ever two regions are connected physically the pressure in both the regions will be
same.
This principle can be applied to an open vessel also i.e., Pinside = Pexternal = Constant usually external (atmospheric pressure)
pressure will be considered constant.
Similarly volume of the gas (container) is also constant
Applying ideal gas equation to the gas inside this open vessel
PV nRT =
PV
nT
R
= = constant
nT constant =
i.e., on heating an open vessel. T raises but (nT) should remain constant, so n decreases i.e., some amount (moles) of
gas will escape out.
Similar effect will be observed in the case of colling.
Illustration 9:
Two flasks of equal volume connected by a narrow tube (of negligible volume) are at 27C and contain 0.70 mole of H
2
at 0.5 atm pressure. One of the flask is then immersed into a bath kept at 127C, while the other remains at 27C. Calculate
the final pressure and the number of moles of H
2
in each flask.
Solution :
n
1
= 0.3; n
2
= 0.4
=
0.4
0.4
0.35
atm = 0.56 atm

Section - 2.2 Diffusion
Diffusion is migration of matter down a concentration gradient.
Consider a vessel divided into two halves with the help of a partion. Let us enclose a gas (A) in chamber 1 and chamber 2 is
empty initially. So there is a concentration difference in both the chambers.
Now as soon as the partition is removed the gas spreads uniformly throught the vessel.till the concentration becomes C every
where.
T
H
E
O
R
Y
This movement of gas (matter) from a region of high concentration to
region of low concentration till the concentration becomes uniform (equal)
every where is called as diffusion.
It is a natural process in the case of gases i.e., it occurs on its own.
If a gas is enclosed in a container with a small pin hole. Then it escapes
out due to the process of diffusion. So, when diffusion is occuring through
small hole we will call it as effusion.
Rate at which gas is effusing out = Rate of collision of the gas with the
wall of the container.
2.2.1 Grahams law of diffusion
This rate of effusion was summarized by Grahams law of effusion, which state that rate of effusion is inversly proportional to
the square root of the molar mass. Rate of effusion is also applicable to rate of diffusion.
When a gas at a pressure p and temperature T is separated from a vaccume by a small hole, the rate of escape of its molecules
is equal to the rate at which they strike the area (A
0
) of the hole.
Rate of effusion =
0 A
0
pA N
2 M RT
when p, T and A
0
are constants.
Rate of effusion (r) =
0
constant
M
i.e.,
0
1
r
M
This is Grahams law of effusion

The rate of effusion of a gas can be measure in various ways.
moles effused out
r =
time taken
=
n
t
pressure drop
time taken
=
p
t
volume change
time taken
=
v
t

distance travelled by the gas
time taken
= =
l
t
Comparision of rate of effusion of two gases
1 2
2 1
=
r M
r M
(at consat T and p)
1 1 2
2 2 1
=
r p M
r p M
(at constant T only)
where
1
p and
2
p are partial pressures of the gases 1 and 2 respectively..
2.2.2 Importance of Grahams Law
It forms the basis for separating the isotopes of same elements.
It provides a simple method for determining the densities and molecular weights of unknown gases by comparing their rates of
diffusion or effusion with those of known gases. It is also useful in separating gases having different densities.
Illustration 10:
The pressure in a vessel that contained pure oxygen dropped from 2000 torr to 1500 torr in 55 minute as the oxygen
leaked through a small hole into a vacuum. When the same vessel is filled with another gas, The pressure dropped from
2000 torr to 1500 torr in 85 minute. What is the molecular mass of gas.
Solution :
2
2
O g
O (g)
M r
r M
=
2
2
O g
g O (g)
t Loss in P
32
t Loss in P M
=
(g)
500 55 32
85 500 M
=
(g)
M 76.43 = g/mol.
Illustration 11:
A vessel contains 4 : 1 molar mixture of He and CH
4
at a pressure of 20 bar. Due to a hole in the vessel, the gas mixture leaks
out. Find out the composition of the gas that leaks out initially.
Solution :
Molar ratio of He and CH
4
= 4 : 1
Ratio of partial pressure of the gas in the vessel = 4 : 1
= 16 : 4
We know that
Rate of effusion of gas
1
M
and also Rate of effusion of gas
P
Thus
4
4 4
CH
He He
CH CH He
M
r P
r P M
=

16 16
.
4 4
=
32
8 :1
4
= =
The composition of He and CH
4
effusing out initially will be in the ratio of 8 : 1.
Illustration 12:
A tube with a porous wall allows 0.53 litre of N
2
to escape per minute from a pressure of 1 atm to an evacuated chamber.
What will be the amount escaping under the same conditions for He, CCl
4
vapour and UF
6
?
(He = 4, N = 14, C = 12, Cl = 35.5, F = 19, U = 328)
Solution :
Using equation 9 for He,
2
2
N
He He
N He
M
V V 28
; 7
V M 0.53 4
= = =
He
V 0.53 7 1.40 = = litre per minute
Similarly, for CCl
4
vapour and UF
6
,
4 2
4
2 4
CCl N
CCl
N CCl
V M
28
.V 0.227
V M 152
= = =
litre per minute
6 2
6
2 6
UF N
UF
N UF
V M
28
; V 0.149
V M 352
= = =
litre per minute
T
H
E
O
R
Y
Section - 2.3 Daltons Law
Daltons law states that the total pressure exerted by a gaseous mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each
individual component in a gas mixture.
Mathematically
n
total i 1 2 3 n
i 1
P p p p p .....p
=
= = + + +
where
1 2 3 n
p , p , p ....p represent the partial pressure of each component
Where partial pressure is defined as the pressure that each gas would exert if it occupied the same container alone at the same
temperature partial pressure of a gas (p
i
) can be obtained interms of mole fraction of the gas as
i i total
p X P =
i.e, partial pressure of a gas is mole fraction of that component multiplied by total pressure.
Illustration 13:
In a gaseous mixture 1.0 g H
2
and 5.0 g He are mixed to a volume 5.0 L at 20C. Calculate
(a) total pressure of the mixture (b) partial pressure of H
2
and He.
Solution :
Total moles of gases
2
H He
(n) n n = +
total
1.0 5.0
n 1.75
2 4
= + =
mole
(a) Using ideal gas equation
PV nRT =
. Given that, V 5.0L, = R 0.0821L = atm K
1
mol
1
total
T 293 K, n 1.75 mole = =
total
1.75 0.0821 293
P
5.0

=
= 8.4 atm
(b) Now,
H
n 2
P ' P x P
H total H total
n 2 2
total
= =
0.5
8.4 2.4
1.75
= =
atm and
He
1.25
P' 8.4 6.0
1.75
= =
atm
In-Chapter Exercise - 1
1. The ratio of speeds of diffusion of two gases A and B is 1 : 4. If the ratio of their mass present in the mixture is 2 : 3, then
which of the following is the ratio of their mole-fractions?
(a) 24 : 1 (b) 1 : 24 (c) 32 : 1 (d) 3 : 17
2. The vapour density of gas is 11.2. The volume occupied by 11.2 g of this gas at S.T.P. is :
(a) 22.4 L (b) 11.2 L (c) 1 L (d) 2.24 L
3. The density of the mixture of nitrogen and oxygen is 1.15 g/L at 750 mm of Hg at 27C. Calculate the percentage
composition of these gases in the mixture. Assume the gases behave ideally.
4. A cooking gas cylinder can withstand a pressure of 15 atm. At 27C the pressure of the gs in cylinder is 12 atm. The
minimum temperature above which it will burst out is ___________________ C.
Section - 2.4 Eudiometry
It is based on Gay Lussacs law of combining Volumes. This method is used to analyze the gaseous mixture of hydrocarbons and
to determine their molecular formulae. In this process the combustible gases, like hydrocarbon , are exploded in a tube with the
excess of O
2
so that carbon and hydrogen in the gas are converted to CO
2
(g) and H
2
O (g) respectively. After cooling and
contraction ,the volume of contents of the tube are measured (this does not include H
2
O as it condense). At this stage ,the
content include CO
2
(g) ,unused O
2
(if any left) and N
2
(if any in the air).
Now NaOH is used to separate out CO
2
by the following reaction. It also absorbs Cl
2
.
2NaOH + CO
2
Na
2
CO
3
+H
2
O
As a result a further contraction in volume takes place. After this ,the unused O
2
is left which generally absorbed by the
pyrogallol solution .In general after cooling ,the contraction in volume is given as :
V
= VV
R
V
P
(V

= Volume of reactant, V
P
= Volume of products after cooling) various reagents used for absorption of gases-
Water Vapour - conc. H
2
SO
4
, fused CaCl
2
O
3
- turpentile oil
O
2
- alkaline pyrogallol
NO - FeSO
4
soln.
CO - ammonical cuprous chloride
CO
2
,SO
2
- alkali solution
Cl
2
- water/ alkali soln.
For the standard hydrocarbon combustion the following formula can help
C
x
H
y
+
x y y
4 4
+ | |
+
|
\
CO
2
= xCO
2
+
y
2
| |
|
\
H
2
O
Illustration 14:
What volume of oxygen will be required for the complete combustion of 18.2 litres of propane at NTP?
Solution :
3 8 2 2 2
C H 5O 3CO 4H O + +
At NTP we can assume V n
Hence to combuse 18.2 litre propane we need = 18.2 5 = 91 L
T
H
E
O
R
Y
Illustration 15:
20 mL of CO was mixed with 50 mL of oxygen and the mixture was exploded. On cooling, the resulting mixture was shaken
with KOH. Find the volume of the gas that is left.
Solution :
2 2
1
CO O CO
2
+
At const. temperature and pressure, V n ; 1 ml reacts with
1
2
ml of O
2
20 ml reacts with 10 ml O
2
; KOH absorbs 20 ml formed.
Hence 40 ml O
2
left after the reactions
Section - 2.5 Kinetic Theory of Gases
Kinetic theory (or kinetic-molecular theory of gases) is the theory that all matter is made up of a large number of small particles
(atoms or molecules), all of which are in constant, random motion.
This theory is the proof of ideal gas equation. It is based on certain postulates (assumptions)
(i) The gas consists of very small particles, all with non-zero mass
(ii) The number of molecules are large.
(iii) These molecules are in constant, random motion. The rapidly moving particles constantly collide with each other and
with the walls of the container.
(iv) The collisions of gas particles with the walls of the container are perfectly elastic.
(v) Except during collisions the interactions among molecules are negligible.
(vi) The total volume of individual gas molecules added up is negligible compared to the volume of the container.
(vii) Molecules are perfectly spherical in shape, and elastic in nature
(viii) Average kinetic energy of the gas particles depends only on the temperature of the system
K.E T
(ix) The time during collision of molecule with the wall is negligible as compared to the time between successive collisions.
2.5.1 Kinetic Gas Equation
Based on the above assumustions it derives an equation called as kinetic gas equation
i.e.,
2
1
PV mNC
3
=
where P and V are the pressure at which the gas is stored and, the volume of the container in which gas is stored
respectively.
m mass of one gas particle
N no. of gas particles
C R.M.S. velocity of gas particles.
Ideal gas equation
B
PV NK T =
Kinetic gas equation
2
1
PV mNC
3
=
Comparing both of them we get
2
B
1
NK T mNC
3
= ;
2
B
3K T mC =
2
B
3 1
K T mC
2 2
=
= average translational kinetic energy of a molecule.
average translational kinetic energy of a molecule (particle) =

B
3
K T
2
average translational kinetic energy of N molecules (particles) =
B
3
NK T
2
average translational kinetic energy of 1 mole is =
A B
3 3
N K T RT
2 2
=
average translational kinetic energy of n moles is =
3
nRT
2
.
Illustration 16:
Calculate the pressure exerted by 10
23
gas molecules, each of mass 10
22
g in a container of volume one litre. The rms
speed is 10
5
cm sec
1
.
Solution :
According to kinetic gas equation
2
rms
1
PV mnu
3
=
. Given than
23 22 3 3
n 10 , m 10 g, V 1 L 10 cm
= = = =
5 1
rms
u 10 cm sec
3 22 23 5 2
1
P 10 10 10 (10 )
3
7
P 3.3 10 =
Dyne cm
2
.
Section - 2.6 Maxwells Law of Distribution of Molecular Speeds
Maxwell and boltzmann theoretically predicted the shape of distribution curves of molecular speeds in a given sample of gas at
a given temperature. They assumed that molecular collisions are completely random and involve all possible values of molecular
speeds as a result of exchange of kinetic energy in between molecules. Note that it is only the kinetic energy of a gas (not
individual kinetic energy of molecule) that remains constant with temperature. It is thus evident that even a single molecule
cannot have a constant speed for any duration of time because of continuous interchange of momentum between the molecules
due to frequent collisions. Infact the speed of molecules changes within a span of less than 10
9
seconds and therefore it is
difficult to know the exact speed of molecules. However, Maxwell predicted probability distribution curves by assuming that for
a given mass of a gas at a constant temperature, there must be a certain fraction of the total number of molecules, that have a
particular speed. On the basis of law of probability (Maxwell proposed an equation for the distribution of molecular speeds) as:

Distribution curves for molecular speeds
Speed
u
mp
u
av
u
rms
F
r
a
c
t
i
o
n

o
f

M
o
l
e
c
u
l
e

T
1
< T
2
T
2
T
1
T
H
E
O
R
Y
The curve at any temperature is parabolic near the origin,since the factore u
2
is dominate in this region ,the exponential function
being approximately equal to unity.At high value of u ,however ,the exponential factore dominates the behaviour of the function
,causing it to decrease rapidely in value.
As per Maxwells speed distribution :
2
3 bc 2
C
N 4 Na e c c
=
...(i)
where
C
N = No. of molecules having speeds between c and c +
c
B B
m m
a ; b
2 k T 2k T
= =
m = Mass 1 molecule of the gas; k

B
= Boltzmann constnat
23
R
1.38 10 J / K
N
| |
=
|
\
N = Total number of gas molecules.
The fraction of molecules having either very low speeds or very high speeds are small in number.The majority of molecules have
speeds which cluster around most probable speeds in the middle of the range of u.Since the total number of molecules is the
same at both temperature both the curve will have the same area.Since increase of temperature increases the kinetic energy of
molecules ,it follows that the fraction of molecules having lower speed range decreases whereas the fraction of molecules
having higher speed range increases on increasing the temperature of the gas.
The speed distribution also depends on the mass of the molecules .At the same temperature a heavy gas has a narrower
distribution of speeds than a light gas.In general the disribution depends upon the value of
M
T
.Thus the distribution will be the
same for a gas of molar mass 2M at temperature 2T since the ratio remains the same.for example, the distribution of O
2
molecules
at temperature T will be the same as those of SO
2
molecules at temperature 2T.
The sharpness of maxima in curves decreases with increase in temperature which reveals that number of molecules having their
speeds in the vicinties of
mp
u increase.
Also mp
2RT
u
M

=

Section - 2.7 Molecular Speeds
Three speeds terms were obtained by Maxwells distribution curves, which are :
(a) Average speed
av
(u ) (b) Most probable speeds
mp
(u ) (c) Root mean square speed
rms
(u )
2.7.1 Average Speed (u
av
)
It is simply arithmetic mean of the various speeds of the molecules. Let n molecules are present in a gas sample and each one is
moving with speed
1 2 3 n
u , u , u .... u , then
1 2 3 n
av
u u u ...u
u
n
+ + +
=
From kinetic equation, av
8RT
u
M

=

=
8 8
=
B
K T P
m
M = molar mass of the gas, m = mass of one gas molecule
2.7.2 Most probable speed (u
mp
)
It is the speed attained by majority of molecules at that temperature.
mp
2RT
u
M

=

2 2
= =
B
K T P
m
2.7.3 Root Mean square speed (u
rms
)
It is defined as the square root of the mean of squares of speeds of molecules at a given temperature. Let the individual speed
of molecules be
1 2 3
u , u , u ,...u
n
.
then
2 2 2
1 2 3
rms
u u u ...
u
n
+ + +
=

Also it has been derived from kinetic equation, that
B
rms
3K T 3RT 3P
u
M m

= = =

2.7.4 Relation between u
av
, u
rms
and u
mp
mp av rms
2RT 8RT 3RT
u : u : u : : : :
M M M

:: 2 : (8 / ) : 3
::1:1.128:1.224
Illustration 17:
Calculate u
rms
, u
av
, u
mp
of
(a) O
2
at STP. (b) Ethane at 27C and 720 mm of Hg pressure.
Solution :
(a) At STP
T 273K =
2
7
rsm O
3RT 9 8.314 10 273
(u )
M 32

= =

=
4 1
4.61 10 cmsec
and
4 4 1
mp
u 4.61 10 0.816 3.76 10 cm sec
= =
4 4 1
av
u 4.61 10 0.9213 4.25 10 cm sec
= =
(b)
2 6
7
rms C H
3RT 3 8.314 10 300
(u )
M 30

= =

( M = 30, T = 27 + 273 = 300 K)
4 1
rms
u 4.99 10 cm sec
=
4 1
MP
4 1
av
u 4.07 10 cm sec
u 4.60 10 cmsec
=
=
T
H
E
O
R
Y
Section - 2.8 Real Gases
2.8.1 Deviations from Ideal Gas Behaviour
A gas which obeys the general gas equation (P V = n R T) at all temperatures and pressures is called an ideal gas. However, none
of the actually known gases called real gases obey this equation over the entire range of temperature and pressure. These gases
show ideal behaviour at low pressures and high temperatures. As the pressure becomes high and temperature becomes low,
more and more deviations are observed from general gas equation and other gas laws.
Amagat , Andrews and others made extensive study of the behaviour of various gases and concluded that real gases do not
obey the general gas equation under all conditions of temperature and pressure.
A convenient way to study deviations of real gases from ideal behaviour is to plot a graph between
(PV/nRT) and P. The quantity (PV / nRT) is called compressibility factor and is denoted by Z . For ideal gases , Z = 1 under all
conditions.
Compressibility factor is the ratio of actual molar volume of a gas to molar volume of it, if it were an ideal gas at that temperature
and pressure.
m
m
V , real
Z=
V , ideal
From the figure we find that the curves obtained on plotting Z against pressure for different gases have the following
characteristics:
All curves approach the ideal value as the pressure approaches zero. Thus at low pressures, all gases behave as ideal gases.
At moderate pressures, Z < 1 i.e., there is negative deviation. This means that the attractive forces are dominating repulsive
forces and the gas is more compressible than expected from ideal behaviour.
At high pressures , Z > 1 , i.e., there is a positive deviation. It means that the repulsive forces and dominating and the gas is less
compressible than expected from ideal behaviour.
For H
2
and He, Z is always greater than one. This means that these gases are less compressible than expected from ideal
behaviour at all pressures because there gases have ineligible charge separation at moderate pressure.
2.8.2 Causes of Deviation from Ideal Behaviour
The causes of deviations from ideal behaviour may be attributed to the two faulty assumptions of kinetic theory of gases. The
assumptions are :
The volume occupied by the gas molecules is negligibly small as compared to the total volume occupied by the gas.
The forces of attraction between gas molecules are negligible.

The kinetic theory assumes that the volume occupied by molecules of a gas is negligible as compared to the total volume of the
gas. This assumption is quite valid high temperature and low pressure. For example, it has been calculated that the volume of the
molecule is about 0.1% of the total volume of the gas under ordinary conditions of temperature and pressure. However as the
temperature is considerably decreased or pressure is considerably increased the total volume of the gas decreases appreciably
whereas the volume occupied by molecules remain the same because the molecules are incompressible. Therefore the fraction
of the volume of the molecules cannot be neglected under these conditions. This proves the invalidity of this postulate at high
pressure and low temperature.
According to kinetic theory, the forces of attraction between the gas molecules are negligible. This assumption is quite valid at
low pressure and high temperature because , the molecules lie apart from one another. On the other hand at high pressure and
low temperature, the volumes of the gas is quite small. Consequently, the distance between the molecules decreases and
attractive forces, though very small, exist between them. The direct proof of the presence of intermolecular forces is that the
temperature of the gas falls when compressed gas is allowed to expand under adiabatic conditions. This fall in temperature is due
to the fact that some work has to be done to overcome the attractive forces between molecules during expansion. Thus, this
postulate is also invalid at low temperature and high pressure.
2.8.3 Van der Waals Equation
To account for the behaviour of real gases it is necessary to apply suitable corrections to the ideal gas equation, P V = n R T, so
as to make it applicable to real gases. The ideal gas equation was modified by van der Waal who incorporated the idea of finite
molecular volume and intermolecular forces. The modified equation of the state which explains the deviations of real gases from
ideality is known as Van der Waals Equation of state. He applied the following corrections to the ideal gas equation.
Volume correction
The volume occupied by the molecules cannot be neglected in comparison to total volume. This means that the molecules
are not free to move in the whole volume V, but the free volume is less than the observed volume (volume of the
container). In other words, the ideal volume of the gas is less than the observed volume. It was therefore suggested by
van der Waal that a suitable correction term may be subtracted from the observed volume. The correction term for one
mole of gas is b where b is constant depending upon the nature of the gas and independent on temerature and is
known as excluded volume or co-volume . The excluded volume is the volume within which the molecules cannot move.
The co-volume has found to be four times the actual volume of the molecules. Thus, if V be the other volume occupied by
1 mole of the gas, then the volume available to the molecules for the movement i.e. the corrected volume is :
V
corrected
= ( V b ) for one mole.
V
corrected
= ( V n b ) for n moles of the gas
Magnitude of b
The repulsive interaction between molecules are taken into account by supposing that they cause the molecules to
behave as small but impenetrable spheres. When repulsive forces are dominate the closest distance of two hard sphere
molecules of radius r , and volume V
molecule
=
3
4
r
3
,is 2r so the volume excluded is
3
4
(2r)
3
or 8V
molecule
.The excluded
volume per molecule is half of this volume ,or 4V
molecule
.
b = 4 VN
A
= Excluded Volume of one mole of molecules
Excluded volume is equal to four times the actual volume possessed by one mole of molecules.
Illustration 18:
Calculate molecular diameter of He if b (Van der Waals constant for volumecorrection) for He is 24 mL mol
1
Solution :
b 4 =
Volume occupied by the molecules in one mole of gas
3
4
24 4 N r
3
| |
=
|
\
8
23
3 24
r 1.355 10 cm
22
16 6.023 10
7
= =
| |

|

\
Diameter
8
2 r 2 1.355 10 cm 2.71
= = = .
T
H
E
O
R
Y
Pressure Correction
Some attractive forces do exist between the molecules of real gases . Consider a molecule of a gas in the middle of the
container. The molecule being attracted uniformly by neighbouring molecules. The attractive forces neutralise one
another and there is no resultant pull on the molecule. On the other hand , when a molecule approaches the wall of the
container, it experiences an inward pull as a result of attractive forces exerted by the neighbouring molecules inside the
vessel. Thus, the molecule strikes the wall with lesser force than it would have done if there were no attractive forces.
Therefore, the observed pressure is less than the ideal pressure. Consequently, some correction term should be added to
the observed pressure in order to calculate ideal pressure.
Hence, corrected pressure, P
corrected
is given by : P
corrected
= P + p where P is the observed pressure and p is the correction
term.
Inward attactive force on the gas molecules near the wall is prportional to the concentration and density, hence
i.e.,
2
2
n
p
V
therefore p = a n
2
/ V
2
where a is a constant.
Substituting the values of the corrected pressure and volume in an ideal gas equation, P V = n R T we get,
P corrected =
2
2
| |
+
|
\
n a
P
v
2
2
n a
P (V nb) nRT
V
| |
+ =
|
\
Ven der waals equation
The constants a and b are also called van der Waals constants for pressure correction and volume correction,
respectively.
Significance and units of a and b
The constants a and b are called Van der Waals constants and their values depend upon the nature of the gas. The
constant a measures the forces of attraction between the molecules of a gas. Greater the value of a greater is the
strength of van der Waals interactions. The value of a for the gas with lower molecular mass such as H
2
and He is quite
low whereas the values of a for gases with high molecular mass is relatively high. It may be noted that the greater the
value of a of a gas also reflects its greater tendency to be liquefied. Therefore, the gases having higher values of a will
be easily liquefied. For example most of the aromatic compounds like benzene, phenols etc. exist is liquid state at normal
conditions of T & P because of their higher molar mass.
The constant b relates to incompressible volume of molecules and measures the effective size of gas molecules. It may
be noted that b is not equal to actual volume of the molecule but it is four times the actual volume of molecules.
Units of a and b
We know : P = a n
2
/ V
2
or a = P V
2
/ n
2
=
2
2
(pressure ) (volume )
( moles)
Therefore the units of a are atm L
2
moL
2
Similarly, V = n b or b = (V / n)
Therefore , the units of b are L mol
1
2.8.4 Application of Van der Waals Equation
Exceptional Behaviour of H
2
and He
The behaviour of H
2
and He is exceptional because the compressibility factor always increases with increase in pressure.
This is due to the fact that a for hydrogen and helium are very small indicating that forces of attraction in these gases
are very weak. Therefore, (an
2
/ V
2
) is negligible at all pressures so that Z is always greater than one.
In their case we can take a o
Van der Waals equation for them becomes
m
P(V b) RT = or
m
PV Pb
Z 1
RT RT
= = +
Illustration 19:
Calculate the temperature of gas if it obeys van der Waals equation from the following data :
A flask of 25 L contains 10 mole of a gas under 50 atm. Given a = 5.46 atm L
2
mol
2
and b = 0.031 L mol
1
.
Solution :
According to van der Waals equation for n moles of gas
2
2
n a
P [V nb] nRT
V

+ =

P 50 atm = , V 25 L, n 10 = =
2 2 1
a 5.46atm L mol , b 0.031 L mol

= =
100 5.46
50 [25 10 0.031] 10 0.0821 T
625

+ =

T 1529.93K 1256.93 C = =
Van der Waals equation in low or moderate pressure
At moderate pressure volume is very high only attractive forces are effective because it is long ranged forces. Hence
volume correction can be neglected because it is effective only at high pressure.
( )
m m
V b V

( )
m 2
m
a
P V RT
V
| |
+
|
\
m
m
a
PV RT
V
+
m
m
a
PV RT
V

m
m
PV a
1
RT V RT

i.e.
m
a
Z 1
V RT

Van der Waals equation in high pressure
At high pressure molecules are close enough hence repulsive forces dominates the attractive forces.Hence a can be
neglected.
2
m
a
P P
v
| |
+
|
\
( )
m
P V b RT
m
PV RT Pb +
m
PV Pb
1
RT RT
+
Pb
Z 1+
RT
T
H
E
O
R
Y
Section - 2.9 Critical State
In chemistry, a critical point, also called a critical state, specifies the conditions (temperature, pressure and sometimes composition)
at which a phase boundary ceases to exist. As the critical temperature is approached, the properties of the gas and liquid phases
approach one another, resulting in only one phase at the critical point: a homogeneous supercritical fluid. The heat of vaporization
is zero at and beyond this critical point, so there is no distinction between the two phases. Above the critical temperature a liquid
cannot be formed by an increase in pressure.At and above critical temperature the sample has a single phase that occupies the
entire volume of the container such a phase is by definition a gas. The single phase that fills the entire volume when T is greater
than T
C
may be much denser than we normally consider typical of gases, and the name supercitical fluid is preferred. At critical
point transition from liquide to gaseous state (or vice versa) takes place and thus it is not possible to state whether the substance
is in gaseous form or in the liqude form.In fact both the states becomes indistinguishable at the critical point.The surface of
separation disappeares.At this point the various physical properties such as density ,refractive index ,etc have identical values
for both the states.
Some important data about the critical point can be understood from the P-V diagram of real gases
The P-V diagram for a real gas looks as follows

Family of P-v isotherms for a pure component

V

E

F

G

P

Bubble Point

Dew Point

In this case temperature is being held constant and gas is undergoing an isothermal compression process. Starting at E (all-
vapor condition), an increase in pressure will result in a significant reduction in volume since the gas phase is compressible. If
we keep compressing isothermally, we will end up at point F, where the gas will be saturated and the first droplet of liquid will
appear. We have come to the two-phase condition, where liquid (L) and vapor (V) co-exist in equilibrium, for the first time,
While we keep on compressing by decreasing the volume (path F-G) the pressure of the system remains constant; this condition
continues until all the vapor has become liquid. Point G represents the last condition of liquid and vapor coexistence. Once we
have only liquid, if we keep on compressing we will observe a rapid increase in pressure, as indicated by the steep slope in the
P-V diagram. This is because liquid is virtually incompressible.

Family of P-v isotherms for a pure component
V
P
1

P
2

P
3

P4
P
5

PC
P
Critical Point
Critical Isotherm (T = T
C
)
T
5
T
4
T
3
T
2
T
2
Point F, where only a tiny quantity of liquid exists in an otherwise completely gaseous system is the dew point of the system at
the given temperature. Similarly, Point G is the bubble point; where only an infinitesimally small bubble of vapor exists in an
otherwise liquid system.
Now, if we want to generate all the possible points that make up the vapor pressure curve We would end up with a family of
isotherms (each similar to the one presented in the above figure. This is represented in the following Figure.

P-v Diagram And Phase Envelope Of A Pure Substance
V
P
Bubble Point Line
Liquid
Region
Critical Point
Vapor Region
Dew Point Line
Two-Phase
Region
The zone where the isotherms become flat delineates the two-phase region.
If we now draw a line through all the bubble points in the above Figure, and then draw a line connecting all the dew points, we
will end up with the bubble point curve and the dew point curve, respectively. It is clear that the two curves meet at the critical
point (P
c
, T
c
).
If we carefully follow the trend of the critical isotherm we will realize that it has a point of inflexion (change of curvature) at the
critical point. Furthermore, the critical point also represents the maximum point (apex) of the P-V envelope. Mathematically, this
information is conveyed by the expressions:
2
2
,
,
0
| | | |
= =
| |
\
\

C C
C CB
P T
P T
P P
V dV
which are usually known as the criticality conditions. These conditions are always satisfied at the critical point.
Van der Waals equation in cubic form:
For one mol,
( )
m 2
m
a
P V b RT
V
| |
+ =
|
\
, opening the brackets
m 2
m m
a ab
PV Pb RT
V V
+ =
Multiplying through out by
2
m
V
3 2 2
m m m m
PV PbV aV ab RTV 0 + =
Dividing through out by P
3 2 2 m
m m m
aV ab RT
V bV V 0
P P P
+ =
3 2 m
m m
aV RT ab
V b V 0
P P P
| |
+ + =
|
\
At critical point the equation becomes a perfect cube.
( )
3
m c
V -V =0
3 2 2 3
m m c m c c
V 3V V +3V W V =0
comparing coefficients of similar terms in both the equations coefficient of
3
m
V 1=1
T
H
E
O
R
Y
of
2
3 = +
m c
RT
V V b
P
coefficient of
2
3 =
m c
a
V V
P
constant term
3
=
c
ab
V
P
Solving for P
c
, V
c
and T
c
we get
3 =
c
V b
2
27
=
c
a
P
b
8
27
=
c
a
T
Rb
which is the cribical point at critical point the compressibility factor (Z) for any real gas will be 3/8 i.e., less than 1.
Illustration 20:
The critcal constant for water are 374C, 218 atm and 0.0566 L mol
1
. Calculate a, b and R.
Solution :
Given that,
c
T 374 C 647K = = ,
1
c c
P 218 atm, V 0.0566L mol
= =
1 C
V 0.0566
b 0.0189 L mol
3 3
= = =
2 2
C C
a 3P V 3 218 (0.0566) = = =
2.095
L
2
atm mol
1
1 1 C C
C
P V 8 8 218 0.0566
R 0.0508L atm K mol
3 T 3 647

= = =
Van der Waals equation in virial form

Any equation which can be written in
m
2 3
m m m
PV B C D
A ......
RT V V V
= + + + +
or PVm = RT(1 + Bp + Cp2 +........) are called as its virial form
where 1
st
virial coefficient = A
2
nd
virial coefficient = B
3rd virial coefficent = C and so on. These coefficients are temperature dependent.The first virial coefficient is 1 ,the third
coefficient C is less important than the second coefficient B. We can use the virial equation to demonstrate the important
point that although the equation of state of a real gas may concide the perfect gas law as p approaches zero,not all the
properties necessarily coincide with those of a perfect gas in that limit.Consider fo example the value of dZ/dp. The slope
of the graph of compression factore against pressure.for a perfect gas dZ/dp = 0 (becaose Z =1 at all pressure), but for a
real gas from above equation we get
dZ/dp = B + apC +....... approaches B as we decreases pressure.
however B is not necessarily approached with the perfect gas values at low pressure.
Because the virial coefficients are temperature dependent ,there may be a temperature at which Z approaches 1with zero
slope at low pressure or high molar volume.At this temperature ,which is called the Boyl temprature T
B
,the properties of
the real gas do coincide with of a perfect gas as pressure approaches zero over a more extended range of pressure than
at other temperature because the first term after 1 in the virial equation is zero and remaining terms are negligible. For
helium gas T
B
is 22.64 K, for air it is 346.8 K. At Boyle temperature B = 0.
Van der Waals equation is
( )
m 2
m
a
P V b RT
V
| |
+ =
|
\

2
m m
a RT
P
V b V
| |
+ =
|

\
2
m m
RT a
P
V b V
=
m
m
m m
RTV a
PV
V b V
=
m m
m m
PV V a
RT V b V
=
m m
m m
PV V a
RT V b V RT
=

m
m
m
PV 1 a
b
RT V RT
1
V
| |
|
|
=
|
|
\
2 3 4
1
1 x x x x ...
1 x

= + + + + +

Using the above mathematical result we can write
2 3 4
2 3 4
m m m m
m
1 b b b b
1 ......
b
V V V V
1
V
= + + + + +
Substituing the above equation in

m
m
m
PV 1 a
b
RT V RT
1
V
=
we can write
2 3
m
2 3
m m m
PV b b b
1 .....
RT V V V
= + + + +
m
a
V RT
Collecting both the

m
1
V
terms we can write
2 3
m
2 3
m m m
PV a 1 b b
1 b ....
RT RT V V V
| |
= + + + +
|
\
Comparing it with the actual virial equation. We can see that the second virial coefficient is
a
b
RT
| |
|
\
, and this becomes
zero at boyles temperature
B
a
b 0
RT
= or
B
a
T
Rb
=
As we have discussed that at low pressure dZ/dp = B =
a
b
RT
| |
|
\
which is the initial slope of the plot of Z versus p.
Now if b is greater than a/RT, the initial slope is positive and the size effect (b-factore) will dominate the behavior of the
gas.However if b is less than a/RT ,the initial slope is negative and the effect of attractive forces will dominate.Thus the
Van der Waals equations ,which includes both the effect of size and of intermolecular forces, can interpret both the
positive and negative slopes of the Z versus p plots.If the temperature is low enough, the term a/RT will be larger than
b and so the initial slope of Z versus p is negative. As the temperature rises, a/RT becomes smaller and at a suffcient high
temperature it becomes less than b, and the initial slpoe of Z versus p turns positive.
T
H
E
O
R
Y

Compressibility Factor of Air
Temperature range 250 1000C
0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

Pressure, Bars

0.90

0.95

1.00

1.05

1.10

1.15

1.20

1.25

1.30

Z

250 K
300 K
350 K
400 K
450 K
500 K
600 K
800 K
1000 K

N
2
CH
4
He

All at 300 K

Pressure, bar

200K
300K
600K

300
0

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Z

CH
4
at 3 temperatures
600

600

300
0

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Z

Pressure, bar

Van der Waals equation in reduced form
An important general technique in science for comparing the properties of objects is to choose a related fundamental
property of the same kind and to set up a relative scale on that basis.We have seen that the critical constants are
charectristic properties of gases, so it may be that a scale can be set up by using them as yardsticks.We therefore
introduce the dimensionless reduced variables of a gas by dividing the actual variable by the corresponding critical
constant.
If the reduced pressure of a gas is given , we can easily calculate its actual pressure by using p = p
r
p
c
and like wise
for the volume and temperature. Van der Waals, who first tried this procedure ,hoped that gases confined to the same
reduced volume at the same reduced temperature would exert the same reduced pressure. The hope was largely
fulfilled. The observation that real gases at the same reduced volume and reduced temperature exert the same reduced
pressure is called principle of corresponding states.The principle is only an approximation .It works best for gases
composed of spherical molecules; it fails, sometimes badly, when the molecules are non - spherical or polar.
i.e., Reduced variable
Actual variable
Critical constant
=
m
r r r
C C
V P T
P V T
P V T
= = =
or
r c m r c r C
P P P V V V T T T = = =
Putting the three values of P, V and T in Van der Waals equation for 1 mol of gas
( )
m 2
m
a
P V b RT
V
| |
+ =
|
\
( )
r C r C r C 2 2
r C
a
P P VV b RT T
V V
+ =
By putting the values of
C C 2
a
P V 3b
27b
= = and
C
8a
T
27Rb
= in the above equation
( )
r r r 2 2
r
a a a
P 3V b 1 8T
27Rb 27b V 9b
| |
+ =
|
\
r
v r 2
r
8T 3 1
P V
3 3 V
| |
| |
+ =
| |
\
\
This is the reduced form of gas equation one notable feature of this equation is, it is independence of a and b unlike
Van der Waals equation.
i.e., if isotherms are plotted in terms of the reduced variables same curves are obtained, whatever may be the gas. This
is precisely the content of the principle of corresponding states ,so the van der waals equationis compatible with it.
The importance of the principle is then not so much its theoretical interpretation but the way that it enables the
properties of a range of gasesto be coordinated on to a single diagram, for example graph
2.9.1 Effect of temperature Ven der Wals Gas Equation
1 =
m
a
Z
V RT
or 1 = +
Pb
Z
RT
as T
(high temperature) as
T
(high temperature)

m
a
V RT
0
b
RT
1 = Z 1 = Z
i.e., real gas apporaches ideal gas from both sides similarly we can check for low pressure condition also.
1 =
m
a
Z
V RT
1 = +
Pb
Z
RT
as
0 P
as
0 P
m
V
1 Z
0
m
a
V RT
1 = Z
In-Chapter Exercise - 2
*1. NH
3
gas is liquefied more easily than N
2
, thereby
(a) Van der Waals constant a and b of NH
3
is higher than that of N
2
(b) Van der Waals constant a and b of NH
3
is less than that of N
2
(c) a of NH
3
> a of N
2
, but b of NH
3
< b of N
2
(d) a of NH
3
< a of N
2
, but b of NH
3
> b of N
2
*2. A mixture of O
2
and He kept in a container at 27C. Which of the following statements is/are correct?
(a) O
2
molecule will hit the wall of the container with smaller average speed as compared to He
(b) O
2
molecules will hit the wall of the container with greater average speed as compared to He
(c) O
2
molecule will hit the wall of the container with the greater kinetic energy as compared to He
(d) O
2
molecule will hit the wall of the container with equal kinetic energy as compared to He
3. The average speed of an ideal gas molecule at 27C is 0.3 ms
1
. Calculate average speed at 927C?
(a) 0.6 ms
1
(b) 6 ms
1
(c) 60 ms
1
(d) 8 ms
1
4. The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from 140 K to 560 K. If at 140 K the root mean square velocity of the gas
molecules is V, at 560 K it becomes
(a) 5 V (b) 2 V (c) V/2 (d) V/4
5. The density of oxygen at S.T.P. is 0.00143 g/mL. Find the rms velocity, average velocity and most probable velocity.
T
H
E
O
R
Y
Solved Examples
ci se
Example 1:
1 litre flask contains Nitrogen, water vapour and a small amount of liquid water at a pressure of 200 mm Hg. If this is
connected to another 1 litre evacuated flask, what will be the final pressure of gas mixture at equilibrium? Assume the
temperature to be 323 K. Aqueous tension of water at 323K is 93 mm Hg.
Solution :
Initial pressure due to water vapour in the tube = 93 mm
Initial pressure due to nitrogen in the tube = 200 93 mm = 107 mm
Final pressure of the gas is
1 1 2 2
(Initial) (Final)
P V P V =
1 1
2
2
PV 107 1
P 53.5mm
V 2
= = =
Final pressure of water vapour = 93 mm (Since liquid water will vapourise and vapour pressure of water will remain
constant, so long temperature is constant). Thus total pressure of the mixture = 53.5 + 93 = 146.5 mm
Example 2:
A bulb of unknown volume V contains an ideal gas at a pressure of 1 atm. This bulb was connected to another
evacuated bulb of 0.5 litre volume through a stop cock. When the stop cock is opened the pressure at each bulb
became 530 mm of mercury. Find the value of V. Assume that the temperature remains constant.
Solution :
Initial volume of the gas = V litre
Final volume of the gas = V + 0.5 litres
Initial pressure of the gas = 1 atm = 760 mm
Final pressure of the gas = 530 mm
Since temperature is constant
1 1 2 2
(Initial) (Final)
P V P V =
Thus 760 V = 530 (V + 0.5)
760
V 0.5 V
530
+ =
V + 0.5 = 1.434V
0.434 V = 0.5
V = 1.152 litres
Example 3:
When 4 g of gaseous substance X is introduced into an initially evacuated flask kept at 25C, the pressure is found to
be 1 atm. The flask is evacuated and 6 g of y is introduced. The pressure is found to be 0.5 atm at 25C. Calculate the ratio
of
x
y
M
M
(M - molecular weight).
Solution :
m
PV RT
M
=
y
x x
y x y
M
P m
P M m
=
(V, R and T constant)
y
x
M
1 4
0.5 M 6
=
x
y
M 4 0.5 1
M 6 3
= =
Example 4:
A mixture of gases consists of 20% N, 30% O
2
and 50% He (all V/V) at 760 mm of Hg. What is the partial pressure of each
gas?
Solution :
Say total volume is 100 litres
Total pressure is 760 mm
Since the gases are kept at same pressure and same temperature
Volume percent = mole percent (Avogadros Law)
Further Partial pressure of a gas =
Total numberof moles
No. of moles of the gas
Total pressure
Thus
2
N
20
P 760 152mmof Hg
100
= =
2
O
30
P 760 228mmof Hg
100
= =
He
50
P 760 388mmof Hg
100
= =
Example 5:
The rate of effusion of two gases a and b under similar conditions of pressure and temperature are found to be in the
ratio of 2 : 1. Calculate the ratio of r. m.s. velocity of their molecules if Ta and Tb are in the ratio of 2 : 1.
Solution :
We know according to Grahams Law of diffusion
a b
b a
r M 2
r M 1
= =
Further,
rms
T
U
M
Thus
rms(a)
b a
rms(b) a b
U
M T
.
U M T
=
2 2
.
1 1
= Thus U
rms (a)
: U
rms (b)
=
2 2 :1
S
O
L
V
E
D
E
X
A
M
P
L
E
S
Example 6:
0.15 amperes current is passed for 150 minutes in an electrolyte. The mass of metal deposited was 0.783 g. If atomic mass
of the metal is 112, calculate equivalent mass and valency of metal in the salt.
Solution :
Since, Q = I t = 0.15 150 60 C = 1350 coulombs. Now 1350 coulombs of electricity deposit = 0.783 g metal
Example 7:
When a certain quantity of oxygen was ozonised in a suitable apparatus the volume decreased by 4 ml on addition of
turpentine the volume further decreased by 8 ml. All volume were measured at the same temperature and pressure. From
these data find out the formula of ozone.
Solution :
Let the formula of ozone is On. The initial volume of oxygen is a ml.
2 n
nO 2O
Initial volume a ml 0
Volume after the reaction (a nx) ml 2x ml
Total volume of (ozone + oxygen) = (a nx + 2x) ml

After the reaction according to condition
a (a nx + 2x) = 4 ...(i)
nx 2x = 4
Since the turpentine oil absorbs the ozone gas, on addition of turpentine oil volume decrease by 8 ml it means volume of
ozone in ozonised oxygen is 8 ml.
therefore, 2x = 8
x = 4 ml
on solving we get n = 3
formula of ozone is O
3
Example 8:
10 ml of a mixture of CH
4
, C
2
H
4
and CO
2
was exploded with excess of air. After explosion there was a contraction of
17 ml and after treatment with KOH there was a further reduction of 14 ml. What was the composition of the mixture?
(Volume measurement refer to the same P-T conditions)
Solution :
In the explosion the reactant CO
2
does not change while CH
4
and C
2
H
4
changes to CO
2
and H
2
O.
Let the volume of CH
4
= x ml. Volume of C
2
H
4
= y ml
volume of CO2 = (10 x y) ml

4 2 2 2
2 4 2 2 2
CH (g) + 2O (g) CO (g) + 2H O(g)
1ml 2ml 1ml 2ml
x ml 2x ml x ml 2x ml
C H (g) 3O (g) 2CO (g) 2H O(g)
1ml 3ml 2ml 2ml
yml 3yml 2yml 2yml
+ +
Since after the explosion there was contraction 17 ml. It means when the explosion takes place at that time water is in
gaseous form after the explosion water vapours converted into liquid form and the volume of liquid water assumed to
be zero.
2x + 2y = 17 ...(i)
Since KOH absorbs CO
2
gas when the gaseous mixture is treated with KOH further reduction in volume is 14 ml,
therefore volume of CO
2
in gaseous mixture is 14 ml.
10 x y + x + 2y = 14 ...(ii)
10 + y = 14
y = 4 ml
on putting y = 4 in equation (i) we get,
x = 4.5
Volume of CH
4
= 4.5 ml
Volume of C
2
H
4
= 4.0 ml
Volume of CO
2
= (10 4 4.5) = 1.5 ml
Example 9:
10 mL of a gaseous hydrocarbon was burnt completely in 80 mL of O
2
at NTP. The remaining gas occupied 70 mL at NTP.
This volume became 50 mL on treatment with KOH solution.. What is the formula of the hydrocarbon?
Solution :
Let the hydrocarbon Be C
x
H
y
.
We know that the hydrocarbon on combustion gives CO
2
and H
2
O. As said in the beginning, since the volume occupied
by water is neglected, we have,
Volume of CO
2
produced + unreacted O
2
= 70 mL and
Volume of unreacted O
2
(CO
2
absorbed by KOH) = 50 mL.
Volume of O
2
reacted with 10 mL of hydrocarbon = (80 50) mL = 30 mL
and volume of CO
2
produced by 10 Ml of hydrocarbon and 20 mL of O
2
= (70 50) mL = 20 mL.
Now the reaction is
C
x
H
y
+ O
2
CO
2
+ H
2
O
10 mL 30 mL 20 mL
or 10 moles 30 moles 20 moles
Applying POAC for O atoms, we get,
2 moles of O
2
= 2 moles of CO
2
+ 1 moles of H
2
O
2 30 = 2 20 + moles of H
2
O
moles of H
2
O = 20
Applying POAC for C atoms, we get
x moles of C
x
H
y
= 1 moles of CO
2
x 10 = 1 20
x = 2
Applying POAC for H atoms,
y moles of C
x
H
y
= 2 moles of H
2
O
y 10 = 2 20
y = 4
The formula of the hydrocarbon is C
2
H
4
.
S
O
L
V
E
D
E
X
A
M
P
L
E
S
Example 10:
16 mL of a hydrocarbon gas was exploded with excess of oxygen. On cooling, the volume of the resulting gaseous mixture
was reduced by 48 mL. When KOH was added, there was a further decrease of 48 mL in the volume. Find the molecular
formula of the compound.
Solution :
Since water vapour condenses to practically zero volume of water, the decrease in volume on cooling is the volume of
water vapour. CO
2
is absorbed by KOH and so volume of CO
2
is equal to 48 mL.
Thus,
C
x
H
y
(Say) + O
2
CO
2
+ H
2
O
16 mL 48 mL 48 mL
or 16 moles 48 moles 48 moles
Since C and H are completely converted to CO
2
and H
2
O respectively, applying POAC for C and H atoms we get
respectively,
x moles of C
x
H
y
= 1 moles of CO
2
16 x = 48.

x = 3
y moles of C
x
H
y
= 2 moles of H
2
O
16 y = 2 48

y = 6
Hence, the formula of the hydrocarbon is C
3
H
6
.
Exercises
Level - 1
Single Choice Questions
1. A gas is found to have a formula (CO)
x
. If its vapour denisty of 70, the value of x is
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 6
2. 4.4 g of CO
2
contains how many litre of CO
2
at S.T.P.?
(a) 2.4 L (b) 2.24 L (c) 44 L (d) 22.4 L
3. The temperature of 20 litre of Nitrogen was increased from 100 K to 300 K at a constant pressure. The change in volume
will be
(a) 80 litre (b) 60 litre (c) 40 litre (d) 20 litre
4. At a constant pressure, what should be the percentage increase in the temperature in kelvin for a 10% decrease in
volume?
(a) 10% (b) 20% (c) 5% (d) 50%
5. Equal mass of methane and hydrogen are mixed in an empty container at 250C. The fraction of total pressure exerted by
hydrogen is
(a)
1
2
(b)
8
9
(c)
1
9
(d)
16
17
6. 32 g of oxygen and 3 g of hydrogen are mixed and kept in a vessel of 760 mm pressure and 0C. The total volume occupied
by the mixture will be nearly.
(a) 22.4 litre (b) 11.2 litre (c) 44.8 litre (d) 56 litre
7. A gas is found to have a density of 1.80 g/litre at 1 atm pressure and 27C. The gas will be
(a) N
2
(b) CO (c) CO
2
(d) SO
0
8. The ratio of the root mean square velocity of H
2
at 50 K and that of O
2
at 800 K is
(a) 4 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 1/4
9. The average velocity of gas molecule is 400 m/s. The rms velocity at the same temperature will be
(a) 550 m/s (b) 434 m/s (c) 750 m/s (d) 350 m/s
10. The translational kinetic energy of 80 g methane at 127C will be (R = 2 Cal K
1
mol
1
)
(a) 6 kcal (b) 96 kcal (c) 1.905 kcal (d) 3.048 kcal
11. The ratio (a/b) (a and b being the van der Waals constants of real gases) has the dimensions of
(a) atm mol
1
(b) L mol
1
(c) atm L mol
1
(d) atm L mol
2
12. Which is not true in case of an ideal gas?
(a) It can be converted into a liquid at high pressure (b) There is no interaction between the molecules
(c) All molecules of the gas move with same speed
(d) At a given temperature PV is proportional to the amount of the gas.
13. Air contains 79% N
2
and 21% O
2
by volume. If the barometric pressure is 750mm Hg the partial pressure of oxygen is
(a) 157.7mmofHg (b) 175.5mmofHg (3)315.0mmofHg (d) None
14. At what temperature will be total kinetic energy (KE) of 0.30 mole of He be the same as the total KE of 0.40 mole of Ar at
400K
(a) 400K (b) 373 K (c) 533K (d) 300 K
E
X
E
R
C
I
S
E
S
Multiple Choice Questions
15. The correct relation is
(a) C
8a
T
27Rb
=
(b) C 2
a
P
27b
=
(c)
C
V 3b = (d)
C C
C
P V 3
RT 8
=
16. The correct statement(s) regarding compressibility factor (Z) is/are
(a) For ideal gas, Z = 1 (b) If Z > 1 then gases are more compressible
(c) If Z < 1 then gases are less compressible (d) For real gas, Z
1
17. Which is/are correct for molecular speed of gases?
(a)
rms
2PV
u
M
= (b)
rms av
u u > (c)
u u
mp av
>
(d)
mp
8RT
u
M
=
18. Regarding H
2
gas, the correct statement(s) is/are
(a) For H
2
gas, Z > 1 at 273 K
(b) When H
2
gas expands at above inversion temperature, then it shows heating effect
(c) The critical temperature of H
2
gas is very high
(d) The value of vander Waals constant a is very low for H
2
Subjective Type Questions
19. 7.5 mL of a gaseous hydrocarbon was exploded with 36 mL of oxygen. The volume of gases on cooling was found to be 28.5
mL, 15 mL of which was absorbed by KOH and the rest was absorbed in a solution of alkaline pyrogallol. If all volumes are
measured under the same conditions, deduce the formula of the hydrocarbon.
20. 1 litre of a mixture of CO and CO
2
is taken. This mixture is passed through a tube containing red hot charcoal. The volume
now becomes 1.6 litres. The volumes are measured under the same condition. Find the composition of the mixture by
volume.
Assertion and Reason Type
This section contains 2 questions. Each question contains Statement-1 (Assertion) and Statement-2 (Reason). Each
question has 4 choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of which ONLY ONE is correct.
21. Satateemnt - 1 : A bottle of dry ammonia and a bottle of dry hydrogen chloride connected through a long tube are opened
simultaneously at both ends, the white ammonium chloride ring first formed will be near the hydrogen chloride bottle.
because
Satateemnt - 2 : Rate of diffusion is inversely proportional to molecular mass.
(a) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1
(b) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for Statement-1
(c) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False
(d) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True
Comprehension Type
The Van der Waals equation of state for 1 mole real gas is
2
a
P (V b) RT
V

+ =

The virial equation for 1 mole real gas is as follows:
2 3
x y z
PV RT 1 ... to higher power on n
V V V

= + + +

where x, y and z are constants which are known as second, third and fourth virial coefficients respectively.
The temperature at which real gas obeys ideal gas equation i.e. (PV = nRT) is known as Boyles temperature.
Choose the correct answer :
22. The third virial coefficient of a He gas is 4 10
2
(litre/mole)
2
then what will be volume of 2 mole He gas at NTP?
(a) 44.4 l (b) 44.6 l (c) 44.8 l (d) 45.2 l
23. If the critical temperature of the gas be C
8a
T
27Rb
=
and
B
T is the Boyles temperature, then which of the following is the
correct relation between T
C
and T
B
?
(a) C B
8
T T
27
=
(b) C B
27
T T
8
=
(c) C B
4
T T
27
=
(d)
C B
27
T T
4
=
24. Which of the following is the correct statement about the Boyles temperature (T
B
)?
(a) Temperature at which second virial coefficient becomes zero
(b) Temperature at which first virial coefficient becomes zero
(c) The value of T
B
is equal to
a
Rb
(d) Both (1) & (3)
Matrix Match
25. Column - I Column - II
(A) Force of attraction is dominating (p) Z < 1
(B) Force of repulsion is dominating (q) Z > 1
(C) Volume of gas molecules is negligible (r) PV = RT + Pb
(D) Pressure of CH
4
gas is low (s) PV = RT
a
V

(A) Molar volume of gas (p) Temperature dependent
(B) Translational K.E. of gas molecules (q) Temperature independent
(C) Vapour density of gas (r) Pressure dependent
(D) Density of a gas (s) Pressure independent
Level - 2
Single Choice Questions
1. The internal pressure of one mole of a Van der Waal gas is equal to
(a) zero (b) b
2
(c)
2
a
v
(d)
a
b
RT
2. Solid CO
2
is called dry ice because
(a) at 25C and 1 atm, only solid and vapour phases of CO
2
are in equailibrium
(b) the critical temperature of CO
2
is above 25C
(c) the boiling point of liquid CO
2
is above 100C
(d) the melting point of solid CO
2
is 0C
3. The triple point of water is at
(a) 273.16 K (b) 273.16 K and 760 torr (c) 273.16 K and 4.58 torr (d) 760 torr
4. The ratio of the temperature at which the average velocity of ethane (T
1
) is equal to the root mean square velocity of
benzene (T
2
) is
(a) 0.151 (b) 0.48 (c) 1.0209 (d) 0.389
E
X
E
R
C
I
S
E
S
5. Two separate bulls contain ideal gases A and B respectively. The density of gas A is twice that of gas B and molecular
weight of gas A is half of that of gas B. The ratio of pressure of gas A to that of gas B is
(a) 3 (b) 6 (c) 4 (d) 1
6. Compared to C
2
H
6
, the value of van der Waals constants a and b for He will be
(a) both will be smaller (b) a will be larger but b will be smaller
(c) b will be larger but a will be smaller (d) both will be larger
7. The
rms
v of a gas at 300 K is 30 R
1/2
. The molar mass of the gas,in kg mol
1
, is
(a) 1.0 (b) 1.0 10
1
(c) 1.0 10
2
(d) 1.0 10
3
8. The triple point for water is
(a) unique (b) depends on p but is independent ot T
(c) depends on T but is independent of P (d) depends on both p and T.
9. As per the kinetic theory of ideal gases, which of the following statements is NOT correct?
(a) gas particles have mass but no volume (b) particles are in a Brownian motion between collisions
(c) during the collision, the system does not lose energy
(d) particles exert same force per unit area on all sides of the container
Multiple Choice Questions
10. Which of the following are the characteristics of a real gas?
(a) The molecules attract each other
(b) It obeys the ideal gas law at low temperature and high pressure
(c) The mass of molecule is negligible (d) It shows deviation from the ideal gas law
11. Which statement is correct regarding van der Waals constant a and b?
(a) a is the measure of force of attraction in between the particles
(b) b is the excluded or co-volume of the gas
(c) Higher is the value of a, easier is the liquifaction of the gas
(d) Lower is the value of b, easier is the liquifaction of the gas
12. Which of the following graphs represents Boyles law correctly? (n
1
and n
2
= number of moles)
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
13. Which of the following statement is incorrect ?
(a) At 273C and 1 atm pressure the volume of a given mass of gas will be twice the volume at 0C and 1 atm pressure
(b) At 136.5C and 1 atm. pressure, the volume of a given mass of gas will be half of its volume at 0C and 1 atm
(c) The mass ratio of equal volumes of NH
3
and H
2
S under similar conditions of temperature and pressure is 1 : 2
(d) The molar ratio of equal masses of CH
4
and SO
2
is 1 : 4
Subjective Type Questions
14. The molar volume of helium at 10.1325 MPa and 273 K is 0.011 075 of its molar volume at 101.325 kPa at 273 K. Calculate
the radius of helium atom. The value of a may be neglected.
15. Caculate the pressure exerted by 2 mol of CO
2
(g) confined to 855 cm
3
volume at 300 K using (a) ideal gas equation and (b)
van der Waals equation. Given:
3 1
2
b(CO ) 42.8cm mol
= and
2
2
a(CO ) 3.61L = atm mol
2
.
16. The total pressure of a mixture of H
2
and O
2
is 1.00 bar. The mixture is allowed to react to form water, which is completely
removed to leave only pure H
2
at a pressure of 0.35 bar. Assuming ideal gas behaviour and that all pressure measurements
were made under the same temperature and volume conditions, calculate the composition of the original mixture.
17. A mixture of ethane (C
2
H
6
) and ethene (C
2
H
4
) occupied 35.5 L at 1.0 bar and 405 K. The mixture reacted completely with
110.3 g of O
2
to produce CO
2
and H
2
O. What was the composition of the orgiginal mixture? Assume ideal gas behaviour.
Matrix Match
18. Column II gives the values of critical temperatures of a few gases which are shown in Column I. Identify the gas with the
corresponding T
C
value
Column - I Column - II
(A) H
2
(p) 33.3 K
(B) He (q) 304 K
(C) O
2
(r) 5.3 K
(D) CO
2
(s) 154 K
(t) 647 K
(A) Rate of diffusion (p) Directly proportional to pressure of gas
(B) Partial pressure of gas in closed vessel (q) Directly proportional to mole fraction
(C) Kinetic energy of gas (r) Inversely proportional to square root of molecular mass
(D) Average velocity (s) Increases with temperature
E
X
E
R
C
I
S
E
S
Previous Years IITJEE Questions
1. If a gas is allowed to expand at constant temperature then [I.I.T.1986]
(a) Number, of molecules of the gas decreases (b) Tbe kinetic energy of gas molecules remains the same
(c) The,kinetic energy of gas molecules increases (d) The kinetic energy of gas molecules decreases
2. 3.2g of oxygen (At. wt. = 16) and 0.2 gm of hydrogen (At.wt = 1) are placed in a 1.12 litre flask at 0C. The total pressure
of the gas mixture will be : [IIT 1993]
(a) 1 atm (b) 4 atm (c) 3 at m (d) 2 atm
3. Equal weights of ethane and hydrogen are mixed in an empty container at 25C. The fraction of the total pressure exerted
by hydrogen is : [IIT 1993]
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 1 : 1 (c) 1 : 16 (d) 15 : 16
4. One mole of N
2
O
4
(g) at 300 K is kept in a closed container under one atmospheric pressure. It is heated to 600 K when 20%
by mass of N
2
O
4
(g) decomposes to NO
2
(g). The resultant pressure is [IIT 1996]
(a) 1.2 atm (b) 2.4 atm (c) 2.0 atm (d) 1.0 atm
5. The ratio between the root mean square speed of H
2
at 50 K and that of O
2
at 800 K is [IIT 1996]
(a) 4 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 1/4
6. The compressiblility of a gas is less than unity at STP therefore [IIT 2000]
(a) V
m
> 22.4 litres (b) V
m
< 22.4 litres (c) V
m
= 22.4 litres (d) V
m
= 44.8 litres
7. The root mean square velocity of an ideal gas at constant pressure varies with density (d) as [IIT 2001]
(a) d
2
(b) d (c) d (d)
1
d
8. Which of the following volume (V) - temperature (T) plots represents the behaviour of one mole of an ideal gas at one
atmospheric pressure? [IIT 2004]
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
9. X mL of H
2
gas effuses through a hole in a container in 5 secons. The time taken for the effusion of the same volume of
the gas specified below under identical conditions is [IIT 1996]
(a) 10 second : He (b) 20 seconds : O
2
(c) 25 seconds : CO (d) 55 seconds : CO
2
Answer Key
In-Chapter Exercises - 1
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. % N
2
= 82.5, % O
2
= 17.5 4. 102C
In-Chapter Exercises - 2
1. (c) 2. (a, d) 3. (a) 4. (b)
5. C
rms
= 460.13 m/s, C
avg
= 429.9 m/s, C
MP
= 375.9 m/s
Level - 1
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (d)
7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (a) 11. (c) 12. (c)
13. (a) 14. (c) 15. (a, b, c, d) 16. (a, d) 17. (a, b) 18. (a, b, d)
19. [Ans. C
2
H
4
] 20. [Ans. 0.4 litre] 21. (c) 22. (d) 23. (a) 24. (d)
25. (A) (p, s), (B) (q, r), (C) (p, s), (D) (p, s)
26. (A) (p, r), (B) (p), (C) (q, s), (D) (p, r)
Level - 2
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (c)
7. (a) 8. (d) 9. (b) 10. (a, d) 11. (a, b, c, d) 12. (c)
13. (a, b, d) 14. [Ans.
8
1.34 10 cm 134pm
=
15. [Ans. (a) 57.61 atm, (b) 44.27 atm] 16. [Ans. 0.22]
17. [ Ans.
1
n 0.484mol = and
2
n 0.57 mol = ]
18. (A) (p); (B) (r); (C) (s); (D) (q)
19. (A) (p, q, r); (B) (q, s); (C) (s); (D) (r, s) , s)
Answer Key: Previous Years IITJEE Questions
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (b)
7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (b)

Gaseous State

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Gaseous State

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 2 : Gaseous States

2.1 Ideal Gas 04

Combining all the laws

atm = 0.56 atm

This is Grahams law of effusion

and also Rate of effusion of gas

average translational kinetic energy of a molecule (particle) =

m = Mass 1 molecule of the gas; k

The forces of attraction between gas molecules are negligible.

Van der Waals equation in virial form

Substituing the above equation in

Collecting both the

Total volume of (ozone + oxygen) = (a nx + 2x) ml

volume of CO2 = (10 x y) ml

26. Column - I Column - II

You might also like