Sentence Structure

Introduction
A: B: Emma Name

General Questions

Verb Conjugations Adjective Conjugations Counters and Time

Sentence Structures
Identifying someone or something using

Affirmative
Topic Noun
Mr. Tanaka is a junior

Comment Particle (Topic) Noun Copula Verb

Negative
Topic Noun Particle(Topic) Noun Comment Coupula Verb

Mr/Ms. Suzuki is not an international student

Direct Object Particle

Topic Noun
I will eat lunch

Direct Object Particle

Verb

Destination or Goal Particles and

Destination/Goal Place noun Particle /
I am going home
NOTE: Just use as there are times cannot be used

Verb

Place of Action and Event

Place of Action Noun Particle Verb phrase

I am going to see a movie at the library

Telling the Time Using

Point in Time Time
I will wake up at 6:30

Particle

Using Adverbs to Express Frequency of Actions

Adverb / / / I always/most of the time/sometimes/rarely go to the library Action

Referring to things using

There is a book

Question
Location
Is that a bag?

Asking for and Giving Locations Using And

Asking
Topic Noun Particle Location Location Copula Verb Particle

Where is there a dictionary?

Giving
Topic Noun
The dictionary is

tatement
Location / / Particle Noun

Particle

Noun

Particle

Location Location /

Copula Verb Particle

Describing People and Things Using Adjectives + Noun

Adjectives
Topic
The house is pretty
Note: Drop the if adjective follows

Particle

Adjective

Topic

Particle

Adjective

Noun

The house is a pretty building

Polite form Dictionary Form

Affirmative Form

Negative Form

Adjective+Noun

(famous)

Past Affirmative

Past Negative

Past

Plain Form Dictionary Form

Affirmative Form

Negative Form

Adjective+Noun

(famous)

Past Affirmative

Past Negative

Past

Adjectives
Topic
The house is big

Particle

Adjective

Topic
The house is a big building

Particle

Adjective

Noun

Polite Form Dictionary Form Polite Affirmative Form

Polite Negative Form

Adjective+Noun

Plain Form Dictionary Form Polite Affirmative Form

Polite Negative Form

Adjective+Noun

Describing People, Things and Their Location Using /

Location Noun Place Particle Noun / There is a cat over there/There is a cat in the bank Particle = Living = non-Living

Using and
Particle
Translated as ~isn t it?/right?/correct? Phrase There is a kanji test today right? Particle

Particle
Translated as I tell you or you know. Used when the speaker wishes to emphasize to the listener that they are imparting new information, it can sound authoritative. Question: Phrase Particle

Refering to People, Places and Things using

Question
Topic Adjective Noun

Which building is Suzuki s house?

tatement
Noun

Adjective That is the house.

Using Location Nouns

inside near above Object Place

outside behind to the right of Place Particle

next to front to the left of Location Location Particle

adjacent/next to below

Object Place

Place Particle

Location Location Particle

Referring to things mentioned immediately before, using noun/adjective + (pronoun)

Particle is used to describe ownership, meaning one, or ones.

Noun
Subject Whose is this nice bag? Pronoun Particle

Adjective
Adjective That big one? Particle

Expressing Distance and Duration using the Particles and and the suffix /
(From)
Location From

(Until)
Location To

I went from the house to school. From Time I will study from 6-7 Particle Time To Particle

(by means of, with, by)

Particle
How did you come?

Object
I arrive by bus

Particle

Verb

Object
I saw it on tv

Particle

Verb

(about, approximately)
Time I slept for about 8 hours Particle /

More about Topic Marker Particles and vs. )

Double Particles
Both and Subject Direct Object Place of Action Place of Existence Starting Point may replace

and the Similarity Marker

(Double

(direct object) or

(subject) but they must follow other particles I am a student Mr. Ueda is a student too I drink coffee in the morning I drink juice in the morning, too. I studied in the library I studied in the lab, too There is a cat under the chair There is one on the chair too. I got a phone call from teacher I got one from my friend too

Occasionally some particles such as (point in time) and / (goal) can be erased when easily recoverable from the context, e.g. when noun indicates day of the week. Time Goal / I have a class on Tuesday I have one on Thursday, too. I will go to the hospital tomorrow I will go to the bank too

vs
Particle cannot be used with a question word because it species the topic of a sentence, which is information already known to the speaker. Only use when there is a question word in the comment (the part following the topic).

Particle marks the grammatical subject of a sentence. Always use when the subject is, or contains a question word.

Also use when information about a subject is important or situationally new to the listener and/or speaker. It generally occurs when the speaker introduces a subject just noticed

Once a subject has been mentioned, subsequent sentences

is often used when referring to the same subject in

Using Particles and

Together with, with
Two Nouns First
I studied with my friend

Second

Particle

Verb

And
First Noun Particle Noun Verb

I read the newspaper and magazines

And + more
First Noun Particle Noun Verb

I like reading newspaper, magazines and etc.

To (recipient, target, goal, destination)

Noun
I shall write a letter to my friend

Particle

e.g.

Purpose
can also indicate the purpose for going somewhere. It is used with the verbs . Verb Stem
I m going to eat

Particle

Verb of movement

Note: A sentence can use more than one (going to the library to study)

Using

form
Te-form Te-form

Connecting verbs

From 1 2 I studied, watched tv and ate lunch.

Note: can replace to mean sometimes/occasionally

Connecting Adjectives
Topic Adjective ( ) Adjective ( ) Adjective(normal form)

The building is pretty, big and quiet

Making Requests
To a social inferior:

To a social superior