I.

Introduction Walking and talking, working on the train, always in contact, never out of touchcellphones have dramatically changed the way we live and work. In developing countries, where large-scale landline networks (ordinary telephones wired to the wall) are few and far between, over 90 percent of the phones in use are cellphones. Cellphones (also known as cellular phones and, chiefly in Europe, as mobile phones or mobiles) are radio telephones that route their calls through a network of masts linked to the main public telephone network. Millions of people in the United States and around the world use cellular phones. They are such great gadgets -- with a cell phone, you can talk to anyone on the planet from just about anywhere. These days, cell phones provide an incredible array of functions, and new ones are being added at a breakneck pace. Depending on the cell phone model, you can, store contact information, make task or to-do lists, keep track of appointments and set reminders, use the built-in calculator for simple math, send or receive e-mail, get information (news, entertainment, stock quotes) from the Internet, play games, watch TV, send text messages, integrate other devices such as PDAs, MP3 players and GPS receivers.

II. How Cell Phones Have Changed Our Lives Cellular phones have had a major impact on our lives and the way that we perform everyday tasks. Many of these changes are apparent, while others we may not even be aware of. Cell phones have brought a whole new meaning to the term multitasking.

Cell phones have also enabled families to keep in closer touch with each other.

Many of these advantages we do not even notice. Have you ever arrived at the grocery store and realized that you have forgotten your grocery list? The first thing you would probably do is to call home and have one of your children read the list off to you. In the same situation in past years, you may have forgotten things or have had to drive all the way back home to get it. If your car breaks down, you automatically call for help instead of having to walk to find a pay phone. Cell phones have certainly made our lives much more convenient. Cell phones have also changed the way that people interact with each other. One of the greatest disadvantages of the cellular phones is the fact that we do not talk to strangers when travelling anymore. Cell phones are a great asset in aiding in our everyday lives. You should remember, however, to hang up every once in a while and pay attention to the world around you.

III. History of Cell Phones

1873: British physicist James Clerk Maxwell (18311879) published the theory of electromagnetism, explaining how electricity can make magnetism and vice-versa.

1876: Scottish-born inventor Alexander Graham Bell (18471922) developed the first telephone while living in the United States (though there is some dispute about whether he was actually the original inventor).

Later, Bell developed something called a "photophone" that would send and receive phone calls using light beams. It was really a distant ancestor of the mobile phone.

1888: German physicist Heinrich Hertz (18571894) made the first electromagnetic radio waves in his lab.

1894: British physicist Sir Oliver Lodge (18511940) sent the first message using radio waves in Oxford, England.

1899: Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi (18741937) sent radio waves across the English Channel. By 1901. Marconi had sent radio waves across the Atlantic, from Cornwall in England to Newfoundland.

1906: American engineer Reginald Fessenden (18661932) became the first person to transmit the human voice using radio waves. He sent a message 11 miles from a transmitter at Brant Rock, Massachusetts to ships with radio receivers in the Atlantic Ocean.

1920s: Emergency services began to experiment with cumbersome radio telephones.

1940s: Mobile radio telephones started to become popular with emergency services and taxis.

1946: AT&T and Southwestern Bell introduced their Mobile Telephone System (MTS) for sending radio calls between vehicles.

1960s: Bell Laboratories (Bell Labs) developed Metroliner mobile cellphones on trains.

1973: Martin Cooper (1928) of Motorola made the first cellphone call using his 28-lb prototype DynaTAC phone.

1975: Cooper and his colleagues were granted a patent for their radio telephone system.

1978: Analog Mobile Phone System (AMPS) was introduced in Chicago by Illinois Bell and AT&T.

1982: European telephone companies agree a worldwide standard for how cellphones will operate, which is named Groupe Speciale Mobile and later Global System for Mobile (GSM) telecommunications.

1984: Motorola DynaTAC becomes the worlds first commercial handheld cellphone. You can see a picture of it.

1995: GSM and a similar system called PCS (Personal Communications Services) were adopted in the United States.

2001: GSM had captured over 70 percent of the world cellphone market. 2000s: Third-generation (3G and 3.5G) cellphones were launched, featuring faster networks, Internet access, music downloads, and many more advanced features based on digital technology.

IV. Equipments and Devices A cell-phone tower is typically a steel pole or lattice structure that rises hundreds of feet into the air. This cell-phone tower along I-85 near Greenville, SC, is typical in the United States.

This is a modern tower with three different cell-phone providers riding on the same structure. If you look at the base of the tower, you can see that each provider has its own equipment, and you can also see how little equipment is involved today (older towers often have small buildings at the base.

Here is the equipment owned by one of the providers.

The box houses the radio transmitters and receivers that let the tower communicate with the phones. The radios connect with the antennae on the tower through a set of thick cables.

If you look closely, you will see that the tower and all of the cables and equipment at the base of the tower are heavily grounded. For example, the plate in this shot with the green wires bolting onto it is a solid copper grounding plate.

One sure sign that multiple providers share this tower is the amazing five-way latch on the gate. Any one of five people can unlock this gate to get in.

Cell-phone towers come in all shapes and sizes, but I do believe this one in Morrisville, North Carolina, is one of the weirdest looking.

V. How Does a Mobile Phone works?

Cell phones work based on the concept of cell networking. Basically, cellular providers have huge networks of cell stations that are spread out across the world. Cell sites are usually most concentrated in highly populated areas and along highly travelled roads. Individual cell phones communicate with these cell sites via radio waves. The cell sites are often located on top of tall buildings, on top of raised terrain such as mountains or on man-made towers. The cell sites are, in turn, connected to

a wired communication grid of some kind. In the United States, that grid is called the public switched telephone network. This allows cell phone users to contact any phone number anywhere in the world as long as they are close enough to.

A. For Making a Call Scan Channels: A scan for the closest cell site near you

is made, so that you can get the strongest signals possible due to your location at the moment. Send Message: The phone then sends a short message to the cell site verifying the MIN, ESN, and the number that you have just entered to call. Assign Channel: After verifying the above information and your number, the base assigns a message to your phone, telling it where the conversation is. Talk: The phone then gets on that channel and begins to ring.

B. For Sending SMS

1.

SMS is Wireless Data When a mobile phone user sends a message using the short message

service (SMS) feature, the initial process is very similar to other uses of the mobile handset. The mobile phone user enters text on the phone's keyboard, and the phone's operating system interprets the input to create meaningful text messages. Software built into the phone translates the text input into small packets of data suitable for transmission over radio waves, encodes the data using the mobile carrier's proprietary encoding method and sends the message to a nearby cellular phone tower.

2.

Messages Pass Through the SMSC. When a user sends a text message from a mobile phone, a nearby

cellular tower receives the message, converts it from radio waves to electronic data and transfers it to a Short Message Service Center (SMSC). Most cell stations are not capable of processing an SMS message themselves; instead, they must forward the message to another device charged with the responsibility of routing the message. The SMSC, built into the operation of the cell station itself, serves the purpose of accepting the message and forwarding it on for processing.

3. SMSC Forwards Messages to the GMSC.

When a cell site based Short Message Service Center forwards a message for processing, the entity where the message is forwarded is known as a Gateway Message Service Center, or GMSC. The GMSC operates at a higher hierarchical level than the SMSC, and generally serves as a contact point for transferring messages from one carrier's network to another. The GMSC uses a number of mobile network-based applications and databases to route the SMS message to its proper destination. Using information contained in the Signalling System Seven (SS7) headers of the message, the GMSC queries a proprietary database to determine which carrier and which region should receive the SMS message for processing. If the message must be routed to another carrier's network, the GMSC contacts that carrier's network equipment and forwards the message. If the message is destined for

another subscriber on the GMSC's own network, the device determines which cell site should receive the message and forwards it accordingly.

4. Cell Site SMSCs Deliver Messages to Recipients.

When the SMS message arrives at a cell site after being forwarded by the GMSC, it is first processed by the site's Short Message Service Center. If the SMSC determines that the destination device is available, it encodes the message into a radio transmission format, applies the proprietary headers that ensure the message is delivered to the correct subscriber and forwards the message for transmission by the cell tower. If the subscriber is not available, the SMSC stores the message for delivery when the subscriber's device is turned on or becomes available.

VI. Limitations of Cell Phones Unfortunately, cell phones are a relatively short-range form of communication. Most cell phones cannot transmit any further than roughly 8 miles. This means that a cell phone that is located farther than 8 miles away from the nearest cell site will not receive service. In most urban areas and more populated areas, there are plenty of cell sites, so coverage is not an issue. In more rural areas, however, many cell phones will not be able to place calls because of the fact that there is no cell site within range.

VII.

References http://peacecraft.tripod.com/infomining/cellphon.htm http://www.howstuffworks.com/cell-phone.htm

A Written Report Presented to:

Mr. Genson Mendoza

Mobile Phone
In partial fulfilment of the Requirements for Data Communication

By:

Aseo, Joyce Naomie Gracia M. Ramos, Joven R. Razos Maureen A.

BSCS III March 17, 2011