http://en.wikipedia.

org/wiki/Information_technology

Information technology (IT) is the acquisition, processing, storage and dissemination of vocal, pictorial, textual and numerical information by a microelectronics-based combination of computing and telecommunications.[1] The term in its modern sense first appeared in a 1958 article published in the Harvard Business Review, in which authors Leavitt and Whisler commented that "the new technology does not yet have a single established name. We shall call it information technology (IT)."[2]

Contents
[hide]
y y y y y

1 General information 2 See also 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External links

[edit] General information

Information and communication technology spending in 2005 IT is the area of managing technology and spans wide variety of areas that include but are not limited to things such as processes, computer software, information systems, computer hardware, programming languages, and data constructs. In short, anything that render data, information or perceived knowledge in any visual format whatsoever, via any multimedia distribution mechanism, is considered part of the domain space known as Information Technology (IT). IT provides businesses with four sets of core services to help execute the business strategy. These four core services are broken into business process automation, providing information, connecting with customers, and productivity tools.

IT professionals perform a variety of functions (IT Disciplines/Competencies) that ranges from installing applications to designing complex computer networks and information databases. A few of the duties that IT professionals perform may include data management, networking, engineering computer hardware, database and software design, as well as management and administration of entire systems. Information technology is starting to spread further than the conventional personal computer and network technologies, and more into integrations of other technologies such as the use of cell phones, televisions, automobiles, and more, which is increasing the demand for such jobs. In the recent past, the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology and the Association for Computing Machinery have collaborated to form accreditation and curriculum standards[3] for degrees in Information Technology as a distinct field of study as compared[4] to Computer Science and Information Systems today. SIGITE (Special Interest Group for IT Education)[5] is the ACM working group for defining these standards. The Worldwide IT services revenue totaled $763 billion in 2009.[6] ssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IT_service_management

IT service management (ITSM or IT services) is a discipline for managing information technology (IT) systems, philosophically centered on the customer's perspective of IT's contribution to the business. ITSM stands in deliberate contrast to technology-centered approaches to IT management and business interaction. The following represents a characteristic statement from the ITSM literature: Providers of IT services can no longer afford to focus on technology and their internal organization[;] they now have to consider the quality of the services they provide and focus on the relationship with customers.[1] No one author, organization, or vendor owns the term "IT service management" and the origins of the phrase are unclear. ITSM is process-focused and in this sense has ties and common interests with process improvement movement (e.g., TQM, Six Sigma, Business Process Management, CMMI) frameworks and methodologies. The discipline is not concerned with the details of how to use a particular vendor's product, or necessarily with the technical details of the systems under management. Instead, it focuses upon providing a framework to structure IT-related activities and the interactions of IT technical personnel with business customers and users. ITSM is generally concerned with the "back office" or operational concerns of information technology management (sometimes known as operations architecture), and not with technology development. For example, the process of writing computer software for sale, or designing a microprocessor would not be the focus of the discipline, but the computer systems used by

marketing and business development staff in software and hardware companies would be. Many non-technology companies, such as those in the financial, retail, and travel industries, have significant information technology systems which are not exposed to customers. In this respect, ITSM can be seen as analogous to an enterprise resource planning (ERP) discipline for IT - although its historical roots in IT operations may limit its applicability across other major IT activities, such as IT portfolio management and software engineering.

Contents
[hide]
y y y y y y y y y y

1 Context 2 Frameworks 3 Professional organizations 4 Information Technology Infrastructure Library 5 Other frameworks and concern with the overhead 6 Governance and audit 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links

[edit] Context
This article is written like a personal reflection or essay and may require cleanup. Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style. (May 2009) IT Service Management is frequently cited[by whom?] as a primary enabler of information technology governance (or information management) objectives. The concept of "service" in an IT sense has a distinct operational connotation, but it would be incorrect then to assume that IT Service Management is only about IT operations. However, it does not encompass all of IT practice, and this can be a controversial matter. It does not typically include project management or program management concerns. In the UK for example, the IT Infrastructure Library (ITIL), a government-developed ITSM framework, is often paired with the PRojects IN Controlled Environments (PRINCE2) project methodology and Structured Systems Analysis and Design Method for systems development. ITSM is related to the field of Management Information Systems (MIS) in scope. However, ITSM has a distinct practitioner point of view, and is more introspective (i.e. IT thinking about

the delivery of IT to the business) as opposed to the more academic and outward facing connotation of MIS (IT thinking about the 'information' needs of the business). IT Service Management in the broader sense overlaps with the disciplines of business service management and IT portfolio management, especially in the area of IT planning and financial control.

[edit] Frameworks
There are a variety of frameworks and authors contributing to the overall ITSM discipline.[2] There are a variety of proprietary approaches available.[3]

[edit] Professional organizations

There is an international, chapter-based professional association, the IT Service Management Forum (ITSMF), which has a semi-official relationship[weasel words] with ITIL and the ITSM audit standard ISO/IEC 20000. There is also a global professional association, the IT Service Management Professionals Association (IT-SMPa).

[edit] Information Technology Infrastructure Library

Main article: Information Technology Infrastructure Library IT Service Management is often equated with the Information Technology Infrastructure Library, (ITIL) an official publication of the Office of Government Commerce in the United Kingdom. However, while a version of ITSM is a component of ITIL, ITIL also covers a number of related but distinct disciplines and the two are not synonymous. The current version of the ITIL framework is version 3. It was upgraded from version 2 in mid2007. The next update of the framework is envisaged to be mid-2011. The "Service Management" section of ITIL version 2 was made up of eleven different disciplines, split into two sections, Service Support and Service Delivery. This use of the term "Service Management" is how many in the world interpret ITSM, but again, there are other frameworks, and conversely, the entire ITIL library might be seen as IT Service Management in a larger sense.

[edit] Other frameworks and concern with the overhead

Analogous to debates in software engineering between agile and prescriptive methods, there is debate between lightweight versus heavyweight approaches to IT service management. Lighter weight ITSM approaches include:

y y y y y

ITIL Small-scale Implementation[4] colloquially called ITIL Lite is an official part of the ITIL framework. FITS was developed for UK schools. It is a simplification of ITIL. Core Practice (CoPr or copper) calls for limiting Best Practice to areas where there is a business case for it, and in other areas just doing the minimum necessary. OpenSDLC.org A Creative Commons ITSM/SDLC Framework Wiki MOF 4 Microsoft Operations Framework covers the IT service management lifecycle with a practical focus

[edit] Governance and audit

Several benchmarks and assessment criteria have emerged that seek to measure the capability of an organization and the maturity of its approach to service management. Primarily, these alternatives provide a focus on compliance and measurement and therefore are more aligned with corporate governance than with IT service management per se.
y

ISO/IEC 20000 (and its ancestor BS15000). This standard is not identical in taxonomy to ITIL and includes a number of additional requirements not detailed within ITIL and some differences. Adopting ITIL best practices is therefore a good first step for organizations wishing to achieve ISO 20000 certification for their IT Service Management processes. COBIT (or the lighter COBIT Quickstart) is comprehensive and widely embraced. It incorporates IT Service Management within its Control Objectives for Support and Delivery.

Xnxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_industry

The word "software" had been coined as a prank by at least 1953, but did not appear in print until the 1960s.[1] Before this time, computers were programmed either by customers, or the few commercial computer vendors of the time, such as UNIVAC and IBM. The first company founded to provide software products and services was Computer Usage Company in 1955.[2] The software industry expanded in the early 1960s, almost immediately after computers were first sold in mass-produced quantities. Universities, government, and business customers created a demand for software. Many of these programs were written in-house by full-time staff programmers. Some were distributed freely between users of a particular machine for no charge. Others were done on a commercial basis, and other firms such as Computer Sciences Corporation (founded in 1959) started to grow. The computer-makers started bundling operating systems software and programming environments with their machines. When Digital Equipment Corporation brought a relatively low-priced micro-computer to market, it brought computing within reach of many more companies and universities worldwide, and it spawned great innovation in terms of new, powerful programming languages and methodologies.

New software was built for micro-computers, and others, including IBM, followed DECs example quickly, resulting in the IBM AS400 amongst others. The industry expanded greatly with the rise of the personal computer in the mid-1970s, which brought computing to the desktop of the office worker. In subsequent years, it also created a growing market for games, applications, and utilities. DOS, Microsoft's first operating system product, was the dominant operating system at the time. In the early years of the 21st century, another successful business model has arisen for hosted software, called software as a service, or SaaS; this was at least the third time this model had been attempted. SaaS reduces the concerns about software piracy, since it can only be accessed through the Web, and by definition no client software is loaded onto the end user's PC.

[edit] Software sectors

There are several types of businesses in the software industry[3]. Infrastructure software, including operating systems, middleware and databases, is made by companies and organizations such as Linux, Google, Microsoft, IBM, Sybase, EMC, Oracle and VMWare. Enterprise software, the software that automates business processes in finance, production, logistics, sales and marketing, is made by Oracle, SAP AG , Sage and Infor. Security software is made by the likes of Symantec, Trend Micro and Kaspersky. Several industry-specific software makers are also among the largest software companies in the world: SunGard, making software for banks, BlackBoard making software for schools, and companies like Qualcomm or CyberVision making software for telecom companies. Other companies do contract programming to develop unique software for one particular client company, or focus on configuring and customizing suites from large vendors such as SAP or Oracle. This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2011)

[edit] Leading companies: mindshare and marketshare

In terms of technology leadership, the software industry has long been led by IBM. However, Microsoft became the dominant PC operating system supplier. Other companies that have substantial mindshare (not: marketshare) in the software industry are SUN Microsystems, the developer of the Java platform (purchased by Oracle in 2009), Red Hat, for its open source momentum, and Google for its Google Docs. However in terms of revenues coming from software sales, the software industry is clearly dominated by Microsoft, since inception. Microsoft products are still sold in largest number across the globe.

[edit] Size of the industry

According to market researcher DataMonitor, the size of the worldwide software industry in 2008 was US$ 303.8 billion, an increase of 6.5% compared to 2007. Americas account for 42.6%

of the global software market's value. DataMonitor forecasts that in 2013, the global software market will have a value of US$ 457 billion, an increase of 50.5% since 2008.[4]

[edit] Mergers & Acquisitions

The software industry has been subject to a high degree of consolidation over the past couple of decades. From 1988 to 2010, 41'136 mergers and acquisitions have been announced with a total known value of 1'451 bil. USD[5]. The highest number and value of deals was set in 2000 during the high times of the internet bubble with 6'757 transactions valued at 447 bil. USD. In 2010, 1'628 deals were announced valued at 49 bil. USD.

[edit] Business models the software industry

Business models of software companies have been widely discussed.[6][7] Network effects in software ecosystems networks of companies and their customers are an important element in the strategy of software companies.[8]
Iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii http://www.facebook.com/pages/Indian-IT-industry/145164618830417?sk=wiki

The Indian Information Technology industry accounts for a 5.19% of the country's GDP and export earnings as of 2009, while providing employment to a significant number of its tertiary sector workforce. More than 2.5 million people are employed in the sector either directly or indirectly, making it one of the biggest job creators in India and a mainstay of the national economy. In 2010-11, annual revenues from IT-BPO sector is estimated to have grown over US$76 billion compared to China with $35.76 billion and Philippines with $8.85 billion. India's outsourcing industry is expected to increase to US$225 billion by 2020. The most prominent IT hub is Bangalore. The other emerging destinations are Chennai, Hyderabad, Coimbatore, Kolkata, Kochi, Pune, Mumbai, Ahmedabad , NCR . Technically proficient immigrants from India sought jobs in the western world from the 1950s onwards as India's education system produced more engineers than its industry could absorb. India's growing stature in the Information Age enabled it to form close ties with both the United States of America and the European Union. However, the recent global financial crises has deeply impacted the Indian IT companies as well as global companies. As a result hiring has dropped sharply, and employees are looking at different sectors like the financial service, telecommunications, and manufacturing industries, which have been growing phenomenally over the last few years. India's IT Services industry was born in Mumbai in 1967 with the establishment of Tata Group in partnership with Burroughs. The first software export zone SEEPZ was set up here way back in 1973, the old avatar of the modern day IT park. More than 80 percent of the country's software exports happened out of SEEPZ, Mumbai in 80s.

Each year India produces roughly 500,000 engineers in the country, out of them only 25% to 30% possessed both technical competency and English language skills, although 12% of India's population can speak in English. India developed a number of outsourcing companies specializing in customer support via Internet or telephone connections. By 2009, India also has a total of 37,160,000 telephone lines in use, a total of 506,040,000 mobile phone connections, a total of 81,000,000 Internet userscomprising 7.0% of the country's population, and 7,570,000 people in the country have access to broadband Internet making it the 12th largest country in the world in terms of broadband Internet users. Total fixed-line and wireless subscribers reached 543.20 million as of November, 2009.

Contents
y y

1 Formative years (till 1991) 2 1991 2001 o 2.1 2001 present o 2.2 Health issues among Young labor force o 2.3 Top 11 IT Hubs in India o 2.4 See also o 2.5 References o 2.6 Further reading o 2.7 External links

[edit] Formative years (till 1991)

The Indian Government acquired the EVS EM computers from the Soviet Union, which were used in large companies and research laboratories. In 1968 Tata Consultancy Services established in SEEPZ, Mumbai by the Tata Groupwere the country's largest software producers during the 1960s. As an outcome of the various policies of Jawaharlal Nehru (office: 15 August 1947 27 May 1964) the economically beleaguered country was able to build a large scientific workforce, third in numbers only to that of the United States of America and the Soviet Union. On 18 August 1951 the minister of education Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, inaugurated the Indian Institute of Technology at Kharagpur in West Bengal. Possibly modeled after the Massachusetts Institute of Technology these institutions were conceived by a 22 member committee of scholars and entrepreneurs under the chairmanship of N. R. Sarkar. Relaxed immigration laws in the United States of America (1965) attracted a number of skilled Indian professionals aiming for research. By 1960 as many as 10,000 Indians were estimated to have settled in the US. By the 1980s a number of engineers from India were seeking employment in other countries. In response, the Indian companies realigned wages to retain their experienced staff. In the Encyclopedia of India, Kamdar (2006) reports on the role of Indian immigrants (1980 - early 1990s) in promoting technology-driven growth:
The United States technological lead was driven in no small part by the brain power of brilliant immigrants, many of whom came from India. The inestimable contributions of thousands of highly

trained Indian migrants in every area of American scientific and technological achievement culminated with the information technology revolution most associated with California s Silicon Valley in the 1980s and 1990s.

The National Informatics Centre was established in March 1975. The inception of The Computer Maintenance Company (CMC) followed in October 1976. Between 1977-1980 the country's Information Technology companies Tata Infotech, Patni Computer Systems and Wipro had become visible. The 'microchip revolution' of the 1980s had convinced both Indira Gandhi and her successor Rajiv Gandhi that electronics and telecommunications were vital to India's growth and development. MTNL underwent technological improvements. Between 1986-1987, the Indian government embarked upon the creation of three wide-area computer networking schemes: INDONET (intended to serve the IBM mainframes in India), NICNET (the network for India's National Informatics Centre), and the academic research oriented Education and Research Network (ERNET).

[edit] 1991 2001

Regulated VSAT links became visible in 1985. Desai (2006) describes the steps taken to relax regulations on linking in 1991:
In 1991 the Department of Electronics broke this impasse, creating a corporation called Software Technology Parks of India (STPI) that, being owned by the government, could provide VSAT communications without breaching its monopoly. STPI set up software technology parks in different cities, each of which provided satellite links to be used by firms; the local link was a wireless radio link. In 1993 the government began to allow individual companies their own dedicated links, which allowed work done in India to be transmitted abroad directly. Indian firms soon convinced their American customers that a satellite link was as reliable as a team of programmers working in the clients office.

Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited (VSNL) introduced Gateway Electronic Mail Service in 1991, the 64 kbit/s leased line service in 1992, and commercial Internet access on a visible scale in 1992. Election results were displayed via National Informatics Centre's NICNET. The Indian economy underwent economic reforms in 1991, leading to a new era of globalization and international economic integration. Economic growth of over 6% annually was seen between 1993-2002. The economic reforms were driven in part by significant the internet usage in the country. The new administration under Atal Bihari Vajpayeewhich placed the development of Information Technology among its top five priorities formed the Indian National Task Force on Information Technology and Software Development. Wolcott & Goodman (2003) report on the role of the Indian National Task Force on Information Technology and Software Development:

Within 90 days of its establishment, the Task Force produced an extensive background report on the state of technology in India and an IT Action Plan with 108 recommendations. The Task Force could act quickly because it built upon the experience and frustrations of state governments, central government agencies, universities, and the software industry. Much of what it proposed was also consistent with the thinking and recommendations of international bodies like the World Trade Organization (WTO), International Telecommunications Union (ITU), and World Bank. In addition, the Task Force incorporated the experiences of Singapore and other nations, which implemented similar programs. It was less a task of invention than of sparking action on a consensus that had already evolved within the networking community and government.

The New Telecommunications Policy, 1999 (NTP 1999) helped further liberalize India's telecommunications sector. The Information Technology Act 2000 created legal procedures for electronic transactions and e-commerce. Throughout the 1990s, another wave of Indian professionals entered the United States. The number of Indian Americans reached 1.7 million by 2000. This immigration consisted largely of highly educated technologically proficient workers. Within the United States, Indians fared well in science, engineering, and management. Graduates from the Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT) became known for their technical skills. Thus GOI planned to established new Institutes specially for Information Technology to enhance this field. In 1998 India got the first IT institute name Indian Institute of Information Technology at Gwalior. The success of Information Technology in India not only had economic repercussions but also had far-reaching political consequences. India's reputation both as a source and a destination for skilled workforce helped it improve its relations with a number of world economies. The relationship between economy and technologyvalued in the western worldfacilitated the growth of an entrepreneurial class of immigrant Indians, which further helped aid in promoting technology-driven growth.

[edit] 2001present

Infosys Media Centre in Electronic City, Bangalore.

Cyber Towers at Hitech City in Hyderabad

Microsoft India Development Center, Hyderabad

Millenium Tower in Kolkata, Salt Lake Sector-5, a major IT hub in the city.

Tidel Park one of the largest software parks in Asia was set up on the July 4, 2000 in Chennai, to aid the growth of Information Technology in Tamil Nadu.

Patni Knowledge Park, Airoli, Navi Mumbai

Cognizant's Delivery Center in Pune

India is now one of the biggest IT capitals in the modern world. The economic effect of the technologically inclined services sector in Indiaaccounting for 40% of the country's GDP and 30% of export earnings as of 2006, while employing only 25% of its workforceis summarized by Sharma (2006):
The share of IT (mainly software) in total exports increased from 1 percent in 1990 to 18 percent in

2001. IT-enabled services such as backoffice operations, remote maintenance, accounting, public call centers, medical transcription, insurance claims, and other bulk processing are rapidly expanding. Indian companies such as HCL, TCS, Wipro, and Infosys may yet become household names around the world.

Today, Bangalore is known as the Silicon Valley of India and contributes 33% of Indian IT Exports. India's second and third largest software companies are head-quartered in Bangalore, as are many of the global SEI-CMM Level 5 Companies.

And Mumbai too has its share of IT companies that are India's first and largest, like TCS and well established like Reliance[disambiguation needed], Patni, LnT Infotech, i-Flex, WNS, Shine, Naukri, Jobspert etc. are head-quartered in Mumbai. and these IT and dot com companies are ruling the roost of Mumbai's relatively high octane industry of Information Technology. Such is the growth in investment and outsourcing, it was revealed that Cap Gemini will soon have more staff in India than it does in its home market of France with 21,000 personnel+ in India. On 25 June 2002 India and the European Union agreed to bilateral cooperation in the field of science and technology. A joint EU-India group of scholars was formed on 23 November 2001 to further promote joint research and development. India holds observer status at CERN while a joint India-EU Software Education and Development Center is due at Bangalore.
India's IT industry (USD bn) Particulars IT Services - Exports - Domestic ITES-BPO - Exports - Domestic FY 2004 FY 2005 FY 2006 FY 2007 FY 2008 10.4 7.3 3.1 3.4 3.1 0.3 13.5 10.0 3.5 5.2 4.6 0.6 3.9 3.1 17.8 13.13 4.5 7.2 6.3 0.9 5.3 4.0 23.5 18.0 5.5 9.5 8.4 1.1 6.5 4.9 31.0 23.1 7.9 12.5 10.9 1.6 8.6 6.4

Engineering services, R&D and Software products 2.9 - Exports 2.5

- Domestic Hardware - Exports - Domestic Total IT industry (including hardware)

0.4 5.0 0.5 4.4 21.6

0.7 5.9 0.5 5.1 28.4

1.3 7.0 0.6 6.5 37.4

1.6 8.5 0.5 8.0 48.0

2.4 12.0 0.5 11.5 64.

[edit] Health issues among Young labor force

Employees in IT / ITES services undergo high stress in their work environment which raises serious concerns about work in this industry. The corporate HR practices are another concern where one survey found TCS employees average age is 29 years and the recruitment practices which contribute to the inexperienced work force in the industry. Corporate critics shortage of human resources but the analyst says 20 year old industry cannot have 6 year experienced labor force. There have been raising concerns on violating employment laws by corporates and there are harassment reported from companies like Wipro.

[edit] Top 11 IT Hubs in India

Ranking City Bangalore Description Popularly known as the capital of the Silicon Valley of India is currently leading in Information Technology Industries in India. It is the Second largest exporter of Software next to Bangalore. It has the largest operations for Indias top software company TCS, Infosys ( has worlds largest development center with 25,000 employers in Mahindra world city at Maraimalainagar, and many centers in IT corridor), and other software companies like Wipro, CTS, Patni, L&T infotech and many companies have major operations in IT corridor, Ambattur and other places in Chennai Hyderabad called as Cyberabad, which has good infrastructure and good government support is also a good technology base in India.The Government of AP Has built a separate township for IT Industry called the HITEC City. Pune, a major industrial point in India. It is the Manchester of South India.Among major metro-markets Coimbatore(up 31% precent)MAY 11(Bangalore showed the slowest rate of annual growth at 4

Chennai

Hyderabad

4 5

Pune Coimbatore

percent driven by reduced demand in the BPO/ITES sector),It Become an Upcoming Major IT hub of India The National Capital Region of India comprising Delhi, Gurgaon, Faridabad, Noida, Greater Noida and Ghaziabad are having ambitious projects and are trying to do every possible thing for this purpose. Popularly known as the commercial, entertainment, financial capital of India, This is one city that has seen tremendous growth in IT and BPO industry, it recorded 63% growth in 2008.TCS, Patni, LnT Infotech, I-Flex WNS and other companies are headquartered here. Kolkata is a major IT hub in eastern India. All major IT companies are present here. The city has tremendous potential for growth in this sector with upcoming areas like Rajarhat. Famously known as "Gateway of South India".Trivandrum, the capital of kerala is a green metropolis and tier I city. GOK provides a good platform for IT devolopment in the city with India's largest IT park Technopark and dedicated Technocity SEZs. This rapidly growing industrial hub houses a lot of IT/ITES and BPO giants. Genpact, Connexions IT services, Deutsche Bank and EXL BPO, Infosyss, Tech Mahindra, and Wipro are here. There are plans to build the largest IT SEZ in India by Mahindra under the Mahindra World City.

NCR

Mumbai

Kolkata

Trivandrum

10

Jaipur

11 v

Bhubaneshwar Fast growing center of IT/IT-enabled services, BPO & KPO.