Civilization-an advanced state of human society where there is culture, science, government, and industry Climate- the regular

weather conditions of an area cultural diffusion-an anthropology, the process by which a cultural trait, material object, idea or behavior pattern is spread from one society to another independent invention-is made when two or more people invent the same thing without knowledge of what the other is doing monsoon-a seasonal wind in south Asia, the rainy season accompanying this steppe-grassy plan agricultural revolution-a significant change in agriculture that occurs when there are discoveries, inventions, or new technologies that change production artifact-an object made by human beings especially with a subsequent use foraging-the acquisition of food by hunting, fishing, or gathering of plant matter neolithic age-latest part of the Stone Age beginning about 10,000 BC in the Middle East (but later elsewhere) neolithic revolution-the origin and consequences the introduction of agriculture, domestication of animals, and a more sedentary life during the later part of the Stone Age slash-and-burn cultivation-Slash-and-burn is an agricultural technique which involves cutting and burning of forests or woodlands to create fields specialization of labor-Division of labor or economic specialization is the specialization of cooperative labour in specific, circumscribed tasks and roles cuneiform-having the form of a wedge hieroglyphics-writing consisting of pictorial symbols mandate of heaven-The Mandate of Heaven is a traditional Chinese philosophical concept concerning the legitimacy of rulers matrilineal- inheriting or determining descent through the female line oracle bones-An animal bone with cracks (due to heating) or other markings, used to foretell the future. patriarchal -Of, relating to, or characteristic of a patriarch pharaoh-a ruler in ancient egypt

polytheism-belief in many gods quetzalcoatl-the feathered serpent god of the aztec and toltec culture ziggurat-a temple of sumerian origin in the form of a pyrimidial tower alexander the great-King of Macedon, the creator of wone of the largest empires, undefeated in battle, and considered one of the greatest commanders of all time. July 356-June 323 BC aristocracy- the hereditary upper classes aristotle-(384322 bc), Greek philosopher and scientist. A student of Plato and tutor to Alexander the Great, he founded a school (the Lyceum) outside Athens. He is one of the most influential thinkers in the history of Western thought. His surviving works cover a vast range of subjects, including logic, ethics, metaphysics, politics, natural science, and physics artisan-skilled manual worker democracy-government by the people dynasty-a sequence of rulers from the same family geocentric theory-theory that the Earth is the center of the universe and other objects orbit around it Hellenistic age-he period when Greece dominated the ancient Near East, from the death of Alexander the Great to the beginning of the Roman Empire (323-30 B.C.) indo-europeans-The related languages of Europe, India, and Iran, which are believed to have descended from a common tongue spoken roughly in the third millennium B.C. by an agricultural peoples originating in Southeastern Europe fati-In Polynesian mythology (specifically: Society Islands), Fati is the god of the moon and a son of Taonoui and Roua pax romana-the term of peace imposed by ancient rome on its dominions polis-an ancient greek city state sati-a hindu widow who immolates herself silk roads-an ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean (4,000 miles); followed by Marco Polo in the 13th century to reach Cathay stoicism-a systematic philosophy dated around from 300BC that held the principles of logical thought to reflect a cosmic reason instantiated in nature twelve tables-A set of laws drawn up in ancient Rome in 451 and 450 bc, embodying the most important rules of Roman law

untouchables-A member of the lowest-caste Hindu group or a person outside the caste system. Contact with untouchables is traditionally held to defile members of higher castes varna-hinduism-refers to the main division of Hindu society into four social classes vedas-the entire body of hindu sacred writings zoroastrianism-iranian religion founded C600BC by zoroaster analects-selected passages from the writing of an author or different others animism-the belief that natural objects, natural phenomena, and the universe itself possesses souls bodhisattvas-a person who has attained prajna or Enlightenement, but who postpones nirvana in order to help others to attain enlightenment brahmin-A socially or culturally superior person, esp. a member of the upper classes from New England covenant-formal agreement or contract dharma-essential quality or character, as of the cosmos or one's own nature diaspora-scattering of jews to countries outside of palestine disciples-pupils or followers edict of milan-was a letter signed by emperors Constantine I and Licinius that proclaimed religious toleration in the Roman Empire filial piety-The Confucian emphasis on respect and love for one's parents and elder relatives. karma-(in Buddhism and Hinduism)person's actions as affecting their next reincarnations messiah-a great leader or savior moksha-freedom from the differentiated temporal and mortal world of ordinary experience monotheism-belief in one god new testament-The second part of the Christian Bible, written originally in Greek and recording the life and teachings of Jesus and his earliest followers. It includes the four Gospels, the Acts of the Apostles, twenty-one epistles by St. Paul and others, and the book of Revelation

nirvana-(in Buddhism) a state of perfection or happiness pope-the head of the Roman catholic church reincarnation-rebirth of the soul in a new body ten commandments-(in the Bible) The divine rules of conduct given by God to Moses on Mount Sinai, according to Exod. 20:117 theocracy-a form of government in which god or a deity is recognized as a supreme civil ruler torah-the Pentateuch, being the first of the three jewish divisons of the old testament yahweh-name of god yin and yang-in chinese philosophy and religion, two principles one negative, dark, and feminine, (yin), and one positive, bright, and masculine,(yang), whose interaction influences the destinies of creatures and things. Confucianism-the system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by confucius hsiung-nu-The Xiongnu (, Middle Chinese: Guangyun: xwo-nu) were a confederation of nomadic tribes from Central Asia with a ruling class of unknown origin. huns-HUNSSSS a member of a nomadic and warlike Asian people who devastated or controlled large parts of eastern and central europe and who exercised their greatest power under attila in the 5th century ad. Latifundia-a great estate gupta india-The Gupta Empire was an Ancient Indian empire which existed approximately from 320 to 550 CE and covered much of the Indian Subcontinent . Founded by Maharaja Sri-Gupta, the dynasty was the model of a classical civilization''. ... roman empirE ROMMAAAAA the lands and peoples subject to the authority of ancient rome buddhism-an asian religion based on the teachings of Buddha budboi hinduism-gogogofast the principal religion and philosophy of INDIAAAAAAA daoism-Taoism: philosophical system developed by Lao-tzu and Chuang-tzu advocating a simple honest life and noninterference with the course of natural events judaism-the monotheistic religion of the jews

Christianity-GODDUH the religions based on the teachings of jesus christ jeebus indian ocean trade-Indian Ocean trade has played an important role in history, and has been a key factor in East-West exchanges. trans-saharan trade-Trans-Saharan trade is trade across the Sahara desert between Mediterranean countries and sub-Saharan Africa. While existing from prehistoric times, the peak of such trade extended from the eighth century until the late sixteenth century. Mesopotamia-an ancient region in Westuh Asia between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, now part of Iraq pax romana- the term of peace imposed by ancient rome on its dominions warring states period