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Presentation Navigation
• Man and technology
• Environment, energy and economy
• Environmental issues in ship operations
• Regulation built – up
• Ships emission to air and issues of global
warming
• Energy and fuel quality
• Good practice towards beyond compliance
• Issues of alternative energy
• LPG ship design and operation
• Environmental technology
• Conclusion

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Man, Environment and Technology

! Man
! Biosphere- Water air and Soil
! The techno sphere - The ship, The port
General Impacts
• The alteration and destruction of habitats and ecosystems;
• The effects of sewage on human health
• Widespread and increasing eutrophication
• The decline of living resources
• Sediments
• The impacts of climate change\
• Rising sea
Global climate change Impacts:
• Stratospheric ozone depletion
• Loss of biodiversity
• Freshwater degradation
• Desertification and land degradation
• Deforestation and the unsustainable use of forests
• Marine environment and resource degradation
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Pollution from ships

• Accidental- Grounding ,Stranding,Loss of
oil,Hazardous cargo,Noxious liquid,collision with
marine mammals

• Operation- Oil spill, Cargo and Bunker fuel,

Emmsion ( Sox, Nox,CFC & VoC) Antifouling
toxins ,Ballast water discharges, Noise, Waste
disposal at sea, Dredging @dispersal of soil

-Intentional
-Unintentional

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Pollution Pressures- SHIPBOARD

Direct Discharges
Direct discharges are defined here to include
releases from vessels, discharges of municipal and Indirect discharge
industrial wastewater via pipelines, and dumping One to two-thirds of pollutants contributing to
of waste materials, such as dredged material, into the degradation of coastal and marine waters are
ocean waters from indirect sources, and include sediments,
nutrients, pathogens, and toxic compounds.
Pollutants from agricultural and pasture lands
include sediments, fertilizers, pesticides,
• Oil pollution herbicides, and animal wastes which contain
• Chemical pollution bacteria and nutrients
• Harmful substances in package
form
• Sewage
• Ballast water
• Garbage Accidental Releases
• emission Because industrialized society depends on petroleum
• Dumping of wastes liquid, solid) products to maintain its accustomed standard of living,
large volumes of petroleum are transported each day in
the coastal and marine environment.. Spills and leaks
cause the formation of tar balls, oil slicks, and tar mats,
and can impact the micro-layer, the benthos, the coast,
and marine life.
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Un Agencies Get Serious

• Galvanize the scientific community
• - set up panel's)/collaborating scientists
- use existing scientific bodies and research
centers
- use global observing systems
- develop better links to scientific associations
• Tap on informal sources of information related
to early warning
• Sharing of sensitive data among countries is a
growing problem
• Human capacity; i.e., ability to deal with issues
at the ground level is a serious challenge
• Rapid spread of Internet as a tool for
information compilation, discussion, and
dissemination
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Regulation buildup
• UN Agencies
• Local agencies
UN Agencies Regulation Cluster

(Oil Spills Protocol)

Protocol Concerning Specially Protected
Areas and Wildlife (SPAW Protocol)
Protocol Concerning Pollution from Land-
based Sources and Activities (LBS Protocol)
Agenda 21

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IMO get serious -strategies

• To address greenhouse gas emissions from ships,
with a view to adoption by the IMO Assembly in late
2003;
• To address problems associated with the transfer of
harmful aquatic organisms in ships' ballast water,
with a view to adoption of a final text at an IMO
Diplomatic Conference in 2004;
• To support the International Convention on the
Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems on Ships
2001, likely to enter into force internationally within
the next few years; and
• To address the ongoing implementation of the
International Convention on Oil Pollution
Preparedness, Response and Co-operation 1990.

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 LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND REGULATION CLUSTER The Nerve Center For Maritime Excellence

-IMO
• International convention for the prevention of
pollution from ships (MARPOL) 1973, It covers
accidental and operational oil pollution as well as
pollution by chemicals, goods in packaged form,
sewage, garbage and air pollution I was modified
by the protocol on of 1978 relating thereto
(MARPOL 73/78), MARPOL cover:
• Annex I- Oil
• Annex II- Noxious liquid chemicals
• Annex III- Harmful Goods (package)
• Annex IV- Sewage
• Annex V – Ballast water
• Annex VI- emission and air pollution (Sox, Nox
and green house gas, emission of ozone depletion
gas (ODG))

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MITIGATION FOR POLUTION

• Shipboard and waste emission outline –treatment and
elimination - Pollution Prevention (P2) or Pollution
Control-this is backbone of the thrust in achieving clean
ship. Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally
harmful substances and generate less waste on board.
Pollution Control: Increase treatment, processing, or
destruction of wastes on board.
The basic P2 principles follow:
• Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals,
such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs), toxic
antifoulant hull coatings, and other hazardous materials,
may be the best approach for some potential problems.

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Energy source and fuel quality

• The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment
have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in
maritime industry.
• Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation
that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and
carbon monoxide emissions have been employed.
• Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are
performance problems; cold-start ability, smooth operation and
avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using
reformulated fuels.
• Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy system follow
the following path: COAL > OIL> NATURAL GAS > HYDROGEN
• The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next
at Natural Gas (NG) and the infrastructures to support that
trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and
governmental bodies worldwide.

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Impact of using new fuel

•That technology will transfer
sympathetically to the marine industry via
availability of engines, systems and
technical assistance.

•Marine craft operation in inland water operation requires fuel supplied in

bulk rendering the NG distribution viable.
•The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design
review of Power plant, associated fuel system and propulsion train;
•Effectively reshaping areas such as Machinery Arrangement, Hull Form,
Compartment, Cargo Deck, Payloads, Superstructure, Interior Layouts,
Escape & Safety, Route Options, etc.
•NG is cheap and its reserve is plentiful. Natural Gas as fuel is becoming
more and more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation
sectors. Its use will also take agressive approach for all coastal vessel
including ferries due new regulations. Internationally its operational
record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD.
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Environmental Risk and goal based design

• RISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (an
• estimate on probability that certain toxicity
• will be realized)
For example:
• Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit,
low risk)
• Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small
benefit, high risk)
• Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No
benefit, very high risk)

CBA estimates and totals up the equivalent money value of the benefits and
cost to the community of projects to demonstrate that the project is worthwhile
Common unit of measurement ($) for both positive and negative impact Note $
value will grow with time to (1+r) t – Where t=year, r=interest
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FSA and GBS Hybrid

Goal based framework

FSA framework

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Risk Management
Risk management is the evaluation of
alternative risk reduction measures and the implementation of
those that appear cost effective
• IT MUST BE REMEMBERED THAT:
• Zero discharge = zero risk, but the challenge is to bring the
risk to acceptable level and at the same time, derive the max.
benefit
• Estimating uncertainty including further validation, policy issues
and rating could be obtained through the relation:
• R(P1c) = R(E1) x W(E1,P1) + R(E2) x W(E2,P1) + R(E4) x
W(E4,P1)
• R= rating, E= environmental factor, P= Policy factor

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Hybrid of FSA and GBS

Holistic Decision Life cycle issue

factors
Sustainable
system design
and operation
FSA GBS

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Risk analyses for fire explosion model

IGC code prescribes requirements for ships carrying
different types of liquefied gas, and defines four
different standards of ships, as described in Table

Loading
Loading Condition
Condition
Model
Model
Engine
Engine
room
room Fire
Fire Protection
Protection Model
Model

CONSEQUENCE
Cargo
Cargo leakage
leakage Model
Model
Fire
Fire Explosion
Explosion
Model
Model consequence
consequence
Accommodation
Accommodation
LPG
LPG Hazard
Hazard Model
Model

Suvivability
Suvivability Model
Model
Compressor
Compressor
room
room
Evacuation
Evacuation model
model

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Fire / Explosion case model

Fire
Collision Cargo tank Grounding Heavy weather Gas leakage Loading Emision
or Contacts incident
explosion

Loading condition
SUB Fire protection model
PROCESSES Cargo leakage model
LPG Hazard
Survivability
Evacuation model
consequence
Emergency response

Examples of “emergency response

elements”
ELEMENTS -shut all valves
-Cal for help
-Keep tank cool

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STCW Issues
Creating an Action Plan for Training Mariners”
• Training is the basic keys to success in maintaining safe,
environmentally sound and efficient maritime operations;
• What are the necessary elements of our training and education efforts?
• Will the STCW ‘95 Amendments be adequate to deal with the rate of
advance of technology as applied to maritime operations?
• How do we deal with the growing concern that the cost and
complexity of meeting STCW requirements for licensing renewal is
reducing the pool of potential seafarers?
• Are manning levels adequate to safely operate– to make the best use
of technology? Does technology adequately compensate for today’s
manning levels? What about the socialization issue–is it a safety issue
too?
• How do we best collectively approach Training and education in a
methodical and coordinated way to motivate young men and women
to be beneficial to the industry?
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STCW Issues
The issue of recruiting has
numerous dimensions
beyond the basic issue
such as:

Recruitment of mariners
ALAM`s LPG ships

Training and qualification

Adequate levels of manning

Those various dimensions are intertwined
and interdependent–analogous to the Ship/shore management
strands of a hawser;
Which threads are strong, which are International Standards
weak? Are there others?
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STCW Issues

The threads represent, among other things:

• The need for a strong partnership between the principle source of
• officers, the maritime academies, and the customer–the industry–and
government;
• Career opportunities–creating a viable structure for “hawse
pipers;” and, countering the perception of potential mariners that
there is no future afloat or ashore in the industry;
• An understanding by potential mariners that the industry is broad
and diverse in its sectors and many sectors are experiencing or will
likely experience strong growth;
•The need for a positive view of the maritime industry and its value
to our economic health;

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Liquefied gas course

Minimum requirement topics for tanker familiarization topics:
• Characteristics of cargoes and cargo toxicity
• Hazards and Hazard control
• Safety equipment and protection of personnel
• Pollution prevention

Minimum syllabus for liquefied gas training:

• Regulations and codes of practice
• Advanced fire fighting techniques and tactics
• Basic chemistry and physics related to the safe carriage of liquefied gases in
bulk
• Health hazards relevant to the carriage of liquefied gas
• Principles of cargo containment systems and Cargo-handling systems
• Ship operating procedures including loading and discharging preparation and
procedures
• Safety practices and equipment
• Emergency procedures and environmental protection

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ALAM Maritime Academy

• ALAM is the nation’s largest premier maritime education, training regimental
institution
• ALAM is IMO model college with class based education than most state
systems
• ALAM conduct course that lead to award of national diploma and class three
certificate of competency for ship officers
• ALAM conduct modular courses for career re-enforcement , ranging from
simulation to risk assessment , energy conservation , marine electrical and
electronics)
• System organized over time, allowing for differing missions and foci
• Towards world class academy- One stop maritime institution aims to deal with
challenges of today and future
• “ Beyond Competency “ partnership with DnV SeaSkill Standard for
Competence under STCW towards certification - To add value of soft and
hard skill required of marine personal and industry to conform with
international local statutory

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ALAM`s Current Best Practices (CBP)

ALAM`s CBP targets :
• Increase Reliability throughput and to drive down costs.
• Express what practices are expected to be executed in a good
institution.
• Educate an organization in what constitutes best reliable
maritime institution.
• Facilitate a process that makes people discover how good
their organization is and how good it can become.
• Benchmark education , training and proficiency
performance.
• Develop improvement action plans.
• Measure improvements.
• Compare performance with other organizations.

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ALAM`s Simulator
• Transas Marine’s has unique combination of simulation software, dedicated
hardware (real ship controls) and commercial-off-the-shelf components
• The simulator is an ideal tool in the training and certification of Maritime
education programs –
• Built to IMO STCW training standards and the latest Det Norske Veritas
‘Standards for Certification of Maritime Simulator Systems’ to Class A as
well as meet USCG
• Transas simulators are based on mathematical model that allows processes
to be accelerated without detriment to physical realism at considerable
reduced time.
• The simulations can be done under the following areas:
- Full mission Ship - Handling simulation
- Engine room simulation
- Cargo operations simulation - Cargo operation simulations include:
• Large Crude Oil Carrier (LCC);
• Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Carrier;
• Chemical tanker (CHT);
• Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Carrier.
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Environmental technology update

• Ozone safe substances
• Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers
• Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water
Polishers
• Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach
that permitted analysis of passing situations
that would help set procedural standards for
safe passing.
• IanDand reported on the development of
models for ship squat that have shown very
good accuracy over the years.
• IMO approved circular MSC/Circ.389 in 1985 establish
interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
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Emission source and current reduction

methods

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Conclusions
Maritime industry in new world characterized by sustainability capacity building ,
efficiency optimization of development , practice and operations that meets the
needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future
generation to meet their need
Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining coastal and marine
ecosystems20, commercial and recreational fisheries, and economic growth in
coastal communities. it is also an important means of providing natural protection
against rising sea levels and storm damage.
The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality, and in turn,
water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health. if one is impaired, the other is
threatened. despite their value and the programs designed to protect them, many
coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this , other
advantages are :
• compliance with all applicable environmental laws and
regulations;
• no significant adverse environmental impacts;
• wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent
practicable;
• no inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for
waste off-load and disposal;
• minimal energy consumption;
• minimal logistical costs for waste management; and
• minimal use of hazardous materials.
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