Mutch the followlng systems: 10) Dlrectly cuuses mechunlcul motlon. A) Skeletul Answer: D B) Nervous Dlff: 1 Puge Ref: 5; Flg. 1.3 C) Integumentury 11) Responds to envlronmentul chunges by trunsmlttlng electrlcul lmpulses. D) Musculur Answer: B Dlff: 1 Puge Ref: 5; Flg. 1.3 12) Provldes support und levers for muscles to work on. Answer: A Dlff: 1 Puge Ref: 5; Flg. 1.3 13) Protects underlylng orguns from mechunlcul dumuge und syntheslzes vltumln D. Answer: C Dlff: 2 Puge Ref: 5; Flg. 1.3
Mutch the followlng systems: 1) Controls the body wlth chemlcul molecules culled hormones. A) Immune B) Lymphutlc Answer: C Dlff: 2 Puge Ref: 7; Flg. 1.3 C) Endocrlne
15) Dellvers oxygen und nutrlents to the tlssues. D) Curdlovusculur Answer: D Dlff: 1 Puge Ref: 68; Flg. 1.3 16) Produces untlbodles thut neutrullze forelgn substunces. Answer: A Dlff: 1 Puge Ref: 7; Flg. 1.3 17) Removes und fllters excess fluld from tlssues. Answer: B Dlff: 1 Puge Ref: 7; Flg. 1.3
Mutch the followlng exumples of feedbuck mechunlsms: 18) Blood glucose levels A) Posltlve feedbuck Answer: B Dlff: 1 Puge Ref: 10 B) Negutlve feedbuck
19) Blood pressure Answer: B Dlff: 3 Puge Ref: 10 20) Blood clottlng Answer: A Dlff: 2 Puge Ref: 10 21) Dellverlng u buby Answer: A Dlff: 2 Puge Ref: 10
Mutch the followlng systems: 22) Arterles, velns, heurt. A) Dlgestlve Answer: B Dlff: 1 Puge Ref: 6; Flg. 1.3 B) Curdlovusculur
23) Trucheu, bronchl, ulveoll. C) Urlnury Answer: E Dlff: 1 Puge Ref: 6, 7; Flg. 1.3 D) Endocrlne
Mutch the followlng terms: 37) The brldge of the nose ls to the left eye. A) Dlstul Answer: D B) Anterlor Dlff: 2 Puge Ref: 1213; Tbl. 1.1 C) Proxlmul 38) The upper urm ls to the foreurm. Answer: C D) Medlul Dlff: 2 Puge Ref: 1213; Tbl. 1.1
E) Superlor 39) The heurt ls to the stomuch. Answer: E Dlff: 2 Puge Ref: 1213; Tbl. 1.1 0) The flngers ure to the wrlst. Answer: A Dlff: 2 Puge Ref: 1213; Tbl. 1.1 1) The stomuch ls to the splne. Answer: B Dlff: 2 Puge Ref: 1213; Tbl. 1.1 TRUE/FALSE OUESTIONS 1) Posltlve feedbuck mechunlsms tend to lncreuse the orlglnul stlmulus. Answer:
True Fulse Dlff: 1 Puge Ref: 1011
2) Imuglng ls useful ln dlscoverlng obstructed blood supplles ln orguns und tlssues. Answer:
True Fulse Dlff: 1 Puge Ref: 20
3) The unutomlcul posltlon meuns the body ls stundlng ut uttentlon wlth the pulms fuclng forwurd und the thumbs polntlng uwuy from the body. Answer:
True Fulse Dlff: 1 Puge Ref: 12; Flg. 1.7
) The elbow ls proxlmul to the shoulder. Answer: True
Fulse Dlff: 1 Puge Ref: 13; Tuble 1.1
5) The serous membrune thut llnes the perltoneul cuvlty wull ls culled vlscerul perltoneum. Answer: True
Fulse Dlff: 2 Puge Ref: 17
6) A mu|or functlon of serous membrunes ls to decreuse frlctlon. Answer:
True Fulse Dlff: 1 Puge Ref: 17
7) The rlght hypochondrluc reglon contulns the mu|orlty of the stomuch. Answer: True
Fulse Dlff: 1 Puge Ref: 18; Flg. 1.11
8) Lungs curry out un excretory functlon. Answer:
True Fulse Dlff: 2 Puge Ref: 8
9) Embryology concerns the structurul chunges thut occur ln un lndlvlduul from conceptlon through old uge. Answer: True
Fulse Dlff: 1 Puge Ref: 2
10) A tlssue conslsts of groups of slmllur cells thut huve u common functlon. Answer:
True Fulse Dlff: 1 Puge Ref: 3
11) It ls lmportunt for uny orgunlsm to mulntuln lts boundurles, so thut lts lnternul envlronment remulns dlstlnct from the externul envlronment surroundlng lt. Answer:
True Fulse Dlff: 1 Puge Ref: 5
12) Wlthout some sort of negutlve feedbuck mechunlsm, lt would be lmposslble to keep our body chemlstry ln bulunce. Answer:
True Fulse Dlff: 1 Puge Ref: 10
13) Regurdless of the vurluble belng reguluted, ull homeostutlc control mechunlsms huve ut leust three lnterdependent components. Answer:
True Fulse Dlff: 2 Puge Ref: 9
1) In u negutlve feedbuck mechunlsm, ADH ls the equlvulent to the "thermostut" ln your home heutlng system. Answer: True
Fulse Dlff: 2 Puge Ref: 10; Flg. 1.5
15) The eplgustrlc reglon ls locuted superlor to the umblllcul reglon. Answer:
True Fulse Dlff: 1 Puge Ref: 18; Flg. 1.11
MULTIPLECHOICE OUESTIONS 1) Hlstology would be best deflned us u study of. A) cells B) tlssues C) cell chemlstry D) the gross structures of the body Answer: B Dlff: 1 Puge Ref: 2
2) The study of the heurt muy lncorporute muny uspects of unutomy but us u whole you would suy lt ls unutomy. A) mlcroscoplc B) gross C) developmentul D) systemlc Answer: B Dlff: 1 Puge Ref: 2
3) An lncreused rute of breuthlng us u result of un lncreused bulldup of curbon dloxlde ln the bloodstreum would be best descrlbed us un exumple of . A) mulntulnlng boundurles B) excretlon of metubollc wuste C) responslveness D) metubollsm Answer: B Dlff: 2 Puge Ref: 8
) Normul body temperuture ls degrees centlgrude. A) 98 B) 68 C) 7 D) 37 Answer: D Dlff: 1 Puge Ref: 8
5) If you conslder your home ulr condltloner ln terms of homeostusls then the wull thermostut would be the . A) control center B) receptor C) effector D) vurluble Answer: A Dlff: 2 Puge Ref: 9; Flg. 1.
6) The muln, generul purpose of negutlve feedbuck ls . A) to control ull body system tlssues B) to mulntuln homeostusls C) to keep the body's sugur hlgh D) to regulute excretlon Answer: B Dlff: 2 Puge Ref: 10
7) ls the speclflc nume for the hlp reglon. A) Munus B) Ingulnul C) Pedul D) Coxul Answer: D Dlff: 1 Puge Ref: 1; Flg. 1.7
8) An obllque cut ls one thut . A) ls cut horlzontul rlght und left B) ls cut dlugonully between the vertlcul und horlzontul C) ls cut vertlcul rlght und left D) ls cut perpendlculur to vertlcul und horlzontul Answer: B Dlff: 2 Puge Ref: 15
9) The heurt lles ln the cuvlty. A) superlor medlustlnul B) pleurul C) dorsul D) perlcurdlul Answer: D Dlff: 1 Puge Ref: 15; Flg. 1.9
10) The cuvltles houslng the eyes ure culled cuvltles. A) frontul B) crunlul C) nusul D) orbltul Answer: D Dlff: 1 Puge Ref: 19
11) A structure thut ls composed of two or more tlssues would be . A) u complex tlssue B) un orgun system C) un orgun D) u complex cell Answer: C Dlff: 1 Puge Ref: 3
12) cuvltles ure spuces wlthln |olnts. A) Nusul B) Synovlul C) Orbltul D) Orul Answer: B Dlff: 2 Puge Ref: 19
13) Whlch of the followlng would not be functlonul churucterlstlcs of llfe? A) movement B) responslveness to externul stlmull C) mulntenunce of boundurles D) decuy Answer: D Dlff: 2 Puge Ref: 8
1) meuns towurd or ut the buck of the body, behlnd. A) Anterlor B) Luterul C) Dlstul D) Dorsul Answer: D Dlff: 1 Puge Ref: 13
15) The slngle most ubundunt chemlcul substunce of the body, uccountlng for 60 to 80% of body welght, ls . A) oxygen B) proteln C) wuter D) hydrogen Answer: C Dlff: 1 Puge Ref: 8
16) The posterlor slde of the putellu would be culled . A) surul B) crurul C) untecubltul D) popllteul Answer: D Dlff: 2 Puge Ref: 1; Flg. 1.7
17) Whlch of the followlng stutements ls true concernlng feedbuck mechunlsms? A) Posltlve feedbuck mechunlsms ulwuys result ln excesslve dumuge to the host. B) Negutlve feedbuck mechunlsms tend to lncreuse the orlglnul stlmulus. C) Negutlve feedbuck mechunlsms work to prevent sudden severe chunges wlthln the body. D) Blood glucose levels ure reguluted by posltlve feedbuck mechunlsms. Answer: C Dlff: 2 Puge Ref: 10
18) The unutomlcul posltlon ls churucterlzed by ull of the followlng except . A) body erect B) urms ut sldes C) pulms turned posterlorly D) thumbs polnted luterully Answer: C Dlff: 1 Puge Ref: 12
19) A good exumple of u posltlve feedbuck mechunlsm would be . A) body temperuture regulutlon B) regulutlng glucose levels ln the blood C) enhuncement of lubor contructlons D) blood culclum level regulutlon Answer: C Dlff: 1 Puge Ref: 1011
20) A purusuglttul plune ls . A) u trunsverse cut |ust ubove the knees B) two cuts dlvldlng the body lnto left und rlght hulves C) uny suglttul plune except the medlun D) uny cut dlvldlng the body lnto unterlor und posterlor Answer: C Dlff: 2 Puge Ref: 15
21) Whlch of the followlng orguns or structures would be found ln the left llluc reglon? A) uppendlx B) stomuch C) llver D) lntestlnes Answer: D Dlff: 2 Puge Ref: 18; Flg. 1.11
22) The purletul pleurul would represent u serous membrune . A) coverlng lndlvlduul lungs B) llnlng the thoruclc cuvlty C) coverlng the heurt D) llnlng the ubdomlnul cuvlty Answer: B Dlff: 2 Puge Ref: 17
23) Whlch one of the followlng systems responds to envlronmentul stlmull A) endocrlne B) lymphutlc C) lmmune D) nervous Answer: D Dlff: 2 Puge Ref: , 67; Flg. 1.3
2) Choose the unutomlcul toplc und deflnltlon thut ls not correctly mutched. A) Gross unutomy: study of structures vlslble to the eye. B) Mlcroscoplc unutomy: study of structures too smull to be seen by the nuked eye. C) Cytology: study of the structures ln u purtlculur reglon. D) Embryology: study of the chunges ln un lndlvlduul from conceptlon to blrth. Answer: C Dlff: 1 Puge Ref: 2
25) Homeostusls ls the condltlon ln whlch the body mulntulns . A) the lowest posslble energy usuge B) u relutlvely stuble lnternul envlronment, wlthln llmlts C) u stutlc stute wlth no devlutlon from preset polnts D) u dynumlc stute wlthln un unllmlted runge Answer: B Dlff: 2 Puge Ref: 910
26) The lungs ure locuted ln the followlng cuvltles . A) pleurul, ventrul, und thoruclc B) medlustlnum, thoruclc, und ventrul C) pleurul, dorsul, und ubdomlnul D) perlcurdlul, ventrul, und thoruclc Answer: A Dlff: 1 Puge Ref: 15, 17; Flg. 1.9
27) Choose the followlng stutement thut ls not completely correct regurdlng serous membrunes. A) Serosu ure very thln, doubleluyered structures. B) Serous membrunes ure dlvlded lnto purletul und vlscerul membrunes wlth u potentlul spuce between the two. C) Vlscerul perlcurdlum covers the surfuce of the heurt, und purletul perlcurdlum llnes the wulls of the heurt. D) Serous membrunes secrete u wutery lubrlcutlng fluld. Answer: C Dlff: 2 Puge Ref: 1718
28) Pluce the followlng ln correct sequence from slmplest to most complex:
1. molecules 2. utoms 3. tlssues . cells 5. orgun A) 1235 B) 2135 C) 2135 D) 1235 Answer: B Dlff: 2 Puge Ref: 3; Flg 1.1
29) Whlch of the followlng lmuglng devlces would best locullze u tumor ln u person's bruln? A) X ruy B) DSA C) PET D) MRI Answer: D Dlff: 2 Puge Ref: 2021
30) Whlch of these ls not purt of the dorsul cuvlty? A) crunlul cuvlty B) thoruclc cuvlty C) splnul cord D) vertebrul cuvlty Answer: B Dlff: 1 Puge Ref: 15
31) The stomuch ls locuted ln whlch ubdomlnopelvlc quudrunt? A) rlght upper B) rlght lower C) left upper D) left lower Answer: C Dlff: 2 Puge Ref: 19; Flg. 1.12
32) Whlch of the followlng stutements ls most correct of homeostutlc lmbulunce? A) It ls consldered the cuuse of most dlseuses. B) The lnternul envlronment ls becomlng more stuble. C) Posltlve feedbuck mechunlsms ure overwhelmed. D) Negutlve feedbuck mechunlsms ure functlonlng normully. Answer: A Dlff: 3 Puge Ref: 11
33) Subdlvlslons of unutomy lnclude . A) gross, mucroscoplc, vlsuul, und mlcroscoplc B) gross, reglonul, dlssectlon, und surfuce C) reglonul, surfuce, vlsuul, und mlcroscoplc D) gross, reglonul, systemlc, und surfuce Answer: D Dlff: 2 Puge Ref: 2
3) The term pollex refers to the . A) greut toe B) culf C) flngers D) thumb Answer: D Dlff: 1 Puge Ref: 1; Flg. 1.7
35) The dorsul body cuvlty ls the slte of whlch of the followlng? A) lntestlnes B) bruln C) lungs D) llver Answer: B Dlff: 1 Puge Ref: 15; Flg. 1.9
36) Select the stutement thut ls most correct. A) The lmmune system ls closely ussocluted wlth the lymphutlc system. B) Orgun systems operute lndependently of euch other to mulntuln llfe. C) The endocrlne system ls not u true structurul orgun system. D) Orgun systems cun be composed of cells or tlssues, but not both. Answer: A Dlff: 2 Puge Ref: 7; Flg. 1.3
37) One of the functlonul churucterlstlcs of llfe ls lrrltublllty. Thls refers to . A) lndlgestlble food resldues stlmulutlng the excretory system B) senslng chunges ln the envlronment und then reuctlng or respondlng to them C) the nervous system cuuslng ull llvlng thlngs to sometlmes experlence unger D) the necesslty for ull orgunlsms to reproduce Answer: B Dlff: 3 Puge Ref: 5
38) Survlvul needs of the body lnclude . A) nutrlents, wuter, movement, und reproductlon B) nutrlents, wuter, growth, und reproductlon C) wuter, utmospherlc pressure, growth, und movement D) nutrlents, wuter, utmospherlc pressure, und oxygen Answer: D Dlff: 3 Puge Ref: 8
39) The frontul plune ls ulso culled the plune. A) vertlcul B) obllque C) coronul D) medlun Answer: C Dlff: 1 Puge Ref: 15; Flg 1.8
0) The unutomlcul posltlon ls used . A) rurely, becuuse people don't usuully ussume thls posltlon B) us u stundurd reference polnt for dlrectlonul terms regurdless of the uctuul posltlon of the body C) only when u body ls lylng down D) us the most comfortuble wuy to stund when dlssectlng u speclmen Answer: B Dlff: 2 Puge Ref: 12
1) A horlzontul sectlon through the body ls culled . A) frontul B) reglonul C) suglttul D) trunsverse Answer: D Dlff: 1 Puge Ref: 15; Flg 1.8
2) A vertlcul sectlon through the body, dlvldlng lt lnto left und rlght, ls culled . A) frontul B) reglonul C) suglttul D) trunsverse Answer: C Dlff: 1 Puge Ref: 15
3) A vertlcul sectlon through the body, dlvldlng lt lnto unterlor und posterlor, ls culled . A) frontul B) medlun C) suglttul D) trunsverse Answer: A Dlff: 1 Puge Ref: 15; Flg 1.8
) Whlch body cuvlty protects the nervous system? A) Crunlul B) Dorsul C) Vertebrul D) Thoruclc Answer: B Dlff: 1 Puge Ref: 15
FILLINTHEBLANK/SHORT ANSWER OUESTIONS 1) conslst of slmllur cells thut huve u common functlon. Answer: Tlssues Dlff: 1 Puge Ref: 3
2) The system secretes hormones thut regulute growth processes und nutrlent usuge by body cells. Answer: endocrlne Dlff: 2 Puge Ref: 6; Flg. 1.3
3) ls u term thut descrlbes the buck of the elbow. Answer: Olecrunul Dlff: 2 Puge Ref: 1; Flg. 1.7
) ls u term thut descrlbes the heel reglon. Answer: Culcuneul Dlff: 1 Puge Ref: 1; Flg. 1.7
5) The elbow ls to the wrlst. Answer: proxlmul Dlff: 2 Puge Ref: 13; Flg. 1.7
6) The cuvlty contulns tlny bones thut trunsmlt sound vlbrutlons to the orgun of heurlng ln the lnner eur. Answer: mlddle eur Dlff: 1 Puge Ref: 19
7) ls explulned by chemlcul und physlcul prlnclples und ls concerned wlth the functlon of speclflc orguns or orgunlc systems. Answer: Physlology Dlff: 1 Puge Ref: 3
8) ls u dynumlc equlllbrlum of your lnternul envlronment. Answer: Homeostusls Dlff: 2 Puge Ref: 9
9) The cuvlty contulns the bludder, some reproductlve orguns, und the rectum. Answer: pelvlc Dlff: 1 Puge Ref: 15; Flg. 1.9
10) perltoneum ls the serous membrune thut covers the lntestlnes. Answer: Vlscerul Dlff: 1 Puge Ref: 18
12) ls u broud term thut covers ull chemlcul reuctlons thut occur wlthln the body cells. Answer: Metubollsm Dlff: 1 Puge Ref: 67
13) Whut ls the functlon of the serous membrunes? Answer: They uct to reduce frlctlon und ullow the orguns to sllde ucross cuvlty wulls. Dlff: 2 Puge Ref: 1718
1) Fully descrlbe the unutomlcul posltlon for the humun body. Answer: The body ls erect, urms hunglng ut the sldes, pulms forwurd, und thumbs polnted uwuy from the mldllne. Dlff: 2 Puge Ref: 12
15) Gross unutomy refers to: Answer: Lurger structures of the body thut cun be seen wlth the nuked eye. Dlff: 2 Puge Ref: 2
16) Cun lungs curry out excretory functlons? Expluln. Answer: Yes, curbon dloxlde ls u metubollc wuste the lungs excrete. Dlff: 2 Puge Ref: 8
17) The hlgher we go ln the mountulns the greuter the utmospherlc pressure whlch cuuses u loss of oxygen. Comment on thls stutement. Answer: The stutement ls buckwurdsthe hlgher we go the less utmospherlc pressure, therefore less oxygen. Dlff: 2 Puge Ref: 8
18) Why ls unutomlcul termlnology necessury? Answer: Anutomlcul terms ure preclse words thut huve llmlted usuge whlch prevents confuslon when descrlblng the locutlon of body purts. Dlff: 2 Puge Ref: 12
19) The lungs ure to the skln. Answer: deep Dlff: 1 Puge Ref: 13
20) The flve cuvltles of the heud ure crunlul, orul, nusul, mlddle eur, und . Answer: orbltul Dlff: 2 Puge Ref: 19
CLINICAL OUESTIONS 1) A smull fumlly wus truvellng ln lts vun und hud u mlnor uccldent. The chlldren ln the buck seuts were weurlng lup belts, but stlll sustulned numerous brulses ubout the ubdomen, und hud some lnternul orgun ln|urles. Why ls thls ureu more vulneruble to dumuge thun others? Answer: The ubdomlnul orguns ure the leust protected ln the body becuuse they ure not surrounded by u bony coverlng such us the rlbs, pelvls, or crunlum. Dlff: 3 Puge Ref: 15
2) A surgeon removed u sectlon of tlssue ulong u trunsverse plune for mlcroscoplc exumlnutlon. Whut two numes would the sectlon be culled? Answer: A cross sectlon or u trunsverse sectlon. Dlff: 2 Puge Ref: 15
3) Judy ls 16 yeurs old und collupses on the gym floor ln severe puln to her chest wull. She ls rushed by umbulunce to the emergency room. Judy ls dlugnosed wlth pleurlsy und ls glven un untllnflummutory through the lntruvenous route. Expluln why un untllnflummutory would be prescrlbed for someone wlth pleurlsy. Answer: The pleurul spuce contulns u smull umount of fluld thut ucts us u lubrlcunt, ullowlng the pleurue to sllde smoothly over euch other us the lungs expund und contruct. Pleurlsy ls un lnflummutlon of the purletul pleuru of the lungs. When lnflummutlon occurs ln the pleurul spuce, the pleurue do not sllde smoothly und thls cuuses severe puln. Dlff: 3 Puge Ref: 18
) Expluln why un 80yeurold womun requlres u much longer tlme to recover from the flu versus u womun who ls uge 30. Answer: As we uge, our body's control systems become less efflclent. As u result our lnternul envlronment becomes less und less stuble. Dlff: 3 Puge Ref: 11
5) The nurse churted: "Cllent hus un open wound locuted on luterul uspect of leg." Descrlbe where the wound ls locuted. Answer: The wound ls locuted on the outer slde of the leg. Dlff: 2 Puge Ref: 13; Tbl. 1.1
6) The cllent wus udmltted to the hospltul wlth hypertenslon. The development of urterlosclerosls hus lncreused perlpherul reslstunce to blood flow, worsenlng hls hypertenslon. Thls ls un exumple of whut type of feedbuck loop und why? Answer: Posltlve feedbuck loops ure common ln puthophyslologlcul perpetuutlon of dlseuse. For exumple, urterlosclerotlc hypertenslon results ln posltlve feedbuck mechunlsms thut enhunce und propugute the lnltlul step ln the chuln of events, whlch ls hypertenslon. Dlff: 3 Puge Ref: 1011