NAMA ALAMAT

: Suci Rachmawati : Jl. Timur Mas Raya B2 no. 9 perum. Pondok Timur Mas Galaxy Bekasi Selatan KODE POS : 17147 EMAIL : ladiezcious@yahoo.com

CONTRASTIVE COLLOCATIONS OF ENGLISH AND INDONESIAN IN THE FIELD OF LAW

ABSTRACT Suci Rachmawati.2010.Contrastive Collocations of English and Indonesian in the Field of Law. Thesis. Under Graduate Program. English Department. Faculty of Letters. Gunadarma University. Advisors: (1) Dr. Mashadi Said, M.Pd; (2) Dra. Endang Purwaningsih, M.Si. Key words: Contrastive, Collocation, Law The title of this research is Contrastive Collocation of English and Indonesian in the Field of Law. Collocation is a combination of words that may have different orders or sequences of the Source Language Text (SLT) and the Target Language Text (TLT). The aims of this research are to find out collocations of English in the field of Law which have translational equivalence in Indonesian and to find out collocations of English in the field of law which have no translational equivalence in Indonesian. In this research, the writer uses a qualitative research method. The sources of the data were English and Indonesian magazines, books, and websites. The number of collocation chosen purposely as the sample of the research is 200. There are 83 (42%) are direct equivalence of English collocation into Indonesian and it is found there are 117 (58%) indirect equivalence of English collocation into Indonesian. This means that more English collocations are different from Indonesian collocations. CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Problem 1.1.1 Justification of the Research Language is considered to be a system of communicating with other people using sounds, symbols and words in expressing a meaning, idea or thought. This language can be used in many forms, primarily through oral and written communications. Such a system as used by a nation, people, or other distinct community. Translation consists of transferring the meaning of the source language text into the receptor language text.

Very crucial to enrich translational theories from Indonesian into English. Mostly the frequent problems that occur in translation practice concerns the choice of the best target word for rendering source language into target language. The translator knows the meaning of each word in a sentence and the standard set of its translations, but cannot find a target expression that is suitable for the current context. The native English speaker intuitively makes the correct collocation, based on a lifetimes experience of hearing and reading the words in set combination. The non-native speaker has a more limited experience and may frequently collocate word in a way that sounds odd to the native speaker. Law is the system of rules that people in a country must obey. As a citizen you have to involve and follow progresses that our country happened and you must know why the law was made. The vocabulary collocation of the equivalence Indonesian collocation into English especially in the field of law which can be used as guidelines for the translating of Indonesian into English especially in the field of law, and this research is intended for other translator who want to find the equivalence of Indonesian collocation into English in the field of law, furthermore, the writers intention in order to the translator enriching and enhancing the vocabulary collocation and they will not make same mistakes in the future, because the writer will give the example which can be clearer .There are several reasons why the writer choose to analyze this case.

2.1 Theoretical Review According to Serge Sharoff direct transitional equivalence can be found from bilingual dictionaries provide basic translation equivalents for a headword and typically limit the set of equivalents to words of the same part of speech as headword. According to Jens Bahns indirect translational equivalence is when the native language of the learner and his target language are taken into consideration. For example: German : Opfer bringen, translation: bring sacrifice, indirect translation: make sacrifice. CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD 3.1 Research Design In this research the writer used a qualitative research method. According to Gay (1996;208) Qualitative research can best be defined by describing what it entails and its rationale. Qualitative research involves intensive data collection, that is, collection of extended period of time, in naturalistic setting. Qualitative research is included in natural setting rather than controlled ones; it assumes that the human used what they see and hear and feel to make meaning of social phenomenon and riles on a variety of data gathering technique.(Rossman, 2003:16) It may be concluded that qualitative research is kind of a method that is describing what its entails and its rational question and exemplify a common belief that they can provide a deeper understanding of social phenomenon.

3.2 Source of the Data Data were obtained from books, tempo magazines, dictionary and also internet. The writer only searches the data from the books and magazines about law. The sources of the research are divided into two groups, i.e.; 1. Collocation in The Indonesian includes: a. Tempo, June 14-20 2010 b. Tempo, July 5-11 2010 c. Tempo, July 12-18 2010 d. Tempo, July 19-25 2010 e. Legal documents English-Indonesian, compiled by Mashadi Said, 2008 2. Collocation in The English includes: a. Tempo English Edition, June 16-22 2010 b. Tempo English Edition, July 6-13 2010 c. Tempo English Edition, July 14-20 2010 d. Tempo English Edition, July 21-27 2010 e. Legal documents English-Indonesian, compiled by Mashadi Said, 2008 3.3 Data Collection Procedure The techniques that the writer used in collecting the data are as follows: 1. To collect data both from tempo magazines and books in the field of law. 2. To identify the English collocations in the field of law. 3. To identify the equivalence of the English collocations in Indonesian. 4. To record the data into a list. 3.4 Data Analysis Procedure After collecting the data, the writer analyzes the data in the following stages: 1. To classify the English collocations which have direct equivalence in Indonesian. 2. To classify the English collocations which have no direct equivalence in Indonesian.

3.5 Data Presentation a. The data is presented the form of pie chart and table, the data are presented by using pie chart (see pages 20) and tables (see appendix), and a list. The writer pie charts based on direct and indirect English-Indonesian collocation percentage. 3.6 Verification After doing all the steps in data analysis, the data that had been identified were verified by the advisors.

CHAPTER IV RESULT OF STUDY AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Introduction This chapter presents the result of the data analysis which included the number of English and Indonesian collocations in the field of law. Out of 200 equivalence it is found there are 83 (42%) are direct equivalences of English collocation into Indonesian and it is found there are 117 (58%) indirect equivalences of English collocation into Indonesian. This can be seen in the following chart:

THE CHART OF THE DIRECT AND INDIRECT EQUIVALENCE OF ENGLISH AND INDONESIAN COLLOCATIONS IN THE FIELD OF LAW

Direct Equivalence

58%

42%

Indirect Equivalence

4.1.1. Direct Equivalence There are 83 (42%) data of the direct translational of English collocations into Indonesian, for examples: SLT TLT (1) Constitutional court Mahkamah konstitusi Equivalence (1) direct equivalence, direct equivalence order someone to translate each other. SLT the word court means mahkamah and constitutional means konstitusi. So, the writer concludes that the direct equivalence of source language text is translated directly each word in target language text. SLT (2) Criminal law expert TLT Ahli hukum pidata

Equivalence (2) is direct equivalence, direct language order to someone to translate each word. SLT the word expert means ahli, the word means law means hukum, and the word criminal means pidata. So, the writer concludes that the direct equivalence of source language text is translated directly each word in target language text.

SLT (3) Security Fund Dana pengamanan

TLT

Equivalence (3) is direct equivalence, direct language order to someone to translate each word. SLT the word fund means dana, and the word security means pengamanan. So, the writer concludes that the direct equivalence of source language text is translated directly each word in target language text. SLT (4) Child Trafficking TLT Perdagangan anak

Equivalence (4) is direct language, direct language order to someone to translate each word. SLT the word trafficking means perdagangan and the word child means anak. So, the writer concludes that the direct equivalence of source language text is translated directly each word in target language text. SLT (5) Personal property TLT Kekayaan pribadi

Equivalence (5) is direct language, direct language order to someone to translate each word. SLT the word property means kekayaan and the word personal means pribadi. So, the writer concludes that the direct equivalence of source language text is translated directly each word in target language text.

SLT (6) Custody rights Hak asuh

TLT

Equivalence (6) direct language, direct language order to someone to translate each word. SLT the word right means hak and the word custody means asuh. So, the writer concludes that the direct equivalence of source language text is translated directly each word in target language text. SLT (7) Dissolved by law TLT Disita oleh hukum

Equivalence (7) direct language, direct language order to someone to translate each word. SLT the word dissolved means disita, the word by means oleh, and the word law means hukum. So, the writer concludes that the direct equivalence of source language text is translated directly each word in target language text. SLT (8) Partnership income TLT Penghasilan kemitraan

Equivalence (8) direct language, direct language order to someone to translate each word. SLT the word income means penghasilan, and the word partnership means kemitraan. So, the writer concludes that the direct equivalence of source language text is translated directly each word in target language text. SLT TLT (9) Complete authority Kebijakan penuh Equivalence (9) direct language, direct language order to someone to translate each word. SLT the word authority means kebijakan, and the word complete means penuh. So, the writer concludes that the direct equivalence of source language text is translated directly each word in target language text. SLT (10) High court Pengadilan tinggi TLT

Equivalence (10) direct language, direct language order to someone to translate each word. SLT the word court means pengadilan, and the word high means tinggi. So, the writer concludes that the direct equivalence of source language text is translated directly each word in target language text. 4.1.2 Indirect Equivalence There are 117 (58%) data of Indirect equivalence of English collocation into Indonesian, for example: SLT TLT

(1) Rendered helpless

Tidak berkutik

Equivalence (1) is indirect equivalence, indirect equivalence order someone to translate in natural Indonesian. SLT the collocation rendered helpless doesnt have relation with tidak berkutik or it can not be translated directly. So, the writer concludes that the indirect equivalence of source language text is translated with natural Indonesian in target language text. SLT (2) Money Rewarded TLT Uang suap

Equivalence (2) is indirect equivalence, indirect language order to someone to translate in natural Indonesian. SLT the collocation money rewarded doesnt have relation with uang suap or it can not be translated directly. So, the writer concludes that the indirect equivalence of source language text is translated with natural Indonesian in target language text. SLT (3) Stay of arrest TLT Penangguhan penahanan

Equivalence (3) is indirect language, indirect language order to someone to translate in natural Indonesian. SLT the collocation stay of arrest doesnt have relation with penangguhan penahanan or it can not be translated directly. So, the writer concludes that the indirect equivalence of source language text is translated with natural Indonesian in target language text. SLT TLT (4) Police detective Unit reserse Equivalence (4) is indirect language, indirect language order to someone to translate in natural Indonesian. SLT the collocation police detective doesnt have relation with unit reserse. So, the writer concludes that the indirect equivalence of source language text is translated with natural Indonesian in target language text. SLT (5) Handing over Pelimpahan TLT

Equivalence (5) is indirect language, indirect language order to someone to translate in natural Indonesian. SLT the collocation handing over doesnt have relation with pelimpahan. So, the writer concludes that the indirect equivalence of source language text is translated with natural Indonesian in target language text. SLT (6) Stealing evidence TLT Penggelapan barang bukti

Equivalence (6) is indirect language, indirect language order to someone to translate in natural Indonesian. SLT the collocation stealing evidence doesnt have

relation with penggelapan barang bukti. So, the writer concludes that the indirect equivalence of source language text is translated with natural Indonesian in target language text. SLT (7) Penalties ahead Jerat didepan mata TLT

Equivalence (7) is indirect language, indirect language order to someone to translate in natural Indonesian. SLT the collocation penalties ahead doesnt have relation with jerat didepan mata . So, the writer concludes that the indirect equivalence of source language text is translated with natural Indonesian in target language text. SLT (8) Panel of Judge Majelis hukum TLT

Equivalence (8) is indirect language, indirect language order to someone to translate in natural Indonesian. SLT the collocation panel of judge doesnt have relation with majelis hukum. So, the writer concludes that the indirect equivalence of source language text is translated with natural Indonesian in target language text.

SLT (9) Share dispute case

TLT Kasus sengketa

Equivalence (9) is indirect language, indirect language order to someone to translate in natural Indonesian. SLT the collocation share dispute case doesnt have relation with kasus sengketa. So, the writer concludes that the indirect equivalence of source language text is translated with natural Indonesian in target language text. SLT (10) Severance pay Pesangon TLT

Equivalence (10) is indirect language, indirect language order to someone to translate in natural Indonesian. SLT the collocation severance pay doesnt have relation with pesangon. So, the writer concludes that the indirect equivalence of source language text is translated with natural Indonesian in target language text.. 4.2 Discussion The result of this study shows that of 200 equivalence of English collocation into Indonesian, 83 (42%) are direct equivalences and 117 (58%) indirect equivalences. According to Serge Sharoff direct translational equivalence can be found from Bilingual dictionaries provide basic translation equivalence for a headword and typically limit the set of equivalence to words of the same part of speech as the headword. For example is translated high court (SL) is translated into Indonesian become pengadilan tinggi, direct equivalence order to someone to translate each word. SLT the word court

means pengadilan, and the word high means tinggi. The researcher finds that there is not a change in this translation, because the word court translated into word pengadilan and the word high translated into the word tinggi. So, the translation of the form of word does not change. Based on Jens Bahns (1993) indirect translational equivalence is when the native language of the learner and his target language are taken into consideration. For example handing over (SL) is translated into Indonesian become pelimpahan, indirect equivalence order someone to translate in natural language. SLT the collocation handing over does not have relation with pelimpahan or it cannot translated directly. The Researcher finds that there is a change in this translation, because the word handing over cannot translated into the word pelimpahan. So, the translation of the form of word is changed. The writer concludes that the indirect equivalence of source language text is translated with natural Indonesian in target language text. CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion After analyzing this study, the writer concludes that: 1. Direct and indirect English-Indonesian collocations are found in the data. 2. Of 200 equivalence that the researcher found, most of English-Indonesian collocations are indirect equivalence (58 %). 3. Of 200 equivalence that the researcher found, direct equivalence of English-Indonesian collocations are not dominant (42 %).

5.2 Suggestion The writer hopes that this research gives the contribution to another researcher who will analyzes the contrastive collocations of English and Indonesian, because in this research is only limited in contrastive collocations of English and Indonesian in the field of law as the data source, The writer would like to suggest for the next researchers to analyze other field which relating topic with more English and Indonesian collocations.

BIBLIOGRAPHY Bahns, J. (1993). Lexical Collocation: A Contrastive View. London: Oxford University press. Basnett- McGuire, Susan. (1980). Translation Studies. London: Methuen & Co. Catford, J.C. (1978). A Linguistic Theory of Translational: An Essay in Applied Linguistic. London: Oxford University Press. Church, K., Gale, W., Hanks, P.,& Hindle, D. (1991).Using Statistic in Lexical Analysis. In U. Zernik (Ed.), Lexical acquisition: Exploring on-line resources to build a lexicon. Hillsdale, New Jersey. Erlbaum. Futagi, Yoko., Deane,Paul., Chodrow, Martine., Tetreault, Joel. (2008).A computational approach to detecting collocation errors in the writing of nonnative speakers of English. London: Routledge. Gay, L.R. (1992).Educational Research Competencies for Analysis and Application. New Jersey. Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall. Gutt, Ernst-August.(1990).A Theoretical Account of Translation without a Translational Theory. Target 2,135-64. Larson, Mildred. L. (1984). Meaning Based translation; A Guide to Cross Language Equivalence. New York: University Press of America. Merriam-Websters collegiate dictionary (10th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA: MerriamWebster. Munday, Jeremy. (2001).Introducing Translation Studies Theories and Application. New York: Routledge. Nida, Eugene and Charles R Taber. (1969).The Theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden: United Bibles Society by E.J. Brill. Oxford Dictionary.(2002).England: Oxford University Press. Sharoff, Serge. (2004). Harnessing the Lawless: Using Comparable Corpora to find Translation Equivalents. School of Modern Language and Cultures: University of Leeds. Wei, Y. (2000). Developing an active vocabulary (revised printing). Dubuque IA:Kendall/Hunt.

WEBSITE

(http://ardictionary.com/Law/146) (http://books.google.com/books?id=s1n_pNr04ioC&dq=PA69&dq=a+lesson=from=ind irect=translation#v=onepage&q=f=false) (http://cogprints.org/2597/1/THEORACC.htm) (http://esl.fis.edu/grammar/easy/colloc.htm) (http://www.wikipedia.com)