Name

Sym
bol
Word of
origin
Meaning Symbol origin Description
Actinium Ac

(aktis)
beam Greekaktinos , (aktis; aktinos), meaning "beam (ray)".
Aluminium Al alumen alum (literally: bitter salt)
[1]
alumen Latin alumen means "alum" (literally "bitter salt").
Americium Am America

theAmericas
Named for the Americas, because was discovered in the United States (by analogy with Europium)- (the name of the continent
"America" is derived from the name of the Italian navigator Amerigo Vespucci).
Antimony Sb
+

(anti
monos);an
timonium/
antimonie
[
3]

various

" Possibly from Greek + (anti monos), approximately meaning "opposed to solitude", as believed never to exist in
pure form, or + (anti monachos) for "monk-killer" (in French folk etymology, anti-moine "monk's bane"), because
many early alchemists were monks and antimony is poisonous. May also be derived from the Pharaonic (Ancient
Egypt), Antos Ammon (expression), which could be translated as "bloom of the god Ammo".
The symbol Sb is from Latin name Stibium which is derived from Greek stbi, a variant of stimmi (genitive:
or ), probably a loan word from Arabic or Egyptian
sdm. Littr suggests the first form derives from *stimmida, a hypothetical alternativeaccusative of stimmi (the canonical
accusative of the noun is the same as the nominative: stimmi). The Arabic word for the substance, as "mark" or "the cosmetic",
can appear as ithmid, athmoud, othmod or uthmod.
[4]
"
Argon Ar

(argon)
inactive argon Greek argon means "inactive" (literally "lazy").
Arsenic As

(arsenikon
)
orpiment Greekarsenikon
From Greek (arsenikon) adapted from the Syriac ~2 ~, , ~ (al) zarniqa
[5]
and Persian, " " (zarnik),
"yellow orpiment". (arsenikon) isparetymologically related to the Greek word (arsenikos) meaning
"masculine" or "potent." These words were adapted into Latin: arsenicum and Old French arsenic which is the source for the
English word: arsenic.
[5]

Astatine At

(astatos)
unstable Greekastatos "" (astatos) means "unstable".
[6]

Barium Ba

(barys)
heavy Greek barys
"" (barys) means "heavy". The oxide was initially called "barote", then "baryta", which was modified to "barium" to
describe the metal. Sir Humphrey Davy gave the element this name because it was originally found in the mineral baryte which is
of the same source.
[7]

Berkelium Bk
University
of
California,
Berkeley

Berkeley,
California
Named for the University of California, Berkeley, where discovered. The city ofBerkeley, California was named in honor
of George Berkeley. The name "Berkeley" is derived from Old English beorce lah meaning birch lea.
[8]

Beryllium Be

(beryllos)
a blue-green spar, but possibly related
to the name of Belur
beryl
"beryllos", denoting beryl, which contains beryllium.
[9]
The word is derived (via Latin: Beryllus and French: Bryl)
from the Greek , brullos, a blue-green spar, from Prakrit veruliya (),
from Pli veuriya (); veiru () or,viar (), "to become pale," in reference to the pale
semiprecious gemstoneberyl.
[10]
The word is ultimately derived from the Sanskrit word vaidurya- which might be
related to the name of the city of Belur.
[11]

Bismuth Bi bisemutum white mass bisemutum "bisemutum", derived from German "Wismuth", perhaps from "weie Masse", means "white mass", due to its appearance.
Bohrium Bh
Bohr,
Niels
Niels Bohr Named in honor of Niels Bohr, who made fundamental understanding of atomic structure and quantum mechanics.
[12]

Boron B

(buraq)
borax
" " (buraq) derived from the Persian, " " (burah) referring to borax. These terms were adapted into Medieval
Latin baurach, Anglo-Norman boreis, and Middle English boras, which became the source of the English word boron.
Bromine Br

(brmos)/"
brome"
[13]

dirt or stench (of he-goats)
[14]
Greekbromos "" (brmos), means "stench (lit. clangor)", due to its characteristic smell.
Cadmium Cd

(cadmia)
calamine or Cadmean earth Greekkadmia
From Latin cadmia, derived from Greek (kadmeia), means "calamine", a Cadmium-bearing mixture of minerals.
Cadmium is named after Cadmus (in Greek: Kadmos), a character in Greek mythology and Calamine is derived from Le
Calamine, the French name of the Belgian town of Kelmis.
Caesium Cs caesius blue-gray
[15]
or sky blue Latincaesius
From Latin "caesius", means "sky blue". Its identification was based upon the bright blue lines in its spectrum and it was the first
element discovered by spectrum analysis.
Calcium Ca /calx
means "pebble"; calxmeans
limestone
[16]

Latin calx
From Latin "calx", means "lime". Calcium was known as early as the first century when the Ancient
Romans prepared lime as calcium oxide.
Californium Cf California

State and
University
ofCalifornia
Named for California, the U.S. state of California and for the University of California, Berkeley. (The origin of the state's name
is disputed.)
Carbon C charbone charcoal carbo
From the French, "charbone", which in turn came from Latin "carb", means "charcoal" and is related to "carbn-" meaning "a
coal." (In the German and theDutch, Kohlenstoff and Koolstof, respectively, both literally mean "coal-stuff") These words were
derived from the PIE base *ker- meaning heat, fire, or to burn.
[17]

Cerium Ce Ceres grain, bread Ceres
Named after the asteroid Ceres, discovered two years earlier. (The asteroid, now classified as a dwarf planet, was named after
"Ceres", the goddess of fertility in mythology)
[18]
Ceres is derived from PIE *ker-es- from base *ker- meaning to grow.
[19][20]

Chlorine Cl

(chlors)
pale green
[21]
Greekchloros From Greek "" (chlors), means "yellowish green" or "greenish yellow", because of the color of the gas.
Chromium Cr

(chrma)
color Greekchroma
From Greek, (chrma), "color", because of many colors of compounds. This word was adapted into French chrome and
adding the suffix -ium to the end of it created the English word Chromium.
[22]

Cobalt Co Kobold evil spirit Germankobold
From German Kobold, means "evil spirit", the metal being so called by miners, because it was poisonous and troublesome
(polluted and degraded the other mined elements, like Nickel). Other sources cite the origin as stemming from silver miners'
belief that cobalt had been placed by "Kobolds" who had stolen the silver. Some also think the name may be derive from Greek
kobalos, means "mine", and which may have common roots with kobold, goblin, and cobalt.
Copernicium Cn
Nicolaus
Copernicu
s
Polish surname, literally: "copper
nickel"
NicolausCopern
icus
Named in honor of Nicolaus Copernicus.
Copper Cu

(Kyprios)?
who/which is from Cyprus LatinCuprum
Possibly ultimately derived from Greek "" (Kyprios) (which comes from Kypros, the Greek name of Cyprus) via
Latin "cuprum," West Germanic "*kupar," Old English "coper"/"copor," and Middle English "coper." In Latin (during the Roman
empire), aes cyprium, ("aes" being the generic Latin term for copper alloys such as bronze). Cyprium means "Cyprus" or "which
is from Cyprus", where so much of it was mined; it was simplified to cuprum and then eventually Anglicized as copper(Old
English coper/copor).
Curium Cm
Curie,
Marie and
Pierre

Pierre andMarie
Curieand the -
umending
Named in honor of Marie and Pierre Curie, who discovered Radium and researchedradioactivity.
Darmstadtium Ds Darmstadt proper name, literally: "intesine city" toponym
Named for "Darmstadt", where discovered (GSI, located in Wixhausen, a small suburb north of Darmstadt).
It has also been called 'Eka-platinum.
[24][25]

Dubnium Db

(Dubna)
toponym
Named for "Dubna", where discovered (Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna,U.S.S.R.). Researchers
of Berkeley proposed Hahnium (Ha), named in honor of Otto Hahn, who pioneered to radioactivity and radiochemistry, but the
proposal was rejected.
[12]

Dysprosium Dy

(dysprosit
os)
hard to get at descriptive Derived from Greek "" (dysprositos), means "hard to get at".
Einsteinium Es
Einstein,
Albert
German surname, literally: "one stone" eponym Named in honor of Albert Einstein, for his work on theoretical physics including thephotoelectric effect.
Erbium Er Ytterby proper name, literally: "outer village" toponym
Named after the village of Ytterby in Sweden, where large concentrations of Yttria and Erbium are located. Erbia and Terbia were
confused in at this time. After 1860, what had been known as Terbia was renamed Erbia, and after 1877, what had been known as
Erbia was renamed Terbia.
Europium Eu

("Europe")
broad-faced or well-watered
toponym;
mythological
Named for Europe, the continent where discovered. Europe was named after the fictional Phoenician princess Europa.
Fermium Fm
Fermi,
Enrico
Italian surname, from ferm- "fastener"
and-i
[26]

eponym
Named in honor of "Enrico Fermi", who developed the first nuclear reactor, quantum theory, nuclear and particle physics,
and statistical mechanics.
Fluorine F fluor a flowing

From the "Fluorspar", one of its compounds.
Francium Fr France
proper name (literally: Land of the
Franks)
toponym Named for "France", where discovered (Curie Institute (Paris)).
Gadolinium Gd
Gadolin,
Johan
eponym
Named in honor of Johan Gadolin, who was one of the founders of Nordic chemistry research, discovered Yttrium, and pioneered
laboratory exercise teaching. (Gadolinite, the mineral, is also named for him.)
Gallium Ga Gallia Gaul (Ancient France) toponym
" From Latin Gallia, means Gaul (Ancient France), and also gallus, means "rooster". The element was obtained as free metal
by Lecoq de Boisbaudran, who namedGallium after France, his native land, and also, punningly, after himself, as Lecoq, means
"the rooster", or in Latin, gallus.
Gallium was called Eka-aluminium by Mendeleev who predicted its existence.
[25]

Germanium Ge Germania Germany toponym From Latin "Germania", means "Germany". Germanium has also been called Eka-silicon by Mendeleev.
[25]

Gold Au gold

Latin aurum
From the Anglo-Saxon, "gold", from PIE *ghel- meaning "yellow/ bright"
Au is from Latin Aurum, means "shining dawn".
[27]

Hafnium Hf Hafnia Copenhagen toponym From Latin "Hafnia", means "Copenhagen" of Denmark.
Hassium Hs Hassia Hesse toponym
Named derived from Latin "Hassia", means Hesse, the German state where discovered (Institute for Heavy Ion
Research, Darmstadt).
[12]
It has also been called 'Eka-osmium.
[25]

Helium He

(hlios)
sun mythological Named after the Greek, "" (Helios), means "the Sun" or the mythological sun-god .
[18]

Holmium Ho Holmia Stockholm toponym Named derived from Latin "Holmia", means Stockholm.
Hydrogen H

(root:
-) + -
(-
genes)
water + begetter descriptive
From French hydrogne
[28]
and Latin hydro- and -genes, derived from the Greek, " " (hydor geinomai), meaning "
beget water".
Indium In indigo

descriptive
Named after "indigo", because of indigo spectrum line. The English word indigo is from Spanish indico and Dutch indigo (from
Portuguese endego), from Latin indicum"indigo," from Greek , indikon "blue dye from India".
Iodine I

(iodes)
violet descriptive
Named after the Greek, "" (iodes), means "violet", because of the color of the gas. This word was adapted into
French iode which is the source of the English wordiodine.
[29]

Iridium Ir

(genitive:
)
of rainbows descriptive
Named after the Latin noun "iris", meaning "rainbow, iris plant, iris of the eye", because many of salts are strongly colored; "Iris"
was originally the name of the goddess of rainbows and a messenger in Greek mythology.
[18]

Iron Fe
sern
(earlier:
ren/sen)/
yren/yron
holy metal or strong metal
[30]
Anglo-Saxon
From the Anglo-Saxon sern which is derived from Proto-Germanic isarnan meaning "holy metal" or "strong metal" which in its
turn may derive from the Etruscan, aisar, meaning "the god(s)", because the earliest iron to be worked (by
the Sumerians andEgyptians, around 4000 BC) was obtained from meteorites, and meteorites fall from the sky.
[31]

The symbol Fe is from Latin ferrum, meaning "iron".
Krypton Kr

(kryptos)
hidden descriptive
From Greek "" (kryptos), means "hidden one", because of its colorless, odorless, tasteless, gaseous properties (like
other noble gases).
Lanthanum La

(lanthanei
n)
to lie hidden

From Greek lanthanein, "to lie (hidden)".
Lawrencium Lr
Lawrence,
Ernest O
eponym
Named in honor of "Ernest O. Lawrence", who was involved in the development of thecyclotron.
The symbol is Lr since 1963; formerly Lw was used. Unniltrium was used as a temporary systematic element name.
[12]

Lead Pb lead

The symbol Pb is from Latin name, Plumbum, hence the English, "plumbing".
[18][32]

Lithium Li stone

From Greek "" (lithos) "stone", because it was discovered from a mineral while other common alkali metals
(lithos) (sodium and potassium) were discovered from plant tissue.
Lutetium Lu Lutetia Paris toponym Named after the Latin, Lutetia, the city of "Paris".
[12]

Magnesium Mg

(Magnesia
)

toponym From the Ancient Greek, "" (Magnesia) (district in Thessaly), where discovered.
Manganese Mn

(Magnesia
; Latin:
magnetum
)
Magnesia descriptive From Latin Magnesia ultimately from Greek; Magnesia evolved into Manganese inItalian and into Manganse in French.
Meitnerium Mt
Meitner,
Lise
eponym Named in honor of Lise Meitner, who shared discovery of nuclear fission.
[12]
It has also been called 'Eka-iridium.
[25]

Mendelevium Md
Mendeleye
v, Dmitri
eponym Named in honor of Dmitri Mendeleyev, who invented periodic table.
[33]
It has also been called 'Eka-thulium.
[25]

Mercury Hg Mercurius Mercury mythological
Named after "Mercury", the god of speed and messenger of the Gods, as was the "planet Mercury" named after the god.
The symbol Hg is from Greek name, and (hydor and argyros), which became Latin, Hydrargyrum; both mean
"water-silver", because it is a liquid like water (at room temperature), and has silvery metallic sheen.
[18][34]

Molybdenum Mo

(molybdos
)
lead-like descriptive From Greek "" (molybdos), "lead".
Neodymium Nd


(neos
didymos)
new twin descriptive
Derived from Greek " " (neos didymos), means "new twin", becauseDidymium separated
into Praseodymium and Neodymium, when they gave salts of different colors.
[35]

Neon Ne

(neos)
new

From Greek "" (neos) "new".
Neptunium Np Neptunus Neptune mythological Named for "Neptune", the planet. (The planet was named after "Neptune", the god of oceans in mythology)
[18]

Nickel Ni
Kopparnic
kel/Kupfer
nickel
copper-coloured ore descriptive From the Swedish, Kopparnickel, meaning "copper-colored ore"; this referred to the ore niccolite from which it was obtained.
[37]

Niobium Nb

(Niobe)
snowy mythological Named after "Niobe", daughter of Tantalus in Classical mythology.
[12][18]

Nitrogen N

(Latin:
nitrum) -
(-
genes)
native-soda begetter descriptive
From French "nitrogne"
[38]
and Latin "nitrum -genes", derived from Greek " " (nitron geinomai), meaning "I
form/beget native-soda (niter)".
[39]

Nobelium No
Nobel,
Alfred
eponym Named in honor of Alfred Nobel, who invented dynamite and instituted the Nobel Prizes foundation.
Osmium Os

(osme)
a smell descriptive From Greek (osme), means "a smell".
Oxygen O


(oxy
geinomai)/
oxygne
to bring forth acid

From Greek " " (oxy geinomai), meaning " bring forth acid", as it was believed to be an essential component of
acids. This phrase was corrupted into French "oxygne" which became the source of the English word "oxygen."
[40]

Palladium Pd little maiden
[41]
astrological/ Named after "Pallas", the asteroid discovered two years earlier. (The asteroid was named after "Pallas Athena", goddess of
(genitive:
)
(Pallas)
mythological wisdom and victory.)
[18]
The word Palladium is derived from Greek and is the neutral version of meaning
"of Pallas."
[42]

Phosphorus P
+ -

(phos + -
phoros)
light-bearer descriptive
From Greek + - (phos + -phoros), means "light bearer", because "White Phosphorus" emits a faint glow upon
exposure to oxygen
The word "phosphorus" was ancient name for the "Venus" (the planet as Hesperus(Morning Star).
[18]

Platinum Pt
platina
(del Pinto)
little silver (of the Pinto River)
[44]
descriptive
From the Spanish, "platina", means "little silver", because it was first encountered in Silver mine. Platina can also mean "stage (of
a microscope)" and the Modern Spanish version of the word is Platino. Platina is a diminutive of Platina "silver" and is a loan
word from French plate or Provenal plata "sheet of metal" and is the origin of the English word "plate."
[45]

Plutonium Pu

(Ploutn)
via Pluto
god of wealth
[46]

astrological;
mythological
Named after "Pluto", the dwarf planet, because it was discovered directly afterNeptunium and is higher than Uranium on periodic
table, so by analogy with the ordering of the planets. (The planet Pluto was named after "Pluto", a Roman god of the
dead)
[18]
(Ploutn) is related to the Greek word (ploutos) meaning "wealth."
Polonium Po Polonia Poland toponym Named after "Poland", homeland of discoverer Marie Curie. Was also called Radium F.
Potassium K
potassa;
potasch
viapotash
[4
8]

pot-ash

From the English, "potash", means "pot-ash" (Potassium compound prepared from an alkali extracted in a pot from the ash of
burnt wood or tree leaves).
Potash is a literal translation of the Dutch loan word "potaschen" meaning "pot ashes."
[47]
The symbol K is from Latin
name, Kalium, from Arabic " " (al qaly), meaning "calcined ashes".
Praseodymium Pr


(prasios
didymos)
green twin descriptive
From Greek " " (prasios didymos), meaning "green twin", becausedidymium separated
into Praseodymium and neodymium, with salts of different colors.
Promethium Pm

("Prometh
eus")
forethought
[49]
mythological Named after "Prometheus", who stole the fire of heaven and gave it to mankind (in Classical mythology).
[18]

Protactinium Pa
+

first beam element descriptive?
Derived from former name Protoactinium, from the Greek prefix proto- "first" + Neolatin "actinium" from Greek (gen.:
) "ray" + Latin -ium.
[50]

Radium Ra radius ray descriptive From Latin radius meaning "ray", because of its radioactivity.
Radon Rn Radium

Contraction of Radium emanation, since the element appears in the radioactive decay of radium.
An alternative, rejected name was Niton (Nt), from Latin nitens "shining".
Rhenium Re Rhenus Rhine toponym From Latin Rhenus, the river Rhine.
Rhodium Rh

(rhodon)
rose

From Greek "" (rhodon), means "rose".
Roentgenium Rg
Rntgen,
Wilhelm
Conrad

eponym Named in honour of Wilhelm Conrad Rntgen, who produced and detected x-rays. It has also been called Eka-gold.
[25]

Rubidium Rb rubidus deepest red descriptive From Latin "rubidus", means "deepest red", because of color in spectroscope.
Ruthenium Ru Ruthenia Russia toponym From Latin "Ruthenia", means "Russia".
Rutherfordium Rf
Rutherford
, Ernest
eponym
Named in honor of Baron Ernest Rutherford, who pioneered the Bohr model of theatom. Rutherfordium has also been
called Kurchatovium (Ku), named in honor ofIgor Vasilevich Kurchatov, who shared discovered fundamental understanding of
theUranium chain reaction and the nuclear reactor.
[12]

Samarium Sm
Samarsky-
Bykhovets
, Vasili

eponym
Named after "Samarskite", the mineral. ("Samarskite" was named after "ColonelVasili Samarsky-Bykhovets", a Russian mine
official.)
Scandium Sc Scandia Scandinavia toponym Named from Latin "Scandia", means "Scandinavia"; formerly Eka-boron.
[25]

Seaborgium Sg
Seaborg,
Glenn
Teodor
Swedish surname, literally: "Lake
Mountain"
eponym
Named in honor of "Glenn T. Seaborg", who discovered the chemistry of thetransuranium elements, shared discovered and
isolated 10 elements, developed and proposed the actinide series. Other names: Eka-tungsten
[25]
and temporarily by
IUPAC Unnilhexium (Unh).
[12]

Selenium Se

(selne)
moon
astrological/
mythological
From Greek, "" (selene), means "Moon", and also moon-goddess Selene.
[18]

Silicon Si silex, -icis flint descriptive From Latin "silex" or "silicis", means "flint", a kind of stone.
Silver Ag
/
;
siolfor/seo
lfor
to refine, smelt Latinargentum
From the Anglo-Saxon, "seolfor" which was derived from Proto-Germanic *silubra-; compare Old High German "silabar";
ultimately from Akkadian sarpu "refined silver" and related to sarapu "to refine, smelt".
[52]

The symbol Ag is from Latin name Argentum, which is derived from PIE *arg-ent- or from Ancient Greek
(argentos), genitive of (argeis), "white, shining".
[53]

Sodium Na soda

From the English, "soda", used in names for Sodium compounds such as caustic soda, soda ash, and baking soda.
The symbol Na is from Modern Latin noun natrium, derived from Greek "" (ntron), "natural soda, a kind of salt" + Latin -
ium.
[54]
Its original source being either the Arabic word natrun or the Egyptian word
netjeri.
Strontium Sr
Srn an t-
Sthein;
Strontian
proper name (literally: nose [ie. 'point']
of the fairy hill)
toponym
Named after "Strontianite", the mineral. ("Strontianite" was named after "the town ofStrontian", the source of the mineral
in Scotland.)
Sulfur S

(sufra)
yellow descriptive
Almost certainly from Arabic " " (sufra), "yellow", the bright color of the naturally occurring form. The word passed
into Sanskrit, "" (sulvere or sulvari), the Latin, "sulpur", the Old French "soufre,"
[60]
the English, "sulphur" or "sulfur",
and also was commonly referred as "brimstone" in English translations of the Bible.
Tantalum Ta

(Tantalus)
Tantalus; possibly "the bearer" or the
sufferer"
[61]

mythological
Named after the Greek, "" (Tantalus), who was punished after death by being condemned to stand knee-deep in water, if
he bent to drink the water, it drained below the level he could reach (on Greek mythology). This was considered similar to
tantalum's general non-reactivity because of the inertness (it sits among reagents and is unaffected by them).
[18]

Technetium Tc

(technetos)
artificial descriptive
From Greek (technetos), means "artificial", because of the first predominantly artificial element. Technetium has also
been called Eka-manganese.
[25]

Tellurium Te Tellus Earth mythological From Latin "Tellus", means "Earth" and also "Terra Mater", the goddess personifying the Mother Earth in Roman mythology
[18]

Terbium Tb Ytterby Proper name (literally: outer village) toponym Named after "Ytterby", the village in Sweden where the element was first discovered.
Thallium Tl

(thallos)
green twig descriptive From Greek, "" (thallos), means "a green shoot (twig)", because of its bright green spectral emission lines.
Thorium Th
rr
(Thor)
thunder mythological
Named after "Thor", the god of thunder on Norse mythology.
[18]

The former name Ionium (Io) was given early in the study of radioactive elements toTh-230 isotope.
Thulium Tm
,

[62]

a mythical country mythological
Named after "Thule", an ancient Roman and Greek name (, ) for a mythical country in the far north,
perhaps Scandinavia. By the same token, Thulia, its oxide.
Tin Sn tin

Borrowed from a Proto-Indo-European language, and has cognates in severalGermanic and Celtic languages.
[63]

The symbol Sn is from its Latin name Stannum.
Titanium Ti

(gen.:
;
Titan)
Earth mythological From Latin "titan", means "Earth", and also "Titans", the first sons of Gaia in Greek mythology.
[18]

Tungsten W tung sten heavy stone descriptive
From the Swedish and Danish, "tung sten", means "heavy stone". The symbol W is from scientific name, Wolfram. The element
and its ore, "Wolframite", was named in honor of "Peter Woulfe", who discovered its existence. The
names Wolfram orVolfram are still used in Swedish and several languages.
[12]

Ununoctium Uuo

systematic IUPAC systematic element name based on Latin for 118. It is sometimes called Eka-radon.
[25]

Ununhexium Uuh

systematic IUPAC systematic element name based on Latin for 116. It is sometimes called Eka-polonium.
[25]

Ununpentium Uup

systematic IUPAC systematic element name based on Latin for 115. It is sometimes called Eka-bismuth.
[25]


Evaporation that occurs on earth is the change from the liquid state of water to a water vapor. Though it looks very simple, water is not only the most abundant compound on earth, it is also very complex. The quantity of
water on the earth never changes; it simply changes form as it passes through what is known as the water cycle. This cycle has four stages, one of which is evaporation. Each stage entails different processes that are required
to change water to a new form.
Water has three different states: liquid, vapor, and ice. Evaporation of water is the process by which water changes from liquid water to a water vapor. To evaporate, water requires one of several conditions to be in place. For
a body of water such as a lake, river, or ocean to allow some of its water molecules to switch from a liquid and be released as a water vapor into the air, heat from the sun must be present to initiate the process. A change in
energy or pressure is always required from some source for this process to occur.
Crystallization is the (natural or artificial) process of formation of solid crystals precipitating from a solution,melt or more rarely deposited directly from a gas. Crystallization is also a chemical solid-liquid separation
technique, in which mass transfer of a solute from the liquid solution to a pure solid crystalline phase occurs. In chemical engineering crystallization occurs in a crystallizer. Crystallization is therefore an aspect
ofprecipitation, obtained through a variation of the solubility conditions of the solute in the solvent, as compared to precipitation due to chemical reaction. The crystallization process consists of two major
events, nucleation and crystal growth. Nucleation is the step where the solute molecules dispersed in the solvent start to gather into clusters, on thenanometer scale (elevating solute concentration in a small region), that
become stable under the current operating conditions. These stable clusters constitute the nuclei. However, when the clusters are not stable, they redissolve. Therefore, the clusters need to reach a critical size in order to
become stable nuclei. Such critical size is dictated by the operating conditions (temperature,supersaturation, etc.). It is at the stage of nucleation that the atoms arrange in a defined and periodicmanner that defines the crystal
structure note that "crystal structure" is a special term that refers to the relative arrangement of the atoms, not the macroscopic properties of the crystal (size and shape), although those are a result of the internal crystal
structure.
The crystal growth is the subsequent growth of the nuclei that succeed in achieving the critical cluster size. Nucleation and growth continue to occur simultaneously while the supersaturation exists. Supersaturation is the
driving force of the crystallization, hence the rate of nucleation and growth is driven by the existing supersaturation in the solution. Depending upon the conditions, either nucleation or growth may be predominant over the
other, and as a result, crystals with different sizes and shapes are obtained (control of crystal size and shape constitutes one of the main challenges in industrial manufacturing, such as for pharmaceuticals). Once the
supersaturation is exhausted, the solid-liquid system reaches equilibrium and the crystallization is complete, unless the operating conditions are modified from equilibrium so as to supersaturate the solution again.
Filtration is a technique used either to remove impurities from an organic solution or to isolate an organic solid. The two types of filtration commonly used in organic chemistry laboratories are gravity filtration and vacuum
or suction filtration. Gravity filtration is the method of choice to remove solid impurities from an organic liquid. The "impurity" can be a drying agent or an undesired side product or leftover reactant. Gravity filtration can
be used to collect solid product, although generally vacuum filtration is used for this purpose because it is faster.
A filtration procedure called "hot gravity filtration" is used to separate insoluble impurities from a hot solution. Hot filtrations require fluted filter paper and careful attention to the procedure to keep the apparatus warm but
covered so that solvent does not evaporate. Hot gravity filtrations are no longer included in the routine procedures for the experiments in the organic chemistry teaching labs, they used to be used in the teaching labs to remove
powdered Norite from a hot solution; since we switched to pelletized Norite, hot filtrations are not used.
Ununquadium Uuq

systematic IUPAC systematic element name based on Latin for 114. It is sometimes called Eka-lead.
[25]

Ununseptium Uus

systematic IUPAC systematic element name based on Latin for 117. It is sometimes called Eka-astatine.
[25]

Ununtrium Uut

systematic IUPAC systematic element name based on Latin for 113. It is sometimes called Eka-thallium.
[25]

Uranium U

(Ouranos);
Uranus
sky
astrological;
mythological
Named after the planet "Uranus", which had been discovered eight years earlier. The planet was named after "Uranus", the god of
sky and heaven on Greek mythology
[18]

Vanadium V Vanads "Ds of theVanir" mythological
From Vanads, one of the names of the Vanr goddess Freyja in Norse mythology, because of multicolored chemical
compounds deemed beautiful.
[18]

Xenon Xe

(xenos)
foreign

From the Greek adjective "" (xenos), means "foreign, a stranger".
Ytterbium Yb Ytterby proper name, literally: "outer village" toponym
Named after Ytterbia, the compound of Ytterbium. (The compound Ytterbia was named after Ytterby, the Swedish village
(near Vaxholm) where found the mineralsGadolinite)
[12]

Yttrium Y Ytterby proper name, literally: "outer village" toponym
Named after Yttria, the (oxide) compound of Yttrium. (The compound Yttria was named after Ytterby, the village where found
the minerals Gadolinite)
[12]

Zinc Zn Zink Cornet
[64]


From German "Zink" which is related to Zinken "prong, point." May be derived from Old Persian
Zirconium Zr
,.:- ~
. zargono
[
65]

(zargn)/

(zarkn)/zi
rkon
gold-like

From Arabic " " (zarkn). Derived from the Persian, "" (zargn), means "gold like". Zirkon is the German variant
of these and is the origin of the English word "Zircon."
[66]

FILIPINO


1.dayalekto
Ang dayalekto ay batay sa lugar, panahon at katayuan sa buhay. Nakikita ito kaugnay ng pinanggagalingang lugar ng tagapagsalita o grupo ng tagapagsalita sa isa sa tationg dimension: espasyo,
panahon at katayuang sosyal.
Halimbawa:
Tagalog-Bulacan
Tagalog-Batangas
Tagalog-Laguna

2. Idyolek
- isang varayti na kaugnay ng personal na kakanyahan ng tagapagsalita o wikang ginagamit ng partikular na indibidwal.
- Ang mga tanda ng idyolek ay maaaring idyosinkratiko tulad ng paggamit ng partikular na bokabularyo nang madalas.
- Ayon pa rin kay Catford, permanente nang matatawag ang idyolek ng isang taong may sapat
na gulang.

3. sosyolek ay ang sosyal na varayti ng wika. Ito ay tumutukoy sa mga register o jargon na salitang nabubuo. Kabilang dito ang mga salitang balbal