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Differentiation rules - Wikipedia, the free

Differentiation rules
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is a summary of differentiation rules, that is, rules for computing the derivative of a function in calculus.

Topics in Calculus Fundamental theorem Limits of functions Continuity Mean value theorem Differential calculus Derivative Change of variables Implicit differentiation Taylor's theorem Related rates Rules and identities: Power rule, Product rule, Quotient rule, Chain rule Integral calculus Integral Lists of integrals Improper integrals Integration by: parts, disks, cylindrical shells, substitution, trigonometric substitution, partial fractions, changing order Vector calculus

Contents
1 Elementary rules of differentiation 1.1 Differentiation is linear 1.2 The product or Leibniz rule 1.3 The chain rule 1.4 The polynomial or elementary power rule 1.5 The reciprocal rule 1.6 The inverse function rule 2 Further rules of differentiation 2.1 The quotient rule 2.2 Generalized power rule 2.3 Logarithmic derivatives 3 Derivatives of exponential and logarithmic functions 4 Derivatives of trigonometric functions 5 Derivatives of hyperbolic functions 6 Derivatives of special functions 7 Nth Derivatives 8 See also 9 References 10 External Links

Elementary rules of differentiation

Unless otherwise stated, all functions will be functions from R to R, although more generally, the formulae below make sense wherever they are well defined.

Gradient Divergence Curl Laplacian Gradient theorem Green's theorem Stokes' theorem Divergence theorem Multivariable calculus Matrix calculus Partial derivative Multiple integral

Differentiation is linear
Main article: Linearity of differentiation For any functions f and g and any real numbers a and b.

In other words, the derivative of the function h(x) = a f(x) + b g(x) with respect to x is

Line integral Surface integral Volume integral

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Jacobian

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Differentiation rules - Wikipedia, the free

In Leibniz's notation this is written

Jacobian

Special cases include: The constant multiple rule

The sum rule

The subtraction rule

The product or Leibniz rule

Main article: Product rule For any of the functions f and g,

In other words, the derivative of the function h(x) = f(x) g(x) with respect to x is

In Leibniz's notation this is written

The chain rule

Main article: Chain rule This is a rule for computing the derivative of a function of a function, i.e., of the composite and g: of two functions f

In other words, the derivative of the function h(x) = f(g(x)) with respect to x is

In Leibniz's notation this is written (suggestively) as:

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Differentiation rules - Wikipedia, the free

The polynomial or elementary power rule

Main article: Calculus with polynomials If f(x) = xn, for some natural number n (including zero) then

Special cases include: Constant rule: if f is the constant function f(x) = c, for any number c, then for all x

The derivative of a linear function is constant: if f(x) = ax (or more generally, in view of the constant rule, if f(x)=ax+b ), then

Combining this rule with the linearity of the derivative permits the computation of the derivative of any polynomial.

The reciprocal rule

Main article: Reciprocal rule For any (nonvanishing) function f, the derivative of the function 1/f (equal at x to 1/f(x)) is

In other words, the derivative of h(x) = 1/f(x) is

In Leibniz's notation, this is written

The inverse function rule

Main article: inverse functions and differentiation This should not be confused with the reciprocal rule: the reciprocal 1/x of a nonzero real number x is its inverse with respect to multiplication, whereas the inverse of a function is its inverse with respect to function composition.
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Differentiation rules - Wikipedia, the free

If the function f has an inverse g =

f1 (so

that g(f(x)) = x and f(g(y)) = y) then

In Leibniz notation, this is written (suggestively) as

Further rules of differentiation

The quotient rule
Main article: Quotient rule If f and g are functions, then: wherever g is nonzero.

This can be derived from reciprocal rule and the product rule. Conversely (using the constant rule) the reciprocal rule is the special case f(x) = 1.

Generalized power rule

Main article: Power rules The elementary power rule generalizes considerably. First, if x is positive, it holds when n is any real number. The reciprocal rule is then the special case n = -1 (although care must then be taken to avoid confusion with the inverse rule). The most general power rule is the functional power rule: for any functions f and g,

wherever both sides are well defined.

Logarithmic derivatives
The logarithmic derivative is another way of stating the rule for differentiating the logarithm of a function (using the chain rule): wherever f is positive.

Derivatives of exponential and logarithmic functions

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Differentiation rules - Wikipedia, the free

note that the equation above is true for all c, but the derivative for c < 0 yields a complex number.

the equation above is also true for all c but yields a complex number.

The derivative of the natural logarithm with a generalised functional argument f(x) is

By applying the change-of-base rule, the derivative for other bases is

Derivatives of trigonometric functions

For more details on this topic, see Differentiation of trigonometric functions.

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Derivatives of hyperbolic functions

Derivatives of special functions

Gamma function

Riemann Zeta function

Nth Derivatives
The following formulae can be obtained empirically by repeated differentiation and taking notice of patterns; either by hand or computed by a CAS (Computer Algebra System).[1] Below y is the dependent variable, x is the independent variable, real number constants are A, B, N, r, real integers are n and j, F(x) is a continuously differentiable function (the . nth derivative exists), and i is the imaginary unit
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Differentiation rules - Wikipedia, the free

Function

nth Derivative

where and the set equation See: Expansions for nearly Gaussian distributions by S. Blinnikov and R. Moessner
[2]

consists of all non-negative integer solutions of the Diophantine

For the case of (the exponential function), the above reduces to:

where

is the Kronecker delta.

Expanding this by the sine addition formula yields a more clear form to use:
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Differentiation rules - Wikipedia, the free

Expanding by the cosine addition formula:

See also
Derivative

References
1. ^ http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=nth+derivative+of+%5Bf%28x%29%5D%5Er 2. ^ http://aas.aanda.org/index.php? option=com_article&access=standard&Itemid=129&url=/articles/aas/pdf/1998/10/h0596.pdf

External Links
Derivative calculator with formula simplification (http://www.planetcalc.com/675/) A Table of Derivatives (http://mathmajor.org/home/calculus-and-analysis/table-of-derivatives/) Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differentiation_rules" Categories: Differential calculus | Differentiation rules | Mathematics-related lists | Mathematical tables | Mathematical identities This page was last modified on 4 August 2011 at 21:54. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of use for details. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

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