Experiment 1

1.

Name of the Experiment:- To verify the table of basic logic gate using transistor
(Por AND, OR NOT gate)

2.

Software / Hardware Required: - NPN transistor BC147 resister of 1k-2 , 330-2,

breadboard DC power supply connecting wires. Digital millimeters /LED.

3. Theory: A bipolar transistor consists of a 3- layers sandwich of doped (extrinsic) semiconductor materials, either P-N-P or N-P-N each layer forming the transistor has a specific name and each layer is provided with a wire contact for connection to a circuit. The only functional difference between a PNP transistor and an NPN transistor is the proper biasing (polarity) of the functions when operating. For any given state of operation, the current directions and voltage polarities for each type of transistor are erectly opposite cach ether. Bipolar transistors wask or current controlled current the amount of current that can go through them according to a smaller controlling current. The main current that is controlled goes from collector to emitter as from emitter to collector depending on type of transistor it is (PNP or NPN). The small current goes from base to emitter or from on the type transistor in is (PNP or NPN) According to the confusing standards of semiconductor symbology, the arrow always points against the direction of electrom flow. Bipolar transistor are called bipolar because the main flow of electrons through them taves place in 2 type of semiconductor material P and N as the main current goes from emitter to collector (or visa versa ) As you can see, the controlling current and the controlled current always mesh together through the emitter wire and this electrons always from against the direction of the transistor s arrow. This is the first and foremost rule in the use of transistor all current must be going in the proper directions for the device to work as a current is visually referred to simply as the base current because it is the only current that goes through the base wire of shuts off like an open switch and prevents current through the collector if there is a base current, then the transistor turns on like a closed switch and allows a proportional amount of current through collector.

Logic Gate:-

A logic gate is an electronic circuit, which makes logic decision. It has one or more input and one output. The output signal appears only for certain combination of input signal.

AND OR, NOT are basic logic gates.

1) OR Gate:-

The output of OR gate is high if anyone as all the input are high.

2) AND Gate:The output of AND gate is high only when all input all high.

3) NOT Gate:The output of NOT gate is high when input is low & vice- versa.

1. Procedure:1- Make the connecting as per the circuit diagram. 2- Give the supply voltage and input voltages according to the truth table . 3- Observe the O/P on digital millimeter for each I/P consignation. 4- Write down the corresponding logic level in Observe table. 5- Verify the truth table.

1. Result:We how verified the truth table of basic logic gate using transistor (or AND, OR, NOT gate).

2. Conclusion: 1- The output of OR is high when ane of the inputs is high. 2- The output of AND gate is high only when all the inputs are high.

3- The output of NOT gate is complement of input.