EMF2

EM Waves and Micro Engg.
Ramkrishna Pasumarthy
BPHC, 2010
Waves in Space
For a plane wave in space, the electric and magnetic eld
lines,E and H, are everywhere perpendicular to each other and
the wave direction.
2
E
y
t
2
=
1
2
E
y
x
2
The ratio of E
y
to H
z
is an impedance Z
0
=
E
y
H
z
=
The product of E
y
and H
z
has the dimensions of power per
unit area and is called the Poynting vector.
Solution to the wave equation
The wave equation is a function of both space and time.
A general solution is of the form
E = f (z ut) + g(z + ut); u =
In particular if we assume harmonic (or sinusoidal) time

dependence e
j t
;
d
2
E
s
dz
2
+
2
E
s
= 0
where = /u and E
s
is the phasor form of E.
Possible solution is - E
+
= Ae
j (tz)
; E
= Be
j
t + z
E = Ae
j (tz)
+ E
= Be
j
t + z
Waves in General
Taking the imaginary part of E
1
E = Asin(t z)
It is time harmonic because we assumed time dependance of
the form e
j t
.
The amplitude of the wave A has the same units as E.
The phase (in radians) depends on the time t and space
variable z - (t z).
The angular frequency is given in radians per second; the
phase constant or the wave number in radians per second.
Since E varies both with space and time, we may plot E as a
function of t by keeping z constant and vice versa.
Waves in General
is the wave length and T is known as the time period.
Since it takes time T for the wave to travel a distance at a
distance u, we have = uT.
T = 1/f and hence u = f .
= 2f , =

u
andT = 1/f = 2/ implying =
2
For every wav elength of distance traveled, the wave

undergoes a phase change of 2 radians.
The wave is traveling with a velocity u in the +z direction.
Wave propagation in a lossy medium
A lossy dielectric medium is a medium in which an EM wave,
as it propagates, loses power owing to imperfect dielectric.
It is a partially conducting medium with = 0.
The Maxwells equations for a linear, isotropic, homogeneous,
lossy dielectric medium which is charge free:
E
s
= 0
H
s
= 0
E
s
= j H
s
H
s
= ( + j )E
s
The above equations result in
2
E
s

2
E
s
= 0,
2
H
s

2
H
s
= 0
If we assume that the wave propagates in the a
z
direction and
that E
s
has only an x component, then
E
s
= E
xs
(z)a
z
This yields

2
z
2

2
E
xs
(z) = 0.
This is a scalar wave equation, a linear homogeneous
dierential equation, with solution
E
xs
(z) = E
z
0
+ E
0
e
z
The fact that the eld must be nite at innity requires that
E
0
= 0.
This results in
E(z, t) = E
0
e
z
cos(t z)a
x
H =
E
0
||
e
z
cos(t z
)a
y
As the wave propagates along a
z
, it decreases or attenuates in
amplitude by a factor e
z
. Hence is known as the
attenuation constant.
If = 0 (lossless medium and free space), = 0 the wave is
not attenuated as it progresses.
The quantity is a measure of the phase shift per unit length
(rad/m) and is called the phase constant or wave number.
u = /, = 2/.
E leads H by
Plane waves in lossless dielectrics
In a lossless dielectric <<
= 0, =
0
r
, =
0
r
This means that = 0, =
.
u =

=
1
, =
2
Also =
0
o
Thus E, H are in time phase with each other.
Plane waves in free space - Transverse EM wave
These are special case of plane waves in lossy dielectrics.
= 0, =
0
, =
0
This means = 0, =
(
0
0
) =

c
.
And u =
1
0
= c, =
2
.
Thus, we have
= 0 and =
0
, the intrinsic impedance of
the medium =
0
= 377ohms.
And E = E
0
cos(t z)a
x
.
Then, H = H
0
cos(t z)a
y
=
E
0
0
cos(t z)a
y
Both the E and H eld are everywhere normal to the direction
of wave propagation.
This means that the elds lie in a plane that is transverse or
orthogonal to the direction of wave propagation. They form
an EM wave that has no electric or magnetic eld
components along the direction of propagation.
Plane waves in good conductors
A perfect or good conductor is one in which >> , so that
>> 1, i.e = , =
0
, =
0
r
.
Thus
= =
2
=
f .
And u =

.
This means that =
45
0
.
If E = E
0
e
z
cos(t z)a
x
, then
H =
E
0
e
z
cos(t z 45)a
y
Plane waves in good conductors
Therefore as the wave travels in a conducting medium, its
amplitude is attenuated by a factor e
z
.
Let at a distance the wave amplitude decrease to a factor
e
1
(about 37% of the original value).
This distance is called the skin depth or the penetration of the
medium.
E
0
e
= E
0
e
1
, OR =
1
Ths skin depth is a measure of the depth to which an EM

wave can penetrate the medium.
Reection of plane wave at Normal Incidence
When a plane wave from one medium meets a dierent
medium, it is partly reected and partly transmitted.
The proportion of the incident wave that is reected or
transmitted depends on the constitutive parameters (, , )
of the two media involved.
Assume that the incident plane wave is normal to the
boundary between the media.
Suppose that a plane wave propagating along the +z
direction is incident normally on the boundary z = 0 between
medium 1 z < 0 characterized by
1
,
1
,
1
and medium 2
(z > 0 characterize by
2
,
2
,
2
Reection of plane wave at Normal Incidence
When a plane wave from one medium meets a dierent
medium, it is partly reected and partly transmitted.
The proportion of the incident wave that is reected or
transmitted depends on the constitutive parameters (, , )
of the two media involved.
Assume that the incident plane wave is normal to the
boundary between the media.
Suppose that a plane wave propagating along the +z
direction is incident normally on the boundary z = 0 between
medium 1 z < 0 characterized by
1
,
1
,
1
and medium 2
(z > 0 characterize by
2
,
2
,
2
Incident Wave
We will use subscripts i , r , t for incident, reected and
transmitted waves respectively.
(E
i
, H
i
) is traveling along a
z
in medium 1.
If we suppress the time factor e
j t
and assume that
E
is
(z) = E
i 0
e
1
z
a
x
Then
H
is
(z) = H
i 0
e
1
z
a
y
=
E
i 0
1
e
1
z
a
y
Reected Wave
(E
r
, H
r
) is traveling along a
z
in medium 1.
If E
rs
(z) = E
r 0
e
1
z
a
x
Then
H
rs
(z) = H
r 0
e
1
z
(a
y
) =
E
i 0
1
e
1
z
a
y
E
rs
has been assumed to be along a
x
.
To satisfy necessary boundary conditions at the interface, we
will consistently assume that for normal incidence E
i
, E
r
and
E
t
have the same polarization.
Transmitted Wave
(E
t
, H
t
) is traveling along +a
z
in medium 1.
If E
ts
(z) = E
t0
e
2
z
a
x
Then
H
ts
(z) = H
t0
e
2
z
a
y
=
E
i 0
2
e
2
z
a
y
In all the above equations E
i 0
, E
r 0
, E
t0
are, respectively, the
magnitudes if the incident, reected and transmitted electric
elds at z = 0.
Notice that the total eld in medium 1 comprises both the
incident and reected elds, whereas medium 2 has only
transmitted elds
Reection of plane wave at an oblique incidence
A uniform plane wave takes the general form
E(r, t) = E
0
cos(k r t) = Re[E
0
e
j (kr t)
]
where r = x a
x
+ y a
y
+ z a
z
is the radius or position vector
and k = k
x
a
x
+ k
y
a
y
+ k
z
a
z
.
k is always in the direction of wave propagation and
k
2
= k
2
x
+ k
2
y
+ k
2
z
=
2
.
With the general form of E, Maxwells equations for a source
free region reduce to
k E = H; k H = E
k H = 0; k E = 0
Reection of plane waves at oblique incidence
This means that E, H and k are mutually orthogonal to each
other and
E, H, lie on the plane
k cot r = k
x
x + k
y
y + k
z
z = constant
E
i
= E
i 0
cos(k
ix
x + k
iy
y + k
iz
z t)
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS: Since the tangential component
of E must be continuous across the boundary
E
i
(z = 0) + E
r
(z = 0) = E
t
(z = 0)
Reection of plane waves at oblique incidence
The boundary conditions are satised if and only if
i
=
r
=
t
=
k
ix
= k
rx
= k
tx
= k
x
k
iy
= k
ry
= k
ty
= k
Satisfaction of the boundary conditions leads to
r
=
i
; n
1
sin
1
= n
2
sin
2
where n
1
= c
1
, n
2
= c
2
Parallel Polarization
Both the incident and reected waves are given by
E
is
= E
i 0
(cos
i
a
x
sin a
z
)e
j
1
(x sin
i
+z cos
i
)
H
is
=
E
i 0
1
e
j
1
(x sin
i
+z cos
i
)
a
y
E
rs
= E
r 0
(cos
i
a
x
+ sin a
z
)e
j
1
(x sin
i
+z cos
i
)
H
rs
=
E
r 0
1
e
j
1
(x sin
i
+z cos
i
)
a
y
The trick in deriving the component is to rst get the
propagation vector k for the incident, reected and
transmitted waves.
Once k is known, dene E
s
such that E
s
= 0 or k E
s
= 0.
Requiring that
r
=
i
and the tangential components of E
and H be continuous at the boundary z = 0, we have
(E
i 0
+ E
r 0
) cos
i
= E
t0
cos
t
1
1
(E
i 0
E
r 0
) =
1
2
E
t0
This leads to
=
E
r 0
E
i 0
=

2
cos
t

1
cos
i
2
cos
t
+
1
cos
i
Or E
r 0
=
E
t0
And
=
E
t0
E
i 0
=
2
2
cos
i
2
cos
t
+
i
cos
i
or E
t0
=
E
i 0
The above equations are called Fersnels
Equations.
From Snells law
cos
t
=
1 sin
2
t
=
1 (u
2
/u
1
)
2
sin
2
i
It also follows that
1 +
cos
t
cos
i
From the expression of
, there is a possibility that
= 0.
Under this condition, there is no reection (E
r 0
= 0) and the
incident angle at which this takes place is called the Brewster
angle
B
.
The Brewster angle is also known as the polarizing angle
because an arbitrarily polarized incident wave will be reected
with only the component of E perpendicular to the plane of
incidence.
Prpendicular Polarization- Assigmnent 2B
Derive expressions for
for perpendicular polarization.

A uniform plane wave in air with
E = 8 cos(t 4x 3z)a
y
V/m
is incident on a dielectric slab (z 0) with
r
= 1,
r
= 2.5, = 0. Find
The polarization of the wave.
The angle of incidence.
The reected E eld.
The transmitted H eld.
Transmission lines - Circuit Theory
The equations of a transmission line are given by
d
2
V
s
dz
2

2
V
s
= 0; = + j =
(R + j L)(G + j C)
d
2
V
dz
2

2
I
s
= 0.
The solutions of the above equations are given by
V
s
(z) = V
+
0
e
z
+ V
0
e
z
I
s
(z) = I
+
0
e
z
+ I
0
e
z
The instantaneous expression for voltage is obtained as
V(z, t) = Re[V
s
(z)e
j t
]
= V
+
0
e
z
cos(t z) + V
+
0
e
z
cos(t + z)
Transmission lines - Circuit Theory
The characteristic impedance Z
0
is analogous to , the
intrinsic impedance of the medium of wave propagation.
Z
0
=
V
+
0
I
+
0
=
V
0
I
0
=
R + j L
=

G + j C.
or
Z
0
=
R + j LG + j C = R
0
+ jX
0
.
Dierence between R and R 0 - R is in ohms per meter, R
0
is in ohms.
We can classify lines as
Lossless lines - (R = 0, G = 0).
Distortionless line R/L = G/C.
Wave Guides
A wave guide is another means to guide EM energy from one
point (generator) to a load.
A transmission line can support only a Transverse
Electromagnetic (TEM) wave, whereas a wave guide can
support many possible eld congurations.
At microwave frequencies (3-300 GHz), transmission lines
become inecient as a result of skin eect and dielectric
losses.
Waveguides are used at that range of frequencies to obtain a
larger bandwidth and lower signal attenuation.
A transmission line may operate from a DC to a very high
frequency
Wave guides can operate only above a certain frequency called
the cut o frequency and therefore acts as a high pass lter.
Rectangular Wave guide
Assume that the waveguide is lled with a source-free
(
v
= 0, J = 0), lossless dielectric material ( = 0) and that
its walls are perfectly conducting (
c
= ).
For a lossless medium
2
E
s
+ k
2
E
s
= 0;
2
H
s
+ k
2
H
s
= 0; k =
The time factor e

j t
is assumed.
Solution using separation of variables
E
zs
(x, y, z) = (A
1
cos k
x
x + A
2
sin k
x
x)(A
3
cos k
y
y + A
4
sin k
y
y)e
z
H
zs
(x, y, z) = (B
1
cos k
x
x + B
2
sin k
x
x)(B
3
cos k
y
y + B
4
sin k
y
y)e
z
Instead of solving for E
xs
, E
ys
, H
xs
, H
ys
, it is more convenient
to use maxwells equations to determine then from E
zs
, H
zs
.
E
s
= j H
s
, H
s
= j E
s
.
This results in
E
xs
=
h
2
E
zs
x

j
h
2
H
zs
y
E
ys
=
h
2
E
zs
y
+
j
h
2
H
zs
x
H
xs
=
j
h
2
E
zs
y

h
2
H
zs
x
H
ys
=
j
h
2
E
zs
x

h
2
H
zs
y
Notice that the eld patterns come in dierent types.
Each of this distinct eld pattern is called a mode.
E
s
= j H
s
, H
s
= j E
s
.
This results in
E
xs
=
h
2
E
zs
x

j
h
2
H
zs
y
E
ys
=
h
2
E
zs
y
+
j
h
2
H
zs
x
H
xs
=
j
h
2
E
zs
y

h
2
H
zs
x
H
ys
=
j
h
2
E
zs
x

h
2
H
zs
y
Notice that the eld patterns come in dierent types.
Each of this distinct eld pattern is called a mode.
E
zs
= 0 = H
zs
(TEM mode): In this mode both E and H
elds are transverse to the direction of wave propagation. All
eld components vanish for E
zs
= 0 = H
zs
. Consequently, a
rectangular waveguide cannot support a TEM mode.
E
zs
= 0, H
zs
= 0 (TE modes): The remaining components
(E
xs
and E
ys
) of the electric eld are transverse to the
direction of wave propagation a
z
. Fields are said to be in
transverse electric (TE) modes.
E
zs
= 0, H
zs
= 0 (TM modes): In this case, the H eld is
transverse to the direction of wave propagation and thus TM
waves.
E
zs
= 0, H
zs
= 0 (HE modes): Neither E nor H eld is
transverse to the direction of wave propagation. (Hybrid
modes).
Transverse Magnetic (TM) modes
Boundary conditions
E
zs
= 0, at y = 0 bottom wall
E
zs
= 0, at y = b top wall
E
zs
= 0, at x = 0 left wall
E
zs
= 0, at y = a right wall
Substitution of boundary conditions results in
E
zs
= E
0
sin
mx
a
sin
ny
b
e
z
The other eld components are obtained as
E
xs
=
h
2
m
a
E
0
cos
mx
a
sin
ny
b
e
z
E
ys
=
h
2
n
b
E
0
sin
mx
a
cos
ny
b
e
z
H
xs
=
j
h
2
n
b
E
0
sin
mx
a
cos
ny
b
e
z
H
ys
=
j
h
2
m
a
E
0
cos
mx
a
sin
ny
b
e
z
where
h
2
= k
2
x
+ k
2
y
=
m
a
2
+
n
b
2
Each set of integers m and n gives a dierent eld pattern or
mode, referred to as TM
mn
.
Integer m equals the number of half cycle variations in the x
direction and integer n is the number of half cycle variations
in the y direction.
Also if, (m, n) is (0, 0), (0, n), (m, 0) all eld components
vanish.
Thus neither m nor n can be zero.
Consequently, TM
11
is the lowest order mode of all the TM
mn
modes.
The propagation constant is
2
=
m
a
2
+
n
b
2
k
2
, where
k =
.
Case1: Cuto
If k
2
=
2
=
m
a
2
+
n
b
2
.
Then = 0 or = = 0.
The value of that cause this is called the cut o angular
frequency
c
that is
c
=
1
m
a
2
+
n
b
2
No propagation takes place at this frequency.
Case 2: Evanescent
If k
2
=
2
<
m
a
2
+
n
b
2
.
Then = , and = 0.
The wave extends into a region where it cannot propagate
and whose amplitude therefore decreases with distance.
These non propagating modes are said to be evanescent.
Case 3: Propagation
If k
2
=
2
>
m
a
2
+
n
b
2
.
Then = j , = 0.
The phase constant becomes
=
k
2
m
a
n
b
2
This is the only case in which propagation takes place because
all eld components will have the factor e
z
= e
j z
.
Thus for each mode, characterized by set of integers m and n,
there is a corresponding cuto frequency f
c
.
The cut-o frequency is the operating frequency below which
attenuation occurs and above which propagation takes place.
The wave guide therefore acts as a high pass lter.
The cuto frequency is obtained as
f
c
=

c
2
=
1
2
m
a
2
+
n
b
2
f
c
=
u
m
a
2
+
n
b
2
where u
=
1
= the phase velocity of uniform plane wave in

lossless dielectric medium ( = 0, , ) lling the waveguide.
The cut-o frequency is the operating frequency below which
attenuation occurs and above which propagation takes place.
The wave guide therefore acts as a high pass lter.
The cuto frequency is obtained as
f
c
=

c
2
=
1
2
m
a
2
+
n
b
2
f
c
=
u
m
a
2
+
n
b
2
where u
=
1
= the phase velocity of uniform plane wave in

lossless dielectric medium ( = 0, , ) lling the waveguide.
The cuto wavelength
c
=
u
f
c
or
c
=
2
q
[
m
a
]
2
+
[
n
b
]
2
Note that TM
11
has the lowest cuto frequency (or the
longest cuto wavelength) of all TM modes.
The phase constant can be written in terms of f
c
as
=
f
c
f
2
, where
= /u
= phase
constant of uniform plane wave in dielectric medium.
For the evanescent mode can be expressed in terms of f
c
as
= =
f
c
f
2
1
The phase velocity u
p
and the wavelength in the guide are
respectively given by
u
p
=

, =
2
=
u
p
f
The intrinsic impedance of the mode is obtained as ( = j )
TM
=
E
x
H
y
=
E
y
H
x
=

f
c
f
2
, OR
TM
=
f
c
f
2
where
/ is the intrinsic impedance of a uniform

plane wave in the medium.
Transverse Electric (TE) modes
The electric eld is transverse to the direction of wave
propagation, E
z
= 0.
We need to determine other eld components E
x
, E
y
, H
x
, H
y
.
The boundary conditions require that the tangential
components of the electric eld be continuous at the walls
(perfect conductors) of the wave guide
E
xs
= 0 at y = 0
E
xs
= 0 at y = b
E
ys
= 0 at x = 0
E
ys
= 0 at x = a
The boundary conditions can be written as
H
zs
y
= 0, at y = 0
H
zs
y
= 0, at y = b
H
zs
x
= 0, at x = 0
H
zs
x
= 0, at x = a
Imposing these boundary conditions
H
zs
= H
0
cos
mx
a
cos
ny
b
e
z
, H
0
= B
1
B
3
The other components are obtained as
E
xs
=
j
h
2
n
b
H
0
cos
mx
a
sin
ny
b
e
z
E
ys
=
j
h
2
m
a
H
0
sin
mx
a
cos
ny
b
e
z
H
xs
=

h
2
m
a
H
0
sin
mx
a
cos
ny
b
e
z
E
xs
=

h
2
n
b
H
0
cos
mx
a
sin
ny
b
e
z
The cut o frequency f
c
, the cuto wavelength
c
, the phase
constant , the phase velocity u
p
and the wavelength for
TE modes are the same as for TM modes.
For TE modes (m, n) may be (0, 1) or (1, 0) but not (0, 0).
The lowest mode is can be TE
10
or TE
01
depending on the
values of a and b.
Generally a > b, so that 1/a
2
< 1/b
2
.
Thus TE
10
is the lowest mode because
f
cTE
10
=
u
2a
< f
cTE
01
=
u
2b
. This mode is called the dominant
mode (m = 1, n = 0).
The cuto frequency for TE
10
mode is f
c10
=
u
2a
, the cuto
wave length is
c10
= 2a.
The cuto frequency for TM
11
is
u
[a
2
+b
2
]
1/2
2ab
which is greater
than the cuto frequency for TE
10
. Hence TM
11
cannot be
regarded as the dominant mode.
The dominant mode is the mode with the lowest cuto
frequency (or the longest cuto wavelength).
The intrinsic impedance for TE mode is not same as that for
TM modes.
TE
=
E
x
H
y
=
E
y
H
x
=

Or
TE
=

f
f
c
2
Also
TE
TM
=
2

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EMF2

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