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COMPILED BY hjNe M. SAJJAD HUSSAIN dvmdoctors@gmail.com

PRACTICAL

Para-202

TREMATODES + CESTODES + NEMATODES

TREMATODES
Dicrocoelium dendriticum & Clonorchis sinensis
Family Genus Specie Common Name Disease Name Distribution Hosts Location
Intermediate Host DICROCOELIDAE

SLIDES PLATE 1

OPISTHORCHIDAE

Dicrocoelium dendriticum
Lancet fluke Dicrocoeliasis Cosmopolitan Small & Large ruminants+ canines Liver and Bile duct First: Snail ------- Second: Ants No radiae stage Eggs Snail (M+S+C) Ants MetaC. Adult Fluke

Clonorchis sinensis
Oriental/Chinese Liver fluke Clonorchiasis Mostly Asia Canines, falines and human Bile duct First: Snail --------- Second: Fish All larval stages Eggs Snail (M+S+ R+C) Fish MetaC. Adult Fluke
WIDER POST. AND TAPERING ANT.

Life Cycle

Morphology

LANCET SHAPED

oral sucker < ventral sucker

TESTES are lobed and tandem. OVARY

oral sucker > ventral sucker

UTERUS

is highly coiled

is lobed. is highly coiled. Post.

OVARY is lobed TESTES

UTERUS

are branched and tandem. Post. Uterus Ovary- Testes

Position

Ant Testes Ovary- Uterus

Ant.

Eurytrema pancreaticum & Prosthogonimus macrorchis

Family Genus Specie Common Name Disease Name Distribution Hosts Location
Intermediate Host DICROCOELIDAE

SLIDES PLATE 2

PROSTHOGONIMIDAE

Eurytrema pancreaticum
Pancreatic Fluke Eurytremiasis Mostly Asia All ruminants Pancreatic duct First: Snail ---- Second: G. hopper No radiae stage Eggs Snail (M+S1+S2+C) G.hopper MetaC. Fluke

Prosthogonimus macrorchis
Oviduct Fluke Prosthogonimiasis Cosmopolitan All birds Oviduct, Bursa of Fibricious First: Snail -----Second: Dragon fly No radiae stage Eggs Snail (M+S+C) D. fly MetaC. Adult Fluke.
- PEAR SHAPED

Life Cycle

Morphology

- PEAR SHAPED - oral sucker > ventral sucker - TESTES are lobed and horizontal - OVARY is slightly lobed - UTERUS is highly coiled - VITELLERIA are follicular

- oral sucker < ventral sucker - TESTES are oval and horizontal. - OVARY is branched - UTERUS is highly coiled - VITELLERIA r branched, Grapes like Ant. Ovary Testes- Uterus Post.

Position of organs

Ant

Post. Testes Ovary- Uterus

Paramphistomum cervi & Cotylophorone cotylophorum

Family Genus Specie Common Name Disease Name Distribution Hosts Location
Intermediate Host PARAMPHISTOMATIDAE

SLIDES PLATE 3

PARAMPHISTOMATIDAE

Paramphistomum cervi
Ruminal fluke, Conical Fluke Cocumber-like Fluke Amphistomiasis Mostly Asia All ruminants Rumen and Reticulum First: Snail Eggs Snail (M+S+R+C) MetaC. Young Fluke Adult Fluke
COCUMBER SHAPED

Cotylophorone cotylophorum
Ruminal Fluke -----Mostly Asia All ruminants Rumen and Reticulum First: Snail Same as that of P.cervi

Life Cycle Morphology

- Oral & post. subterminal Suckers - TESTES are lobed and tandem. - OVARY is lobed - UTERUS is coiled - VITELLERIA are compact granules - GENITAL PORE opens at bifurcation of intestinal caeca. Position of organs Ant Post. Testes-Ovary- Post.sucker ----Uterus--Ant. Post. Testes-Ovary- Post.sucker ----Uterus--Same like that of P.cervi except - GENITAL SUCKER is present which surrounds the Genital pore.

Fasciola hepatica & Fasciolopsis buski

Family Genus Specie Common Name Disease Name Distribution Hosts Location Intermediate Host Life Cycle Morphology Eggs Snail (M+S+R+C) MetaC. Young Fluke Adult Fluke
LEAF SHAPED

SLIDES PLATE 4
FASCIOLIDAE

FASCIOLIDAE

Fasciola hepatica
Typical Liver Fluke Fascioliasis Mostly Asia Sheep, goat, cattle, horses & Man Liver and bile duct First: Snail

Fasciolopsis buski
Giant Intestinal Fluke -----Mostly Asia Man and Pig Small intestine First: Snail

Same as that of F.hepatica

ELONGATED OVAL SHAPED

- Oral sucker < ventral sucker - ANT. CONE is present. - SHOULDERS are also present. - INT. CAECA is highly branched - TESTES are branched and tandem. - OVARY is branched. - UTERUS is coiled. - VITELLERIA are branched follicles. Position of orga Ant
---Ovary ----- Testes -----Uterus---

- Oral sucker < ventral sucker - ANT. CONE is absent. - SHOULDERS are absent - INT. CAECA is simple - TESTES are branched and tandem. - OVARY is branched. - UTERUS is coiled. - VITELLERIA are branched granules. Ant.
UterusOvary --- Testes

Post.

Post.

Schistosoma japonicum & Schistosoma mansoni

Family Genus Specie Common Name Disease Name Distribution Hosts Location
Intermediate Host SCHISTOSOMATIDAE

SLIDES PLATE 5

SCHISTOSOMATIDAE

Schistosoma japonicum
Blood Fluke Intestinal schistosome Schistosomiasis, Swimmers itch Cosmopolitan Man, ruminants, cat and dog Portal and mesenteric veins First: Water Snail No metacercariae stage Eggs Snail (M+S1+S2+ C) Young worm Adult worm

Scistosoma mansoni
Human blood fluke Intestinal schistosome Schistosomiasis, Swimmers itch Cosmopolitan Man Portal and mesenteric veins First: Water Snail Same as that of S.japonicum

Life Cycle

Morphology

WORM-LIKE ELONGATED BODIES

- Oral & ventral sucker are closed. - - GYNACOPHORIC CANAL is there. - TESTES in male, 6-8 in a row. - INT.CECA is branched &unites post. - BODY presents smooth surface. MALE: Body is quite thickened and having canal for captur. female FEMALE: Body is elongated & very slim; remains usually separate - CERCARIAE (larval stage) is forked tail, so called furcocercus. - No encystations of cercariae.

All morphological features are same like that of S.japonicum except: - BODY of the worm has tuberculated skin. FEMALE: often remain in copulatory form.

CESTODES
Taenia saginata & Taenia solium
Family Genus Specie Common Name Distribution Final Host Location
Intermediate Host TAENIDEA TAENIDEA

SLIDES PLATE 6

Taenia saginata
Beef tapeworm World wide Man Small intestine Cattle Muscles (Messeter, tongue, heart) Cysticercus bovis - SIZE OF ADULT: 4-8 meter long - SCOLEX: 4 suckers only - UTERUS: 14-32 lateral branches - VAGINAL SPHINCTER M. is present - OVARY: is bilobed - EGGS: are oval-shaped

Taenia solium
Pork tapeworm World wide Man Small intestine Pig but Man may act as IH. Muscles (Messeter, tongue, heart) Cysticercus cellulosae - SIZE OF ADULT: 3-5 meter long - SCOLEX: 4 suckers + rostellum - UTERUS: 7-16 lateral branches - VAGINAL SPHINCTER M. is absent. - OVARY: is trilobed - EGGS: are spherical shaped.

Predilection site Metacestode Morphology

- CIRRUS SAC: doesnt extend to LEC - CIRRUS SAC sac:extend to LEC.

Taenia pisiformis & Echinococus granulosus

Family Genus Specie Common Name Distribution Final Host Location
Intermediate Host TAENIDEA TAENIDEA

SLIDES PLATE 7

Taenia pisiformis
----World wide Dog and wild Carnivores Small intestine Lagomorphs:Rabbits,hares, rodents Peritoneal cavity Cysticercus pisiformis - SIZE OF ADULT: 200 cm long - SCOLEX: rostellum with hooks - UTERUS: 8-14 lateral branches

Echinococus granulosus
Hydatidosis World wide Dog and other Carnivores Small intestine Ungulates: Cattle sheep, man etc. Liver and lungs Hydatid cyst - SIZE OF ADULT: 3-5 meter long - SCOLEX: 4 suckers + rostellum - STROBILA: usually 3-4 proglottids - OVARY: is kidney shaped - GENITAL PORE: alternate irregulrly - EGGS: pass out in feces (unique)

Predilection site Metacestode Morphology

Dipylidium caninum & Hymenolepis nana

Family Genus Specie Common Name Distribution Final Host Location
Intermediate Host DILEPIDIDEA

SLIDES PLATE 8
HYMENOLEPIDIDAE

Dipylidium caninum
Double-pored tapeworm Most parts of world Dog and wild carnivores Small intestine Fleas, Dog louse Gut of fleas and louse Cysticercoid - SIZE OF ADULT: 50 cm long - SCOLEX: retractable rostellum with 3-4 rows of rose-thorn shape hooks - STROBILA: proglottids have characteristically elongate, oval or cucumber seed shaped appearance. a mass resembling bunch of grapes. - EGG CAPSULES are liberated by disintegration of uterus. (unique)

Hymenolepis nana
Dwarf tapeworm Tropics and Subtropics Rodents, primates & Man Small intestine Flour beetles Body cavity Cysticercoid - SIZE OF ADULT: 25-40 mm long Thread like in appearance. - SCOLEX: 4 suckers + retractable rostellum (single circle of hooks).
TESTES:

Predilection site Metacestode Morphology

are three lying horizontally.

UTERUS: is sac-like

- OVARY and VITELLERIA: both form EGGS: are oval in shape

Diphyllobothrium latum
Family Genus Specie Common Name Distribution Final Host Location
Intermediate Host DIPHYLLIDEA

SLIDES PLATE 9

Diphyllobothrium latum
Broad Fish tapeworm Most parts of world Dog, Cat, Man and other Fish-eating mammals. Small intestine First: Copepodes (Aquatic invertebrates) ----- Second: Predatory fish. Haemocele (First IH) ------- Muscles and Viscera (Second IH) Procercoid (First larval stage) ----- Plerocercoid (Second larval stage) - SIZE OF ADULT: 2-12 meters long - SCOLEX: No suckers, presents bothria (lateral grooves) - TESTES: are numerous and lie in lateral regions of the proglottids. - OVARY is bilobed while VITELLERIA located in the lateral fields like testes. - UTERUS: is rosette shaped - EGGS are brown, operculated & passed continuously into feces of host.

Predilection site Metacestode Morphology

NEMATODES
Haemonchus contortus
Superfamily Genus Specie Common Name Distribution Definitive Host Site of Infection Morphology
TRICHOSTRONGYLOIDEA

SLIDE PLATE 10

Haemonchus contortus
Blood sucking nematode, Barbers pole like worm. World wide Cattle, sheep and Goats Abomasum - ADULTS: white ovaries winding spirally around blood filled intestines produce a barbers pole appearance. - MALE: has copulatory bursa and spicules. - FEMALE: usually have a valvular flap. - Both sexes have cervical papillae and a tiny Lancet inside buccal capsule.

Life Cycle

Life cycle is direct. - Eggs passed in the feces. - L1 hatches on the pasture and develop into L3 in a short period of time. - Infective L3 is ingested by the DH and larvae molt twice in Gastric glands. - Just before final molt, they develop a lancet. - Adults move freely on the mucosal surface of the abomasum.

Prepatent period

2-3 weeks (Sheep) --------- 4 weeks (Cattle)

Ancylostoma caninum & Ancylostoma braziliense

Superfamily Genus Specie Common Name Distribution Definitive Host Site of Infection Morphology
ANCYLOSTOMATOIDEA

SLIDE PLATE 11

ANCYLOSTOAMTOIDEA

Ancylostoma caninum
Hook worm Housing Dog and other canids

Ancylostoma braziliense
Hook worm Tropical and Subtropical Dogs and other canids Flour beetles Skin and Lungs (larvae) Small intestine (Adult L3) - ADULTS: ant. End bent dorsally - BUCCAL CAPSULE: with two pairs of ventrally located teeth MALES: with large lateral lobes of copulatory bursa, spicules equal.

Intermediate Host None: but may be paratenic host Dermis& Respiratory tract (larvae) Small intestine (Adult) - ADULTS: ant. end bent dorsally - BUCCAL CAPSULE: is deep and supported by thick cuticle. MALES: with copulatory bursa FEMALES: no valvular flap
EGGS: ovoid, thin-shelled and

posses morulated embryo. Life Cycle

EGGS passed in feces EGGS: passed in feces.

L1 hatch,feed on bacteria in feces L3 infect through skin penetra-tion and ingestion (transcolostral) Ingestion: gut wallcirculationheart and lungscough up &swallowedadults in intestines Skin penetration: circulationheart and lungscough up &swallowed to S. intestine. Prepatent period 3-4 weeks

L1 hatch within few days L3 usually infect through skin Then migrate to heart and lungs. To small intestine, molt & mature

3 weeks

Heterokis gallinarum & Enterobius vermicularis

Superfamily Genus Specie Common Name Distribution Definitive Host Site of Infection Morphology
SUBULUROIDEA OXYUROIDEA

SLIDE PLATE 12

Heterakis gallinarum
Cecal worm World wide Chickens, turkeys, geese, ducks

Enterobius vermicularis
Pin worm or seat worm Tropical and Subtropical High primates such as chimpanzee. None Caecum, ascending colon. - ADULTS: cream colored & slender. Male: 2-5 mm Female: 8-13 mm - FEMALE has a long pointed tail. - ESOPHAGUS is bulb-shaped post. - EGGS: are flattened on one side. Eggs: deposited in perianal and perineal regions. They become infect. Within a day. Further infection is due to ingestion of infective embryonated eggs. -----

Intermediate Host Earthworms as paratenic hosts Ceca - ADULTS: small with lateral alea - Small BUCCAL CAPSULE
ESOPHAGUS has strong bulb post..

Male: 7-13 mm Female:10-15mm - EGGS: ovoid and smooth shelled. Life Cycle (stages) Eggs passed in feces and become infective as inf. larvae develop. Ingestion of Infect. eggs by DH Larvae hatch in the intestines & get Maturity in the ceca. Prepatent period 1 month

Trichiuris trichiura & Trichinella spiralis

Superfamily Genus Specie Common Name Distribution Definitive Host Site of Infection
TRICHUROIDEA

SLIDE PLATE 13
TRICHIUROIDEA

Trichiuris trichiura
Whip worm World wide

Trichinella spiralis
Trichina worm World wide

Human beings and simian primates Domestic swines, rats, human. ----Anterior small intestine ( Adults) Gut wall, Mesenteric lymph node, blood, skeletal muscles (L1 larvae) Small intestine (L2, L4 Larvea)

Intermediate Host None Cecum and colon

Morphology

- ADULTS: whip-shaped (since ant.2/3 is very narrow but post. 1/3 wide like a handle) - BUCCAL CAPSULE: NO - STICHOSOME ESOPHAGUS (single layer of columner cells) - MALE: has single spicule surrounded by a sheath. - EGGS: lemon shaped with bipolar plugs, yellow to brown, contain single cell zygote.

- ADULTS: are small and post. part is slightly thicker than anterior part.
FEMALE: 3.5 mm MALE: 1.5 mm

- BODY is uniformly slender. - STICHOSOME ESOPHAGUS. - Male has neither spicule nor sheath. - The VULVA is near the middle of the esophageal region.

Prepatent period

4-12 weeks

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