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Anatomia PC.
Wydanie X
Autor: Piotr Metzger
ISBN: 83-246-0093-0
Format: B5, stron: okoo 1100
oprawa twarda
Zawiera DVD
Kompendium wiedzy o architekturze komputerw PC
Procesory
Zarzdzanie pamici
Magistrale i zcza
Obsuga urzdze zewntrznych
Kady serwisant, programista i projektant urzdze wsppracujcych z komputerami musi zna
architektur wspczesnych komputerw PC. Wiedza na ten temat moe si przyda take zwykemu
uytkownikowi komputera, ktry chciaby samodzielnie znale przyczyny nieprawidowego dziaania
sprztu, oraz wszystkim osobom zainteresowanym dziaaniem pecetw. Szczegowe informacje
o komponentach komputera s niestety trudno dostpne i rozproszone w wielu dokumentach,
specyfikacjach i schematach.
Ksika "Anatomia PC. Wydanie X" to kompletne opracowanie, zawierajce wyczerpujce informacje
o architekturze komputerw PC i ich komponentw. Dziesite ju wydanie tej klasycznej i cieszcej si
ogromn popularnoci pozycji jest, podobnie jak poprzednie wydania, prawdziwym kompendium wiedzy
o wspczesnych pecetach, opisujcym zarwno rozwizania klasyczne, jak i nowoci z ostatnich
miesicy. Dziki niej poradzisz sobie z wszystkimi problemami sprztowymi, zdiagnozujesz usterki
i zaprojektujesz urzdzenia poprawnie wsppracujce z komputerem. Ksika opisuje nastpujce
zagadnienia:
mikroprocesory rodziny x86 wraz z najnowszymi Intel Pentium 4 Extreme Edition, koprocesory
i rozszerzenia, takie jak MMX, 3DNow, SSE, SSE2 i HT,
procesory dwurdzeniowe,
architektury komputerw PC XT, AT, 386, 486 i Pentium, systemw jednoi wieloprocesorowych oraz komputerw przenonych,
ukady pamiciowe stosowane w komputerach PC -- SIMM, DRAM, SDRAM, DDR, DDR2
oraz zasady ich obsugi,
chipsety Intel, VIA, SiS, i865/875, obsuga przerwa, magistrala PCI i kana DMA, mostkowanie
PCI-E -- AGP,
obsuga stacji dyskietek i dyskw twardych -- organizacja i odczyt danych, praca kontrolera,
macierze RAID,
zcza ATA, SCSI i FireWire,
karty grafiki, przetwarzanie obrazu, kompresja MPEG, generowanie grafiki 3D i magistrala AGP,
najnowsze ukady graficzne,
obsuga klawiatury,
zcza szeregowe, rwnolege, USB i IrDA,
system oszczdzania energii,
noniki optyczne,
karty dwikowe,
sieci i technologia BlueTooth,
zasilacze awaryjne,
BIOS.
Ponadto w ksice znajdziesz informacje o diagnozowaniu usterek komputera za pomoc Linuksa, opisy
mikroprocesorw firm Intel, AMD i Cyrix, w tym take najnowszych jednostek 64-bitowych, oraz adresy
witryn internetowych producentw sprztu i oprogramowania diagnostycznego.

Rozdzia 1. Mikroprocesor ......................................................................................19

Przetwarzanie rozkazw ..........................................................................................................21
RISC i CISC ......................................................................................................................21
Przetwarzanie potokowe ....................................................................................................22
Techniki przyspieszania .....................................................................................................25
Dostp do pamici ....................................................................................................................32
Adresowanie ......................................................................................................................34
Stronicowanie ....................................................................................................................35
Pamici podrczne ...................................................................................................................37
Topologie ...........................................................................................................................39
Organizacja pamici podrcznej ........................................................................................41
Strategie .............................................................................................................................42
Pami podrczna procesora 80386 ...................................................................................43
Obsuga przestrzeni adresowej I/O ..........................................................................................47
Procesor 8086 ....................................................................................................................48
Procesory 80386 i 80486 ...................................................................................................48
Pentium ..............................................................................................................................49
Funkcje kontrolne i sterujce ...................................................................................................49
BIST ...................................................................................................................................49
Kontrola TLB .....................................................................................................................50
Kontrola pamici podrcznej .............................................................................................50
Przejcie w stan wysokiej impedancji ...............................................................................50
JTAG ..................................................................................................................................50
Czstotliwo taktowania .........................................................................................................52
Zasilanie ...................................................................................................................................54
Jak rozpozna typ procesora? ..................................................................................................56
Czy procesor jest zgodny z ukadem 80286 lub lepszym? ................................................57
Procesor 8086/88 czy 80186/88? .......................................................................................57
Procesor 80286 ..................................................................................................................58
Procesor 80386 ..................................................................................................................58
Procesor 486 czy Pentium? ................................................................................................58
Koprocesory .............................................................................................................................58
Koprocesor 8087 ................................................................................................................61
Koprocesor 80287 ..............................................................................................................62
Koprocesor 80387 ..............................................................................................................62
Koprocesor i487SX ...........................................................................................................63

Anatomia PC
Rozszerzenia ............................................................................................................................63
MMX .................................................................................................................................63
3DNow! .............................................................................................................................76
SSE ....................................................................................................................................76
SSE2 ..................................................................................................................................80
SSE3 ..................................................................................................................................82
Hyper-Threading (HT) .......................................................................................................84
Przetwarzanie 64-bitowe ..........................................................................................................89
Metoda firmy Intel: Itanium ..............................................................................................89
Metoda firmy AMD: Opteron ............................................................................................92
Przyszo przetwarzania 64-bitowego ..............................................................................94

Rozdzia 2. Architektury komputerw PC ................................................................97

Model PC/XT ...........................................................................................................................97
Procesor 8086 ....................................................................................................................97
Procesor 8088 ..................................................................................................................100
Dostp do pamici i przestrzeni wejcia-wyjcia ............................................................101
Kontroler 8288 .................................................................................................................102
Magistrala ISA 8-bitowa ..................................................................................................107
Model AT ...............................................................................................................................109
Procesor 80286 ................................................................................................................111
Magistrala ISA 16-bitowa ................................................................................................113
Komputery z procesorami 386, 486 i Pentium ......................................................................115
EISA ................................................................................................................................117
MCA ................................................................................................................................118
VESA ...............................................................................................................................120
PCI, PCI-X i PCI Express ................................................................................................123
Architektury systemw wieloprocesorowych ............................................................................123
Architektura MPP ............................................................................................................124
Architektura UMA ...........................................................................................................125
Architektura NUMA ........................................................................................................128
Specyfikacja MP (Intel) ...................................................................................................130
Zastosowania praktyczne .................................................................................................137
Architektura komputerw przenonych .................................................................................145
Zcze PCMCIA ..............................................................................................................145

Rozdzia 3. Ukady pamiciowe PC .......................................................................147

Pamici dynamiczne ..............................................................................................................148
Tryb konwencjonalny (Page Mode) ................................................................................149
FPM (Fast Page Mode) ....................................................................................................149
EDO (Extended Data Out) ...............................................................................................152
BEDO (Burst EDO) .........................................................................................................152
Porwnanie ......................................................................................................................154
SDRAM ...........................................................................................................................154
Moduy pamiciowe ...............................................................................................................163
Moduy SIMM-30 (SIP) ..................................................................................................164
Moduy SIMM PS/2 ........................................................................................................166
Moduy DIMM 168-stykowe ...........................................................................................170
Odwieanie ...........................................................................................................................184
RAS Only .........................................................................................................................186
CBR (CAS before RAS) ..................................................................................................186
Hidden ..............................................................................................................................188
Wykrywanie bdw i ich korekcja .......................................................................................189
Bdy powtarzalne (HE) ..................................................................................................189
Bdy sporadyczne (SE) ..................................................................................................189

Spis treci

Kontrola parzystoci ........................................................................................................190

Kontrola ECC ..................................................................................................................191
Rozszerzenia standardu magistrali PC-66 ..............................................................................192
Parametry moduw .........................................................................................................194
Pami konfiguracyjna (SPD) .........................................................................................195
Moduy buforowane .........................................................................................................198
DDR SDRAM ........................................................................................................................201
Systemy dwukanaowe ....................................................................................................209
DDR2 SDRAM ................................................................................................................210
Moduy DIMM DDR2 .....................................................................................................211
RDRAM .................................................................................................................................217
VC-SDRAM ..........................................................................................................................224
HSDRAM ..............................................................................................................................226
Porwnanie parametrw pamici ...........................................................................................227
LVTTL .............................................................................................................................228
SSTL_2 ............................................................................................................................229
SSTL_18 ..........................................................................................................................229
RSL ..................................................................................................................................229
Identyfikacja producentw chipw pamiciowych ................................................................230

Rozdzia 4. Ukady otoczenia procesora (chipset) ..................................................233

Zakres funkcji ........................................................................................................................233
Magistrala FSB ................................................................................................................235
Obsuga pamici operacyjnej i magistrali pamiciowej ..................................................239
Obsuga pamici podrcznej (Cache) ..............................................................................241
Zakres pokrywany przez pami podrczn ....................................................................243
Ukady obsugi podstawki typu Socket 7 ...............................................................................246
Ukady wsppracujce z magistral GTL+ i AGTL+ ..........................................................248
Ukady do obsugi procesorw AMD ....................................................................................259
Rodzina K7 ......................................................................................................................259
Rodzina Hammer .............................................................................................................264
Ukady ze zintegrowan kart graficzn ................................................................................264
Wewntrzne magistrale midzyukadowe .............................................................................273
PCI ...................................................................................................................................273
Hub-Interface, V-Link i MuTIOL ...................................................................................274
RapidIO ............................................................................................................................274
HyperTransport (LDT) ....................................................................................................279

Rozdzia 5. Magistrala PCI ...................................................................................283

Gniazda magistrali PCI ..........................................................................................................293
Obsuga przerwa ..................................................................................................................295
Pami konfiguracyjna urzdze PCI ....................................................................................297
Identyfikator producenta (Vendor ID) .............................................................................297
Identyfikator urzdzenia (Device ID) ..............................................................................297
Rejestr polece (Command) ............................................................................................298
Rejestr stanu (Status) .......................................................................................................299
Numer wersji urzdzenia (Revision ID) ..........................................................................301
Kod klasy urzdzenia (Class Code) .................................................................................301
Rozmiar linii pamici podrcznej (Cache Line Size) ......................................................301
Minimalny czas transmisji (Latency Timer) ....................................................................301
Typ nagwka (Header Type) ..........................................................................................304
BIST (Build-in Self-test) .................................................................................................305
Adres bazowy (Base Address Registers) .........................................................................305
Wskanik CardBus CIS (CardBus CIS Pointer) ..............................................................306

Anatomia PC
Dodatkowy identyfikator producenta (Subsystem Vendor ID)
i dodatkowy identyfikator urzdzenia (Subsystem ID) .............................................307
Adres bazowy rozszerzenia ROM (Expansion ROM Base Address) ..............................307
Wskanik do listy moliwoci (Capabilities Pointer) ......................................................308
Linia IRQ (Interrupt Line) ...............................................................................................308
Linia INT (Interrupt Pin) .................................................................................................308
Dugo transmisji (Min_Gnt) .........................................................................................309
Czsto (Max_Lat) .........................................................................................................309
Mechanizmy dostpu do pamici konfiguracyjnej ................................................................309
Pierwszy mechanizm dostpu do pamici konfiguracyjnej .............................................310
Drugi mechanizm dostpu do pamici konfiguracyjnej ..................................................310
PCI BIOS .........................................................................................................................311
Autokonfiguracja urzdze PCI .............................................................................................311
Rozwj PCI i inne magistrale ................................................................................................312
PCI-32/66 MHz i PCI-64 .................................................................................................313
PCI-X ...............................................................................................................................313
PCI-Express .....................................................................................................................317

Rozdzia 6. Kana DMA .........................................................................................325

Ukad scalony 8237A .............................................................................................................326
Tryby pracy kontrolera DMA ................................................................................................328
Tryb spoczynkowy I (Idle) ...........................................................................................328
Tryb S (Single) .............................................................................................................329
Tryb B (Block) .............................................................................................................329
Tryb D (Demand) .........................................................................................................329
Tryb C (Cascade) .........................................................................................................329
Tryb V (Verify) ............................................................................................................329
Kaskadowe czenie ukadw 8237A ....................................................................................330
Programowanie kontrolerw DMA .......................................................................................330
Adresy portw kontrolerw DMA w komputerze IBM PC/XT ............................................331
Sztuczne porty komputera PC/XT ...............................................................................332
Adresy portw kontrolerw DMA w komputerze IBM PC/AT ............................................332
Sztuczne porty komputera PC/AT ...............................................................................333
Budowa rejestrw wewntrznych ..........................................................................................334
Rejestr da (port 009h w PC/XT, 009h i 0D2h w PC/AT) ..........................................334
Rejestr stanu (port 008h w PC/XT, 008h i 0D0h w PC/AT) ...........................................334
Rejestr rozkazw (port 008h w PC/XT, 008h i 0D0h w PC/AT) ....................................334
Rejestr maski kanau (port 00Ah w PC/XT, 00Ah i 0D4h w PC/AT) ............................335
Rejestr maskujcy (port 00Fh w PC/XT, 00Fh i 0DEh w PC/AT) .................................335
Rejestr trybu (00Bh w PC/XT, 00Bh i 0D6h w PC/AT): ................................................336
Przebieg transmisji .................................................................................................................337
Komputery IBM PC i IBM PC/XT ..................................................................................337
Komputer IBM PC/AT ....................................................................................................338
Ukad odwieania pamici ...................................................................................................340
DMA a wspczesne magistrale rozszerzajce ......................................................................341

Rozdzia 7. System obsugi przerwa sprztowych .................................................343

Ukad scalony 8259A (PIC) ...................................................................................................344
Cykl przyjcia zgoszenia ......................................................................................................346
Kaskadowe czenie kontrolerw przerwa ..........................................................................347
Fazy obsugi przerwa pochodzcych od ukadu Slave ..................................................349
Programowanie kontrolera przerwa .....................................................................................349
Inicjowanie pracy ukadu .................................................................................................350
Polling ....................................................................................................................................354
Przerwanie niemaskowalne (NMI) ........................................................................................354

Spis treci

Obsuga przerwa z magistral ISA, PCI i AGP .....................................................................355

Kontroler APIC ......................................................................................................................358
Strona sprztowa ..............................................................................................................360
Obsuga APIC przez OS ..................................................................................................363

Rozdzia 8. Obsuga stacji dyskietek .....................................................................367

Fizyczna organizacja danych na dyskietce ............................................................................369
Programowanie operacji dyskowych .....................................................................................372
Programowanie operacji dyskowych z poziomu systemu MS-DOS ...............................372
Przerwanie 25h ................................................................................................................373
Przerwanie 26h ................................................................................................................374
Przerwanie 21h ................................................................................................................374
Obsuga dyskw za pomoc funkcji BIOS-u ...................................................................375
Bezporedni dostp do kontrolera napdu dyskw elastycznych ....................................384
Cykl rozkazowy kontrolera ....................................................................................................387
Faza przygotowawcza ......................................................................................................387
Faza przekazywania rozkazu ...........................................................................................387
Budowa przykadowego rozkazu rozkaz RS (Read Sector) .......................................388
Alternatywne metody transmisji danych .........................................................................393
Uwzgldnianie mechanicznych wasnoci napdu ................................................................394
Zabezpieczanie danych kod CRC .....................................................................................396

Rozdzia 9. Obsuga dysku twardego .....................................................................399

Budowa kontrolera .................................................................................................................399
Systemy kodowania MFM i RLL ..........................................................................................400
Fizyczna organizacja danych i formatowanie ........................................................................402
Formatowanie wysokiego poziomu .................................................................................403
Formatowanie niskiego poziomu .....................................................................................404
Wykrywanie i korekcja bdw .............................................................................................406
Standard AT-BUS ..................................................................................................................409
Wstp ...............................................................................................................................410
Zcze fizyczne ................................................................................................................412
Dostp CPU do dysku AT-BUS ......................................................................................414
Cykl programowania kontrolera ......................................................................................421
Rozszerzenia standardu pierwotnego .....................................................................................425
Wzrost pojemnoci dyskw ...................................................................................................428
Ograniczenia wnoszone przez BIOS ...............................................................................429
Ograniczenia wnoszone przez systemy operacyjne .........................................................439
Obsuga duych dyskw ..................................................................................................442
Podnoszenie pasma przepustowego magistrali ......................................................................443
Tryby PIO ........................................................................................................................444
Tryby DMA .....................................................................................................................446
Tryb Ultra DMA/33 .........................................................................................................447
Tryb Ultra DMA/66 .........................................................................................................450
Tryby Ultra ATA/100 i Ultra ATA/133 ..........................................................................452
Blok informacyjny .................................................................................................................453
Realizacja rozkazu Identify Device .................................................................................453
Lista rozkazw .......................................................................................................................459
Funkcje oszczdnociowe ......................................................................................................460
System PM .......................................................................................................................460
System APM ....................................................................................................................462
Funkcje akustyczne ................................................................................................................463
Dostp do funkcji AAM ..................................................................................................463

Anatomia PC
Wykorzystanie powierzchni dyskowej ..................................................................................465
Proces adowania systemu operacyjnego .........................................................................465
MBR i PT .........................................................................................................................466
System danych i FSBR ....................................................................................................467
Specyfika wybranych systemw operacyjnych ...............................................................469
Przypisywanie oznacze literowych ................................................................................474
Programy BM ..................................................................................................................475
Macierze dyskowe ..................................................................................................................476
Poziomy RAID ................................................................................................................477
Kontrolery RAID .............................................................................................................480
Rozwizania programowe z poziomu systemu operacyjnego .........................................481
Tryby macierzowe zestaww ukadw sterujcych firmy Intel ......................................482
SMART ..................................................................................................................................483
Struktura systemu ............................................................................................................483
Aplikacje wsppracujce ze SMART .............................................................................486
Wielowtkowy dostp przez Serial ATA ...............................................................................486
Zarzdzanie kolejk .........................................................................................................487
Rozpdzanie dysku ..........................................................................................................488
Optymalizacja ruchu gowicy ..........................................................................................488
Opnienie w ruchu obrotowym .....................................................................................489
Korzyci i wspomaganie Native Command Queuing ......................................................489
Jak aplikacje mog korzysta z kolejkowania .................................................................490
Pamici USB ..........................................................................................................................492
Interfejs ............................................................................................................................492
Cechy pamici USB .........................................................................................................493
Wydajno .......................................................................................................................494

Rozdzia 10. Magistrala szeregowa ATA .................................................................495

Specyfikacja ...........................................................................................................................497
Sterowanie ..............................................................................................................................497
Okablowanie ..........................................................................................................................498
Urzdzenia .............................................................................................................................499
Protok i transmisja ..............................................................................................................500
Serial ATA II .........................................................................................................................506
Kolejkowanie rozkazw .........................................................................................................506
Powielacze portw .................................................................................................................507
Backplane ...............................................................................................................................508

Rozdzia 11. Standard SCSI ....................................................................................513

Realizacja magistrali ..............................................................................................................516
Organizacja protokou ............................................................................................................519
Fazy pracy magistrali .......................................................................................................520
Transfer danych w fazach informacyjnych ......................................................................533
Sytuacje wyjtkowe .........................................................................................................540
Rozkazy systemowe .........................................................................................................544
Informacja statusowa .......................................................................................................548
Komunikaty (Messages) ..................................................................................................549
System wskanikw .........................................................................................................554
Przykadowa wymiana danych ........................................................................................556
SCSI w komputerach PC ........................................................................................................560
Host-Adapter ....................................................................................................................561
Okablowanie ....................................................................................................................565
Terminatory .....................................................................................................................567
Rozszerzenia SCSI ...........................................................................................................569

Spis treci

Rozdzia 12. Zcze 1394 (Fire Wire) .....................................................................583

Oglne zaoenia standardw 1394-1995 i 1394a-2000 ........................................................584
Tryby i prdko transmisji .............................................................................................584
Topologia .........................................................................................................................585
Okablowanie ....................................................................................................................585
Gwarantowane pasmo transmisyjne ................................................................................587
Rozszerzenia 1394b ...............................................................................................................587
Klasy prdkoci ...............................................................................................................588
Okablowanie ....................................................................................................................588
Protok ............................................................................................................................591

Rozdzia 13. Karty graficzne ...................................................................................593

Przegld kart graficznych .......................................................................................................593
Omwienie kart graficznych EGA, VGA i SVGA ................................................................597
Tryby tekstowe ................................................................................................................600
Tryby graficzne ................................................................................................................601
Rozdzielczo obrazu ......................................................................................................601
Tryby zapisu i odczytu pamici obrazu ...........................................................................602
Schemat dziaania karty graficznej ..................................................................................603
Standard VESA ......................................................................................................................605
Pami lokalna akceleratora ...................................................................................................605
Frame Buffer ....................................................................................................................606
Bufor Z/W ........................................................................................................................607
Pami tekstur ..................................................................................................................609
Rozmiar pamici i organizacja ........................................................................................610
Rodzaje pamici kart graficznych ...................................................................................613
RAMDAC ..............................................................................................................................617
Przegld nowych procesorw graficznych ............................................................................620
Dopasowanie monitora do karty ............................................................................................624
Parametry karty ................................................................................................................624
Jako monitora ...............................................................................................................626
Kana informacyjny VESA DDC ....................................................................................628
Zcza cyfrowe .......................................................................................................................629
TMDS ..............................................................................................................................629
P&D (EVC) .....................................................................................................................631
DFP ..................................................................................................................................631
DVI ..................................................................................................................................632

Rozdzia 14. Przetwarzanie obrazw wideo .............................................................635

Formaty MPEG ......................................................................................................................638
MPEG-1 ...........................................................................................................................638
MPEG-2 ...........................................................................................................................639
MPEG-4 ...........................................................................................................................640
Format DivX ..........................................................................................................................641
Rozdzielczo ..................................................................................................................641
Bitrate w filmach DivX ...................................................................................................642
Smart Bitrate Control i Constant Bitrate Control ............................................................642
Profile kompresji .............................................................................................................643
Nastpca formatu DivX .........................................................................................................643
Rozwizania programowe na platformie PC .........................................................................645
Kodery .............................................................................................................................646
Odtwarzacze ....................................................................................................................648
Wspomaganie sprztowe ........................................................................................................650
Interfejs programowy .............................................................................................................652

10

Anatomia PC

Rozdzia 15. Grafika 3D .........................................................................................655

Schemat przetwarzania obiektw 3D .....................................................................................656
API .........................................................................................................................................658
Geometry Engine ...................................................................................................................660
Tumaczenie opisu rodowiska ........................................................................................660
Owietlenie i tekstura ......................................................................................................660
Przeksztacenia geometryczne .........................................................................................661
Strefa widocznoci ...........................................................................................................661
Przekazanie parametrw do jednostki rasteryzujcej ......................................................662
Rendering Engine ...................................................................................................................662
Teksturowanie ..................................................................................................................665
Korekcja perspektywy .....................................................................................................666
Nakadanie mapy .............................................................................................................667
Mieszanie kolorw ...........................................................................................................672
Efekty specjalne ...............................................................................................................673
Podzia mocy obliczeniowej ..................................................................................................674

Rozdzia 16. Magistrala AGP ..................................................................................677

Architektura komputera z magistral AGP ............................................................................677
Sygnay magistrali AGP .........................................................................................................681
Szyna adresw i danych ...................................................................................................683
Sygnay PCI .....................................................................................................................684
Sygnay kontroli przepywu .............................................................................................685
Sygnay obsugi da AGP ............................................................................................685
Linie statusowe ................................................................................................................685
Sygnay kluczujce ..........................................................................................................686
Sygnay USB ...................................................................................................................686
System zarzdzania zuyciem energii .............................................................................686
Sygnay specjalne ............................................................................................................687
Linie zasilajce ................................................................................................................687
AGP w teorii ..........................................................................................................................687
Kolejkowanie ...................................................................................................................688
Magistrala SBA ...............................................................................................................690
GART ..............................................................................................................................691
DIME ...............................................................................................................................692
AGP w praktyce .....................................................................................................................694
Wymagania sprztowe i programowe .............................................................................694
Kontrola dziaania ............................................................................................................695
AGP PRO ...............................................................................................................................698
AGP 3.0 ..................................................................................................................................701
Pasmo przepustowe .........................................................................................................701
Poziomy napi ................................................................................................................701
Nowe sygnay i przedefiniowania ...................................................................................702
Sygnay zegarowe ............................................................................................................703
Transakcje ........................................................................................................................704
Pobr prdu ......................................................................................................................704
Zgodno w d ................................................................................................................704
Implementacja w chipsetach ............................................................................................705
Przyszo standardu AGP ...............................................................................................705

Rozdzia 17. System odmierzania czasu ..................................................................707

Ukad 8253/8254 ....................................................................................................................707
Tryb 0 ...............................................................................................................................709
Tryb 1 ...............................................................................................................................709
Tryb 2 ...............................................................................................................................710

Spis treci

11

Tryb 3 ...............................................................................................................................710
Tryb 4 ...............................................................................................................................710
Tryb 5 ...............................................................................................................................711
Programowanie generatora 8253/8254 ..................................................................................711
Zegar systemowy ...................................................................................................................714
Ukad odwieania pamici dynamicznej ..............................................................................715
Obsuga gonika ....................................................................................................................717
Drugi ukad 8254 i jego zastosowanie ...................................................................................719

Rozdzia 18. Pami CMOS-RAM ............................................................................721

Organizacja pamici CMOS ..................................................................................................722
Rejestr A (offset 0Ah) .....................................................................................................724
Rejestr B (offset 0Bh) ......................................................................................................724
Rejestr C (offset 0Ch) ......................................................................................................725
Rejestr D (offset 0Dh) .....................................................................................................726
Rejestr E (offset 0Eh) Diagnostic Status Byte ............................................................726
Rejestr F (offset 0Fh) Shutdown Byte ........................................................................727
Konfiguracja napdw dyskietek (offset 10h) .................................................................728
Konfiguracja dyskw twardych (offset 12h) ...................................................................728
Pami (offset 15h) ..........................................................................................................729
Suma kontrolna ................................................................................................................730
Bajt konfiguracji sprztowej (Equipment Byte) ..............................................................730
Funkcje BIOS-u obsugujce pami konfiguracji ................................................................730
Funkcja 00h .....................................................................................................................731
Funkcja 01h .....................................................................................................................731
Funkcja 02h .....................................................................................................................731
Funkcja 03h .....................................................................................................................732
Funkcja 04h .....................................................................................................................732
Funkcja 05h .....................................................................................................................733
Funkcja 06h .....................................................................................................................733
Funkcja 07h .....................................................................................................................733
Bezporedni dostp do pamici CMOS .................................................................................734

Rozdzia 19. Obsuga urzdze wejciowych ...........................................................735

Klawiatura ..............................................................................................................................735
Mapa klawiatury ..............................................................................................................737
Organizacja obsugi klawiatury przez BIOS ...................................................................743
Funkcje przerwania 16h BIOS-u .....................................................................................748
Bezporednie programowanie klawiatury .......................................................................752
Mysz .......................................................................................................................................762
Moduy dostosowujce a podczanie myszy ..................................................................763
Funkcja 00h .....................................................................................................................765
Funkcja 01h .....................................................................................................................765
Funkcja 02h .....................................................................................................................766
Funkcja 03h .....................................................................................................................766
Funkcja 04h .....................................................................................................................766
Funkcja 05h .....................................................................................................................767
Funkcja 06h .....................................................................................................................767
Funkcja 0Bh .....................................................................................................................768
Manipulator ............................................................................................................................768
Funkcja 84h .....................................................................................................................770
Urzdzenia bezprzewodowe ..................................................................................................771
Transmisja w pamie podczerwieni .................................................................................771
Transmisja radiowa ..........................................................................................................772
Bluetooth ..........................................................................................................................772

12

Anatomia PC

Rozdzia 20. cze szeregowe ................................................................................775

Asynchroniczna transmisja szeregowa ..................................................................................775
Ukad scalony 8250 ................................................................................................................777
Interfejs RS-232C ..................................................................................................................780
Tryb simpleksowy ...........................................................................................................782
Tryb pdupleksowy ........................................................................................................783
Tryb dupleksowy .............................................................................................................783
Dostp do cza szeregowego z poziomu systemu MS-DOS ................................................785
Funkcja 03h .....................................................................................................................785
Funkcja 04h .....................................................................................................................786
Funkcja 3Fh .....................................................................................................................786
Funkcja 40h .....................................................................................................................786
Funkcje BIOS-u obsugujce cze szeregowe ......................................................................787
Funkcja 00h .....................................................................................................................789
Funkcja 01h .....................................................................................................................790
Funkcja 02h .....................................................................................................................791
Funkcja 03h .....................................................................................................................791
Bezporednie programowanie rejestrw UART ....................................................................792
Przerwania generowane przez cze szeregowe ..............................................................793
Prdko transmisji ..........................................................................................................796
Sygnay sterujce .............................................................................................................796
Ukad UART 16450 .........................................................................................................799

Rozdzia 21. cze rwnolege ...............................................................................801

Terminologia programu konfiguracyjnego BIOS-u ...............................................................803
Tryby podstawowe .................................................................................................................804
Tryb standardowy ............................................................................................................804
Tryb pbajtowy ...............................................................................................................810
Tryb bajtowy (PS/2) ........................................................................................................811
Tryb EPP ..........................................................................................................................811
Tryb ECP .........................................................................................................................814
Realizacja portu rwnolegego w ramach architektury PC ....................................................819
Dostp do cza rwnolegego poprzez funkcje BIOS-u .......................................................820
Funkcja 00h .....................................................................................................................820
Funkcja 01h .....................................................................................................................822
Funkcja 02h .....................................................................................................................822
Dostp do cza rwnolegego z poziomu systemu MS-DOS ...............................................824
Funkcja 05h .....................................................................................................................824
Funkcja 40h .....................................................................................................................824
Oglne zastosowanie cza rwnolegego ...............................................................................825

Rozdzia 22. Zcze USB ........................................................................................831

Specyfikacja ...........................................................................................................................831
Topologia ...............................................................................................................................832
Okablowanie ..........................................................................................................................834
Protok ..................................................................................................................................836
Pakiety ....................................................................................................................................837
Sterowanie w trybach LS/FS (USB 1.1) ................................................................................839
Sterowanie w trybie HS (USB 2.0) ........................................................................................840
USB w praktyce .....................................................................................................................843
Windows 95 .....................................................................................................................845
Windows 98/98SE ...........................................................................................................845
Windows NT ....................................................................................................................846
Windows 2000/XP/2003 ..................................................................................................846
USB 2.0 ............................................................................................................................846

Spis treci

13

Urzdzenia USB .....................................................................................................................847

Klawiatury .......................................................................................................................847
Myszy ..............................................................................................................................847
Kontrolery gier .................................................................................................................848
Dyski twarde ....................................................................................................................848
Moduy pamici Flash EEPROM ....................................................................................849
Napdy optyczne .............................................................................................................849
Czytniki kart pamici i aparaty cyfrowe ..........................................................................849
Skanery ............................................................................................................................850
Drukarki ...........................................................................................................................850
Sieci komputerowe ..........................................................................................................850

Rozdzia 23. Zcze bezprzewodowe wykorzystujce fale podczerwieni (IrDA) ..........851

Protokoy komunikacyjne IrDA .............................................................................................851
Standard IrDA-CONTROL .............................................................................................852
Standard IrDA-DATA .....................................................................................................853
IrDA w praktyce .....................................................................................................................855
Windows 95 .....................................................................................................................857
Windows 98 .....................................................................................................................858
Windows ME ...................................................................................................................858
Windows NT ....................................................................................................................858
Windows 2000 .................................................................................................................858
Windows XP ....................................................................................................................859

Rozdzia 24. System ograniczania zuycia energii (ACPI) ........................................861

Model warstwowy ACPI ........................................................................................................862
Przegld stanw energetycznych ...........................................................................................865
Wskazwki praktyczne ..........................................................................................................867
Windows 98 .....................................................................................................................867
Windows 2000 .................................................................................................................868
Kontrola sterownikw .....................................................................................................871

Rozdzia 25. Noniki optyczne ................................................................................873

Organizacja fizyczna danych .................................................................................................874
Przetwarzanie danych audio ............................................................................................874
Przetwarzanie danych cyfrowych ....................................................................................877
Informacja subkanaowa ..................................................................................................878
Subkana Q i TOC ...........................................................................................................880
Sesja i cieka ..................................................................................................................882
Formaty ..................................................................................................................................883
Specyfikacje ...........................................................................................................................887
Pyta CD-R .............................................................................................................................888
Pyta CD-RW .........................................................................................................................891
Technologia DVD ..................................................................................................................892
Kodowanie .......................................................................................................................893
Korekcja bdw ..............................................................................................................893
Formaty ............................................................................................................................894
DVD-R .............................................................................................................................894
DVD-RW .........................................................................................................................895
DVD+R/+RW ..................................................................................................................896
Pyty dwuwarstwowe Dual Layer ...............................................................................897
DVD-RAM ......................................................................................................................897
Pyta DVD .......................................................................................................................899
HD DVD ..........................................................................................................................902

14

Anatomia PC
Czytniki i nagrywarki .............................................................................................................905
OPC ..................................................................................................................................908
BURN-Proof i pochodne .................................................................................................908
MultiRead ........................................................................................................................909
Mount Rainier ..................................................................................................................909
Audio Master ...................................................................................................................910
Urzdzenia kombinowane z DVD ...................................................................................910
Badanie formatu nonika .......................................................................................................914
Standard Blu-ray Disc ............................................................................................................916
Osignicie wikszej gstoci zapisu ..............................................................................917
Wytwarzanie pyt Blu-ray Disc .......................................................................................920
Kompatybilno ze starszymi formatami ........................................................................923
Zabezpieczenie przed kopiowaniem ................................................................................923
Kasety na dyski Blu-ray ...................................................................................................924
Samodzielna diagnostyka .......................................................................................................924
Technologia LightScribe ........................................................................................................926

Rozdzia 26. Nowoczesne magistrale szerokopasmowe ...........................................929

Fibre Channel .........................................................................................................................930
Topologie .........................................................................................................................931
Sterowanie .......................................................................................................................931
Protok ............................................................................................................................933
Systemy zczy i okablowanie FC ...................................................................................933
Dyski ze zczem FC .......................................................................................................935
Infini Band .............................................................................................................................937
Architektura .....................................................................................................................938
Sterowanie linii ................................................................................................................938
Protok ............................................................................................................................939
Okablowanie IBA ............................................................................................................940

Rozdzia 27. Karta dwikowa ................................................................................943

Synteza FM ............................................................................................................................944
Synteza WaveTable ................................................................................................................949
Digitalizacja i obrbka cyfrowa (DSP) ..................................................................................952
Przetworniki ADC i DAC ................................................................................................953
Standard MIDI .......................................................................................................................955
Protok MIDI .................................................................................................................956
MIDI od strony sprztowej ..............................................................................................957
Modelowanie przestrzenne ....................................................................................................959
Wyprowadzenia zewntrzne ..................................................................................................964
Sygnay analogowe i mikser ............................................................................................964
Sygnay cyfrowe ..............................................................................................................965
Wykorzystanie zasobw systemowych ..................................................................................968
Sound on Board wedug specyfikacji AC97 .....................................................................969
Schemat blokowy systemu AC97 ...................................................................................970
Ukad scalony Codec AC97 ...........................................................................................972

Rozdzia 28. Modemy .............................................................................................975

Implementacje modemw analogowych ................................................................................975
Modulacja sygnau .................................................................................................................978
AM i QAM ......................................................................................................................978
FSK ..................................................................................................................................979
PM i PSK .........................................................................................................................979
PCM .................................................................................................................................979
TCM .................................................................................................................................979

Spis treci

15

Standardy ...............................................................................................................................980
Standardy Bell .................................................................................................................981
V.21/V.22/V.22bis/V.23 ..................................................................................................981
V.32/V.32bis/V.32turbo ..................................................................................................981
V.34 (V.Fast, V.34+, V.FC) ............................................................................................981
V.42 (MNP)/V.42bis .......................................................................................................981
V.90 .................................................................................................................................982
V.92 .................................................................................................................................984
Dalsze perspektywy .........................................................................................................984
Polecenia AT ..........................................................................................................................985
acuchy inicjalizujce ..........................................................................................................986
Zestaw ukadw sterujcych modemu ...................................................................................987
Konfiguracja i diagnostyka modemw ..................................................................................988
rodki wasne OS ............................................................................................................988
Programy dodatkowe .......................................................................................................988
Modemy cyfrowe ISDN .........................................................................................................992
Protok ISDN .......................................................................................................................994
Warstwa fizyczna .............................................................................................................995
Warstwa cza danych .....................................................................................................995
Warstwa sieci ...................................................................................................................996
Rozszerzenia funkcjonalnoci .........................................................................................999
Modemy xDSL .......................................................................................................................999
Technologia transmisji ...................................................................................................1000
Modemy HiS ........................................................................................................................1002

Rozdzia 29. PC w sieci lokalnej ...........................................................................1005

Model OSI ............................................................................................................................1006
Warstwa fizyczna (L1) ..................................................................................................1006
cze (L2) ......................................................................................................................1007
Sie (L3) ........................................................................................................................1007
Transport (L4) ................................................................................................................1008
Sesja (L5) .......................................................................................................................1008
Warstwa prezentacji (L6) ..............................................................................................1008
Warstwa uytkowa (L7) ................................................................................................1008
Ethernet i TCP/IP .................................................................................................................1008
Kapsukowanie do ramki Ethernet .................................................................................1009
Protok TCP/IP .............................................................................................................1011
Karta sieciowa ......................................................................................................................1013
Komunikacja z pamici i buforowanie ........................................................................1014
Formowanie ramki .........................................................................................................1015
Konwersja szeregowo-rwnolega .................................................................................1016
Kodowanie i dekodowanie ............................................................................................1016
Dostp do medium i wykorzystanie pasma ...................................................................1017
Chipset karty ..................................................................................................................1017
Wyposaenie, diagnostyka, konfiguracja ......................................................................1018
Realizacje sieci Ethernet ......................................................................................................1019
Okablowanie ........................................................................................................................1022
Konstrukcja kabli ...........................................................................................................1022
Kategorie i klasy ............................................................................................................1024
Poczenia PC i proste sieci .................................................................................................1027
Wybr karty sieciowej i okablowania ...........................................................................1028
System operacyjny i sterowniki protokow .................................................................1029
Przesyanie danych ........................................................................................................1033
Netio Benchmark ...........................................................................................................1034

16

Anatomia PC
Monitorowanie ruchu sieciowego na poziomie pakietw .............................................1035
Nadzorowanie aktywnych pocze ..............................................................................1037
Sieci bezprzewodowe ...........................................................................................................1037
Specyfikacje ...................................................................................................................1038
Topologie .......................................................................................................................1042
Ramka ............................................................................................................................1043
Uwierzytelnienie ............................................................................................................1043
Bezpieczestwo .............................................................................................................1044

Rozdzia 30. Bluetooth .........................................................................................1047

Zaoenia oglne i specyfikacje ...........................................................................................1048
Protokoy ..............................................................................................................................1048
Warstwa fizyczna .................................................................................................................1050
Sie .......................................................................................................................................1051
Pakiety ..................................................................................................................................1053
Bezpieczestwo ....................................................................................................................1055
Wykrywanie bdw ............................................................................................................1057
Korekcja bdw ..................................................................................................................1058
Przykady zastosowa ..........................................................................................................1058
Co nowego znajdziemy w Bluetooth V1.2? ............................................................................1060
Przyszo Bluetooth ............................................................................................................1060

Rozdzia 31. Zasilacz ...........................................................................................1061

Zasilacz standardu ATX .......................................................................................................1063
Specyfikacja ATX/ATX12V ................................................................................................1066
Dobr zasilacza ....................................................................................................................1068
Przykadowe rozwizania ....................................................................................................1070
Zasilacze duej mocy ...........................................................................................................1070
ATXGES (AMD) ...........................................................................................................1070
EPS12V (Intel) ...............................................................................................................1073

Rozdzia 32. Zasilacze awaryjne ...........................................................................1077

rda zakce ....................................................................................................................1078
Chwilowe zaniki napicia ..............................................................................................1078
Spadki o redniej dugoci .............................................................................................1078
Dugotrwae spadki napicia ..........................................................................................1079
Przepicia .......................................................................................................................1079
Pakiety ...........................................................................................................................1079
Wysokie harmoniczne ...................................................................................................1079
Cakowity zanik napicia ...............................................................................................1079
Zasilacz PC jako odbiornik prdu zmiennego w sieci .........................................................1080
Budowa ukadw UPS .........................................................................................................1082
Baterie ............................................................................................................................1083
Elementy kontrolne i regulacyjne ..................................................................................1084
Czas buforowania ..........................................................................................................1085
Topologie .......................................................................................................................1086
Zakres napi wejciowych ...........................................................................................1089
Programy obsugujce urzdzenia UPS ...............................................................................1089
rodki systemu operacyjnego ........................................................................................1089
Programy wasne producentw UPS .............................................................................1090

Rozdzia 33. BIOS i jego program konfiguracyjny ..................................................1093

Organizacja systemu bezpieczestwa ..................................................................................1094
Moliwoci omijania systemu bezpieczestwa .............................................................1096
System ochrony przed wirusami atakujcymi MBR ............................................................1100
System adowania wartoci predefiniowanych ....................................................................1100

Spis treci

17

Mechanizm opuszczania programu konfiguracyjnego ........................................................1101

Oglna konstrukcja blokowa ...............................................................................................1101
Programy pseudo-BIOS-SETUP .........................................................................................1102
Aktualizacja BIOS-u ............................................................................................................1102
Wstp .............................................................................................................................1102
Niebezpieczestwo ........................................................................................................1102
Aktualizacja ...................................................................................................................1102
W razie niepowodzenia reanimacja ..........................................................................1104
Nowe moliwoci aktualizacja w rodowisku Windows ..........................................1104
Nowe trendy w programach BIOS .......................................................................................1105
Obrazki w BIOS-ie ........................................................................................................1105
Podwjny BIOS .............................................................................................................1106
POST on Board ..............................................................................................................1106
Voice Diagnostic ...........................................................................................................1107
Auto-Overclocking ........................................................................................................1107
Soft Menu ......................................................................................................................1107

Bibliografia ..........................................................................................................1151
Literatura polskojzyczna ....................................................................................................1151
Literatura anglojzyczna ......................................................................................................1156
Wydawnictwa .......................................................................................................................1157

Skorowidz ...........................................................................................................1159
Dodatek A Przegld architektury mikroprocesorw ...................................... DVD-ROM
Dodatek B Systemy oznacze scalonych ukadw pamiciowych .................. DVD-ROM
Dodatek C Baza adresw internetowych ...................................................... DVD-ROM
Dodatek D Przykad wsppracy z magistral ISA ......................................... DVD-ROM
Dodatek E

Rejestry sterownikw EGA/VGA ................................................. DVD-ROM

Dodatek F

Funkcje BIOS-u obsugujce karty graficzne ................................. DVD-ROM

Dodatek G Linux w zastosowaniach ............................................................ DVD-ROM

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