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Prepared by: JOHN TEODORO The term Growth and Development are occasionally used interchangeably but are

different. GROWTH is generally used to denote an increase in physical size or quantitative change. DEVELOPMENT is used to denote an increase in skills or ability to function. COGNITIVE DEVT is the ability to learn or understand from experience, to retain knowledge and to solve problems (Intelligence). Factors affecting Growth and Development 1. Genetic Influences 6. Environment 2. Gender 7. Nutrition 3. Race and Nationality 8. Socio-Economic Level 4. Intelligence 9. Parent-Child Relationship 5. Health 10. Ordinal Position (Family) Developmental Screening for Newborn done by Pediatrician 1.Denver II Developmental Screening Test - divide streams of Development into gross motor, Fine motor, language and personal-social. 2. Clinical Adaptive Test - rates problem solving and visual motor ability. Criteria for Suitability of Toys 1. Is it safe? 2. Is it Useful? 3. Is it compatible? Infancy Toddler Solitary Parallel stack toys, blocks, pots drums to bang push and pull toys rocking horse, swing finger paints, puzzle Trucks, dollhouse Doctor and nurse kits Sandbox, outdoor gym Games and Sports Board games, books and TV

Pre-school

Associative

Schooler

Cooperative

PLAY medium form expression, communication and growth in children

Functions of Play 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Educational Recreational Physical Devt Social and Emotional Adjustment Therapeutic

Growth and Development Throughout Lifespan Infancy (0-1) Nutrition - Vit. C, D and Iron is not found in milk - Solid food introduce at 4 to 6 months Psychosocial Devt - mother should not expect too much from infant Health Maintainace Toddler (1-3) - Autonomy / Independence - Recognize that they are separate individual > negativistic > Difficult to manage Socialization - imitates what she/ he sees - differentiate boy from girl Toilet Training - stays dry for 2 hours with regular bowel movt - Can sit, walk and squat - Can verbalize the desire to void or defecate Negativism - undergo extreme negativism, hates to do anything - reply to every request is definite NO! Temper tantrums Pre-school (4-5) Oedipus and Electral Complexes - aware of sexuality, sexual roles and organs Phallic Stage - Aware of bodys anatomy and sexual identity (Male and Female) - Sexual identity is important to preschool in play (Boys-toy guns / Girls-dolls)

- Penis envy or castration fear - Deal with masturbation in non-judgmental manner Oedipus and Electral Complexes - aware of sexuality, sexual roles and organs Phallic Stage - Aware of bodys anatomy and sexual identity (Male and Female) - Sexual identity is important to preschool in play (Boys-toy guns / Girls-dolls) - Penis envy or castration fear - Deal with masturbation in non-judgmental manner School Age (6-12) Strives for Achievements of: 1. Gross motor competency (Sports) 2. Fine motor dexterity (crafts/arts) 3. Cognitive proficiency (reading, math) 4. Social mastery (friends, peer groups) Psychosocial Development - master skills that will help them fxn in the adult world - Stealing is a common school-age problem Ways to assist a school-age child develop psychosocially 1. Recognizing success and providing praise for achievements. 2. Guiding children to perform task in w/c they are likely to succeed. 3. Guiding the child to complete task 4. Teaching the child to get along with peers 5. Teaching the child to get along with adut Play - collecting age begins (Cards, posters, marbles etc.) Cognitive Devt - develop logical reasoning, cause and effect Moral and Spiritual Devt - God is good and always present to help - Hygiene and Nutrition Adolescent (12-18) Period during w/c the person becomes physically and psychologically mature and acquires personal identity.

Puberty first stage of adolescent in w/c sexual organ begins to grow and mature. girls 10 to 14 boys 12 to 16

Menarche occurs in girls Ejaculation - occurs in boys Physical Devt - adolescent growth Spurt - Glandular changes sweat, acne Cognitive Devt - ability to use scientific thought plan their future Psychosocial Devt - task is to establish identity and self-concept - Adolescent are sexually active and may engage in masturbation or heterosexual activity. - Dating helps prepare them for marriage by teaching them how to act with members of opposite sex. Promoting Healthy Family Functioning - It is not easy to be with teenagers, it is equally difficult to be teenagers - Teenagers need good adult role models so that they can see that adult roles are not frightening but desirable. Sex Education Common Health Problems - Obesity - Acne - Adolescent Pregnancy - STD - Drug / Alcoholism - Suicide - Motor Vehicular Accident Physiologic Status of Newborn CIRCULATORY STATUS UMBILICAL VEIN and DUCTUS VENOSUS constrict after cord is clamped. DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS constricts w/ establishment of respiratory function. FORAMEN OVALE closes functionally as respirations are established, but anatomic or permanent closure may take several months. HEART RATE averages 140 bmn BP 73/55 mmHg PERIPHERAL CIRCULATION acrocyanosis w/n 24H

Renal System Urine present in the bladder at birth, but NB may not void for 1st 12-24 hours. Later pattern is 6-10 voidings/day - indicative of sufficient fluid intake. Urine is pale and straw colored. - initial voidings may leave brick-red spots on diaperd/t passage of uric acid crystals in urine Infant unable to concentrate urine for the 1st 3 mos DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Hard palate should be intact, small raised white areas on the palate are normal. EPSTEINS PEARLS Newborn cant move food from lips to pharynx. capable of digesting simple CHO and simple CHON but fats Stomach capacity caries= 50-60 ml Feeding patterns

FIRST STOOL is MECONIUM. - black, tarry residue from lower intestine. - usually passed within 12- 24 hours after birth. After 3 days MILK STOOLS are usually passed. a. MILK STOOLS for BF-INFANT - Loose and golden yellow b. MILK STOOLS for FORMULA-FED - Formed and pale yellow TEMPERATURE HEAT PRODUCTION - Metabolism of BROWN FAT Axillary temperature: 96. 8 to 99F NBs body temp drops quickly after birth. - cold stress occurs easily. Body stabilizes temp in 8-10 hours if unstressed. Cold stress increases O2 consumption. - may lead to metabolic acidosis and respi distress. WEIGHT normal= 2500 - 4300 g (5.5 to 9.5 lbs) at term. Initial loss of 5-10% of body weight - normal for the first few days - this should be regained in 1-2 weeks LENGTH

Average 45.7-55.9 cm (18-22 in)

CHEST CIRCUMFERENCE 30-33 cm (12-13 inches) should be equal to or 2-3 cm < head circumference HEAD 25% of the body length; circumference 33-37cm Bones of the skull are not fused Palpable sutures Fontanels Molding ,Caput Succedaneum,Cephalohematoma SKIN Pigmentation increases after birth Skin may be dry. ACROCYANOSIS Small amounts of lanugo and vernix caseosa still seen May develop NEONATAL RASH HARLEQUIN SIGN INITIAL CARE OF THE NEWBORN Observe and assist with initiation of respirations Assess Apgar score Note characteristics of cry Monitor for nasal flaring, grunting, retractions and abnormal respirations Obtain vital signs Observe NB for signs of hypothermia or hyperthermia. NURSING INTERVENTION Suction mouth, then nares with bulb syringe. Dry baby and stimulate crying by rubbing. Maintain temperature stability. Keep newborn with mother to facilitate bonding. Place newborn at mothers breast if breastfeeding is planned or place on mothers abdomen. Place newborn in a warmer. Position newborn on the side or abdomen or in modified Trendelenburg position to facilitate drainage of mucus. Ensure proper NB ID Footprint NB & fingerprint mother on ID sheet/ agencys policies & procedures Place matching ID bracelets on mother & NB

APGAR SCORING SYSTEM Perform and record Apgar score at 1 min & at 5 mins. If the score is less than 7 at 5 mins., the Apgar score shld beperform at 10 mins. A score of 7-10 indicates a healthy newborn. A score of 3-6 is considered moderately depressed. A score of 0-2 is severely depressed. Pediatric Neuro Disorders Hydrocephalus accumulation of CSF more than normal volume Types: 1. Comunicating 2. Non-comunicating Dx Test: Myelogram Dyes: 1. Oil FOB 6- 8 hrs. 2. Water head elevation 6 hrs. 3. Air trendelenburg Mgt: Shunting Spina Bifida baby born without fusion of backbone Cause: folic acid deficiency Types: 1. Oculta dimple 2. Cystica sac protrusion Meningocoele sac contains CSF Myelomeningocoele sac contains CSF and Spinal cord Mgt : Surgery within 24 hrs after birth Credes maneuver Reyes Syndrome degeneration of aftes in the liver Cause: aspirin toxicity Mani : Decorticate and Decerebrate posture Mgt: Oxygenation (No more than 4L/min Retrolental Fibroplasia) Tumor space occupying lesion Medulloblastoma fatal type -death within hours to days Mgt: surgery

RESPIRATORY DISORDERS BRONCHIOLITIS Mani: Rhinorrhea & fever Lethargy Poor feeding Irritablity Tachypnea Dyspnea Nasal flaring Wheezing Diminished breath sounds Mgt: Ribavirin (Virazole) PNEUMONIA Types: Viral : Whitish sputum Bacterial: non productive hacking cough Primary Atypical: Non productive productive- blood streak sputum NURSING CARE Administer O2, Mist tent Suction PRN Chest physiotherapy Bed rest Lie on the affected side Isolation precaution Anti-tussives, antimicrobial therapy, antipyretics Thoracenthesis ASTHMA Wheezing Dyspnea Chest tightness Exacerbations - air is trapped behind occluded or narrow airways and hypoxemia can occur STATUS ASTHMATICUS - child displays respiratory distress despite vigorous treatment

- may result in respiratory failure & death if untreated HOME CARE MEASURES - Allergens control - Avoid extremes of temperature - Avoid exposure to viral respiratory infection - Recognize early symptoms - Instruct the child in the administration of medications as Rx - Adequate rest, sleep, and a well-balanced diet - Adequate fluid intake - Exercise as tolerated SUDDEN INFANT s DEATH SYNDROME MATERNAL RISK FACTORS Maternal smoking Substance abuse Younger mothers APPEARANCE WHEN FOUND Apneic & blue Frothy blood-tinged fluid in the nose & mouth Typically found in a disheveled bed, with blankets over the head, Diaper is wet & full of stool GUT Cryptorchidism Whether or not to treat is still controversial. - If the testes remains in the abdomen, damage to the testes (sterility) is possible because of increased body temperature. If not descended by age 8-9 mos, chorionic gonadotropin can be given. Orchipexy - surgical procedure to retrieve and secure testes placement - preformed between ages 1-3 years NURSING CARE Advise parents of absence of testes and provide information about treatment options. Support parents if surgery is to be performed. Post-op Avoid disturbing the tension mechanism. - will be in place for about 1 week. Avoid contamination of incision.

GIT DISORDERS Celiacs dse aka Gluten Enteropathy - Increase in amino acid glutamine Monitor gluten free diet Provide supplement fat-soluble vitamins Provide client teaching and discharge planning concerning: a. Gluten-free diet b. avoidance of infection. c. importance of adhering to diet d. importance of long term ff-up management. IMPERFORATED ANUS Surgery to reconstruct the anus and perform a colon pull-through or sigmoid colostomy with anastomosis and pull-through 1 year later

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