THE CAT HEALTH GUIDE

Adrenal Glands in Cats

"Adrenal glands in cats control many basic body functions by secreting hormones including blood pressure, heart rate and glucose levels. Adrenal problem are rare in cats and can be fatal if not treated. It is part of the endocrine system. When the adrenal glands do not produce enough hormone (Addison's Disease) or too little hormone (Cushing's Disease) problems can set in which need to be immediately corrected."

Feline adrenal glands are part of the endocrine system, a three gland system that produces hormones which controls most major functions in your cat's body. The first gland in the chain is called the hypothalimus, which secretes a hormone which tells the pituitary gland how much hormone to create. Hormones secreted by the pituitary (ACTH) then control the adrenal gland. There are two adrenal glands located on each side of the kidneys.

Causes of Problems with Adrenal Glands in Cats

There are several reasons why your cat might have problems with the adrenal glands: Autoimmune Problem: This occurs when the immune system of the body thinks there is a problem when there isn't. The body is in effect attacking the adrenal glands. Pituitary Tumor: Approximately 85% of tumors which impact the adrenal glands are actually on the pituitary. Feline Adrenal Tumor (adenoma): In approximately 15% of cases there is a tumor that exists on one of the two adrenal glands. If the tumor is on only one gland and if it is causing the gland to produce more hormone it is called a functional unilateral adrenocortical tumors. Steroid Treatment: The hormones that the adrenal glands produce are steroids. If your cat is on steroid treatment for a long period of time, it could interfere with the adrenal glands.

Adrenal Glands in Cats - Common Conditions

Feline Hyperadrenocorticism (Feline Cushing's Disease)

This is a condition where too much hormone is being created. Depending on the hormone that is being created it could also be referred to as hypercortisolims, hyperprogesteronism (rarely occurs) and hyperaldosteronism (rarely occurs).

Hypercortisolims is also known as Feline Cushing's Disease. Most cases of Cushing's Disease in cats is caused by a tumor on the pituitary gland (approximately 80% - called pituitary adenoma PDH) and the remainder are caused by a tumor on the adrenal gland. About 50% of the tumors on the adrenal gland are benign (not cancerous) and the remaining 50% of adrenal tumors are cancerous.
Symptoms of Feline Hyperadrenocorticism

Thirst (polyuria) Excessive Urination (Polydipsia) Eating Too Much (polyphagia) Weight Loss Lethargy Pot Belly Messy Coat Hair Loss (alopecia) Thin Skin (may see tearing when your cat is playing with another cat) Skin Puss (abscess) Infection (urinary tract, mouth, respiratory tract)

Diagnosis of Feline Cushing's Disease

Your veterinarian will run a test called a stress leukogram and a urinalysis (urine test). Signs of hyperadrenocortisism include problems with the glucose levels and cholesterol. If a tumor is suspected, X-Rays and ultrasound can be used to see inside your cat's body.
Treatment of Feline Cushing's Disease

Treatment for cats with this type of problems with the adrenal glands in cats includes the medication mitotane. This drug reduces hormone production. A medication called Trilostane could also be of help. If your cat has an adrenal gland removed, then she will receive two months of therapy with glucocorticoids. If both adrenal glands are removed then additional steroid replacements will be needed. 30% of cats do not live long after surgery. If your cat undergoes a pituitary treatment with removal of both adrenal glands, approximately 50% of cats will have a good outcome, and those with diabetes may no longer need insulin.
Homeopathic Remedy for Feline Cushing's Disease

There is a natural remedy that could help to support your cat's endocrine system. It is specifically formulated to provide support to the adrenal glands. Natural herbal products such as Taraxacum officinale (Dandelion), Arctium lappa (Burdock) and Astragalus membranaceous are all known to support the adrenal gland. The product is called

HYPOADRENOCORTICISM (Addison's Disease)

Addison's disease occurs when the adrenal glands in cats produce too little hormone. It is more likely that your cat will have Addison's Disease than Cushing's Disease. It is sometimes misdiagnosed as a kidney problem, since renal dysfunction (kidney dysfunction) is a symptom of Addisons.
Symptoms of Addison's Disease in Cats

The symptoms of hypoadrenocorticism in cats include:

Vomiting Excessive Urination Excessive drinking Lethargy Weakness Loss of Appetite (anorexia) Depression Dehydration Urethral Obstruction (blockage in tube that urine travels from bladder to outside of the body)

Diagnosis of Addison's Disease in Cats

Your veterinarian will conduct a series of laboratory tests on the urine and blood. ACTH, the hormone secreted by the pituitary gland will also be tested to see if it in responding normally.
Treatment of Addison's Disease in Cats

The first step in treatment is to correct the dehydration by providing fluids. Hormones that aren't being secreted by the adrenal gland will be replaced by glucocorticoids (called Forinef) and mineralocorticoids (prednisone).
Homeopathic Remedy for Lethargy in Cats with Adrenal Gland Problems

There is a homeopathic remedy that is made specifically for temporary relief from lethargy due to the adrenal glands in cats problems. The product is PetAlive Adrenal Super-Boost - it contains ingredients selected to temporarily relieve adrenal fatigue and supports adrenal gland functioning. The manufacturer is also a good source for additional information in adrenal glands in cats.
HYPERALDOSTERONISM (Conn's Syndrome)

This a rare condition in which the adrenal gland suffers from abnormal cell growth such as tumor or what is referred to as a neoplasm. The tumor causes the adrenal gland to produce too much of the hormone aldosterone. Like Addison's Disease, cats are sometimes misdiagnosed with a kidney problem when in fact they have Conn's Syndrome.

Cat's with this problem usually have other glandular problems at the same time such as hyperthyroidism.
Symptoms of Conn's Syndrome

Symptoms of this condition resemble other problems with adrenal glands in cats including:

Excessive Urination Low levels of potassium (hypokalemia) High blood pressure (hypertension) Weakness in the muscles

Diagnosis of Conn's Syndrome

A veterinarian will test for hormone levels. Ultrasound testing will detect if there is a tumor on one or both adrenal glands. Tumors are usually not cancerous (benign).
Treatment for Conn's Syndrome

Treatment starts with potassium replacement. The medication Amlodipine helps to control the high blood pressure. Surgery is used to remove any tumor or one of the adrenal glands. If a cat isn't operated on then the drugs amlodipine and potassium may help control symptoms.

Cat Allergy
"Cat allergy is caused by allergens in the air, food, medications or insects such as fleas. Treatment begins with identifying the underlying cause and then eliminating the irritant. Most feline allergies affect the skin." Cat allergy is very common with approximately 15% of cats having some type of allergy. Allergic reactions in cats are different than what happens in people. In humans, allergies usually cause problems with breathing. In cats, allergies usually affect the skin and cause itching.

Causes of Cat Allergy

There are several causes of feline allergy, including:

Insects Fleas (this is the most common allergy called Flea allergy dermatitis) and other biting insects. The saliva in the fleas mouth causes flea allergies. A typical flea allergic reaction will have your cat itching the moment they come in contact with the fleas with the itch continuing even after the fleas are killed. Airborne Allergens Pollen, grass, and mold (feline atopic dermatitis) Food and Drugs Certain feline food allergies and medications, including vaccinations (cat food allergies are called Cutaneous adverse food reactions).

Symptoms of Feline Allergy

Feline allergy symptoms can either happen immediately after exposure to an allergen (something that causes an allergic reaction) or can be from a delayed reaction to an allergen. Constant licking of paws is a common symptom of allergies, more so than a stuffy nose. Other common symptoms to allergy include face-rubbing, belly-licking and ear infections. Coughing,

sneezing, nasal and eye discharge, and difficulty breathing may also occur, however. Feline Hives Immediate allergic reactions (within 30 minutes) usually cause feline hives on the skin. They can appear anywhere and usually disappear in 24 hours. You can recognize hives by a raised appearance, circular shape and itch. Your cats hair may also be raised in patches. Hives are most often caused by insect bites, drug allergy (after vaccination common cause), insecticides (lawn treatments), and new foods.

Treatment of Cat Hives from Allergy

Hives disappear once the cause is no longer in contact with your cat. Determine what has changed in the past several hours such as a new food or if your cat was around a new substance such as a new brand of kitty litter. For food allergies you can give your cat Milk of Magnesia (consult your Veterinarian first, suggested dose 7 to 25 ml. per pound orally once only) that quickens removal of the food from your cats stomach. If hives are caused by insecticide or other substance that came in contact with your cats skin, give your cat a bath using products you know are safe. Like humans, you can also give your cat Benadryl (2 mg per pound orally every eight hours). Talk to your vet before giving your cat the medication to make sure it is safe for your cat. For extreme cases your veterinarian may also prescribe cortisone treatments.

Human Cat Allergy

Many people are allergic to the proteins that are in cat allergens such as saliva, dander and sebum. Sebum are flakes that fall of your cat's skin. These small flakes can be breathed in and can find there

way onto surfaces in your house. Since all cat's shed allergens, all breeds are similar in terms of the allergic response that would occur in people. Both male and female cats are problematic. Female cat's tend to shed more sebum, however male cats product more allergens. If you neuter your male cat, it will shed less and lower the likelihood of an allergic reaction. It is possible that an allergy to your cat develops over weeks or years. Your body builds up antibodies to the allergens over time, a process that can take a while. Your cat may also shed more sebum later in life as the sebum flakes off in greater quantity with age.
Cat Allergy Shots for People

Traditional allergy shots can help you reduce the sensitivity to your cat's allergens. The method is effective and helps boost your resistance by 10x. It might also help to buy a vacuum with a HEPA filter such as the Kenmore Progressive 35922. Besides being a good vacuum for owners with cat allergy, it is top rated for picking up cat hair. One other step you can take is to avoid carpeting in the rooms your cat lives and consider hard wood floors. These floors are easier to clean when removing any accumulating allergens.
Cat Allergy Vaccine

There is work underway to test a cat allergy vaccine. Phase II clinical trials are underway and are scheduled to be completed in April 2009. The next phase will be a field trial prior to release to the general public. Since we are still some time away, other approaches will need to be considered.

Cat Anal Glands

" Cat anal glands are rarely a problem. The glands can become impacted or infected requiring them to be emptied. An antibiotic is needed if they are infected. Cats who frequently get this condition should change their diet and consider a dietary supplement with natural fiber. " Cat anal glands are two small sacs situated just below and to either side of the anal opening. They manufacture and secrete a fluid that is used to mark territory. When the anal glands are healthy, the anal glands do not have much of a smell to humans, although other cats can smell them well. Thats part of how cats recognize each other, from the scent of the fluid produced by the anal glands, which is unique to each cat.

Symptoms of Cat Anal Glands

Cat anal gland problems are rare. Symptoms of anal gland problems usually include a bad smell. The glands can become impacted or infected, causing them to produce a thicker than normal fluid that has a bad odor. Cats may lick the area excessively if they are experiencing discomfort. Your cat may also scoot across the floor on her bottom with her tail up.

Diagnosis of Feline Anal Gland Problems

Impacted and infected anal sacs are two problems that may occur. Your vet will be able to diagnose them just by examining your cat. No special tests will be needed. Rarely, cancer can develop in the anal sacs. Cancer of the anal sacs is diagnosed by a biopsy. A needle is used to extract some cells from the tumor, and those cells are then examined under a microscope.

Treatment of Feline Anal Gland Problems

Treatment of feline anal gland problems is usually pretty straight forward. If the glands are impacted (backed up), they can be manually expressed (emptied). Your vet can do this, and he or she can show you how to do it so that you can do it yourself in the future if needed. Your vet will show you how to use your fingers or a thumb and forefinger to gently apply pressure on either side of the anal opening - on the outside of the glands. Press inwards and upwards and you should see the fluid being expressed. If your cat frequently has problems with her anal glands becoming clogged, your vet may recommend changes to her diet. A high fiber diet may be recommended in order to make her stool more bulky. This will cause her stool to help express the anal glands when she defecates.

You might also try a herbal dietary supplement like AnalGlandz to treat infected anal glands in cats naturally. If the glands are infected, antibiotics will be prescribed for your cat. Infected glands will probably need to be expressed manually until the infection has cleared up. Cancer usually occurs in only one of the anal sacs. If your cat has cancer of an anal sac, she will need to have the tumor surgically removed. The surgery has a high rate of success at curing the cancer.

Feline Anemia
" Feline anemia refers to a condition where there is a reduced number of red blood cells (RBC) circulating in the blood available to carry the needed amount of oxygen to the tissues. The causes of anemia in cats may be due to loss, destruction or the reduced production of RBCs. Anemia may be regenerative or non regenerative. Blood loss anemia and hemolytic anemia are types of regenerative anemia, while anemia due to nutritional deficiencies, diseases and defects in the bone marrow are considered non regenerative anemia. Signs of anemia depend upon the severity and the underlying cause. Diagnosis usually involves examination, history and laboratory counting of the volume different cell types. Treatment requires that the underlying cause be addressed, blood transfusion and in some cases life saving procedures. "

Different Types of Feline Anemia:

Anemia in cats is mainly referred to as being regenerative or nonregenerative, depending upon the cause. Red blood cells in cats last for between 70 and 80 days, so they constantly need to be replaced by the body. When the body can't keep up, it is referred to as nonregenerative anemia (bone marrow can't make blood cells fast enough). The most common cause of nonregenrative anemia is feline leukemia virus infection. In regenerative cat anemia there is usually a loss of blood due to red cell death or from bleeding (hemorrhage). Regenerative anemia in cats is usually due to bone marrow that produces excessive red cell mass, i.e. RBCs & reticulocytes. Non regenerative anemia on the other hand is when the red blood cell requirements of the body are not compensated for by red blood cell production in the bone marrow, thus complicating these types of cases. Feline infectious anemia is a form of anemia that is triggered by a certain type of parasite. Another name for the condition is Hemobortonella felis. The disease needs to be treated aggressively using medications and possibly blood transfusion. Feline hemolytic anemia occurs when the immune system is destroying red blood cells in the body. This type of regenerative anemia usually has a trigger that confuses the immune system such as a parasitic problem, some type of infection, cancer, poison, or even infection. To determine which form of feline anemia a cat is suffering from, a veterinarian will test a cat's bone marrow.

Regenerative Feline Anemia:

Excessive hemolytic activity of the body or any trauma can cause regenerative feline anemia. Two types of anemia are known in cats, one due to nutritional deficiencies or due to hemolytic activity (when the body has an immune response that kills red blood cells). Traumas, surgery, injury or accidents can cause an acute loss of blood in the cats body. This sudden loss of RBCs leads to regenerative anemia. In many cases, if the degree of anemia is relatively high, shock or even death can occur. The bone marrow responds by releasing RBC's and reticulocytes, while renal (kidney) activity slows down to maintain the fluid levels in circulation. Blood loss anemia may be treated by blood transfusions and supportive therapy that includes iron. Lysis or breakdown of RBCs, either intra cellular or extra cellular may result in hemolytic anemia. This may be immune mediated, due to diseases like hemoglobinuria or hemoglobinemia, toxins or is genetic. Jaundice (increase of bile pigment in the blood due to liver problems) is often seen in affected cats.

NonRegenerative Feline Anemia:

In this type of anemia, the body cannot product enough RBCs in the bone marrow. This may be due to nutritional deficiencies, chronic diseases associated with anemia or defects in the bone marrow. Several components of nutrition, are essential for the formation of RBCs. If they are not supplied it can lead to a non regenerative feline anemia. Nutrients like iron, copper, B12 complex, vitamin E, riboflavin usually causes regenerative feline anemia initially, but can turn into non regenerative anemia. By supplying missing supplements orally or through injections the condition can usually be resolved. Several diseases, which lead to local or generalized inflammation in the cats body, can cause a nongenerative feline anemia. Neoplasia (uncontrolled cell growth such as a tumor), secondary inflammation of infections and hypoadrenocorticism etc. may cause reduced activity of the bone marrow, which thereby reduces the production of RBCs. Treatment of the underlying cause of the disease will resolve this type of anemia. This form of feline anemia is usually chronic (severe) with resolution taking several months. Different primary diseases or defects in the bone marrow like aplastic anemia, cellular aplasia, and feline leukemias can cause a non regenerative anemia. These are complex forms of anemia; with many types unfortunately not treatable. Such a defect may be a lifelong problem for the affected cat, with such cats not reaching a normal life expectancy.

Signs and Symptoms of Feline Anemia:

Anemia in cats is characterized by paleness in the mucous membrane (gums). Jaundice is common in the hemolytic form (body attacks red blood cells) of anemia. Similarly, the presence

of red mass in the urine may represent immature RBC (reticulocytes) presence in blood circulation, representing a deficiency of RBCs in the body. Pica (eating non food substances) or cats eating unusual things like bones, plastic or fabric etc represents a mineral deficiency with anemia in such cats suspected due to nutritional deficiencies. Shock (fast heart beat, acting confused) is another sign of blood loss anemia in those cats having recently experience an injury, trauma or accident.

Diagnosis of Feline Anemia:

Clinical examination of the cat's physique, mucous membranes and history is very important. The history of nutrition, accidents, chronic conditions a cat must have experienced and a genetic history may help in the diagnosis of the underlying cause of the anemia, and the type of anemia. Laboratory counting of red blood cells (RBC) or packed cell volume (PCV) reveals the degree of anemia in cats. Other examinations or tests will look at the parameters of the blood content, such as the white blood cell count and reticulocytes count may help to determine the degree and type of anemia

Treatment of Feline Anemia:

The first priority in addressing anemia is to determine the underlying cause as the regenerative or non regenerative forms of anemia are treated separately and in different modes of action. Nutritional supplementation for example is necessary in non regenerative anemia, as blood transfusions can never completely resolve it. Similarly chronic diseases like bacterial or viral infections if not addressed, will make treatment with mineral therapy useless. Antibiotics can resolve infections, with mineral and nutritional therapies preferable for the presence of nutritional deficiencies. Immunosuppressant drugs used in many diseases usually enhance the destruction of RBCs, so they should not be part of any treatment plan. Homeopathic support might be helpful. One product, Immunity & Liver Support Formula , can help to provide relief from the symptoms of anemia by providing support for the liver and immune system. Ingredients such as Dandelion (positive impact on the liver and digestive system), Eastern purple coneflower (immune system function) Indian Ginseng (supports blood and hemoglobin) and others are combined to help a cat with anemia. Speak to your veterinarian about combining this safe approach with other necessary conventional approaches. Note homeopathic products are not a cure, and only provide added support them.

Cat Anxiety
"Cat anxiety is primarily caused by stress in your cat's environment such as the introduction of a new pet, person or even a change in the way the furniture is arranged. Treatment could include removal of the route cause or medications. "

Recognizing cat anxiety and treating it properly is very important as anxiety can not only interfere with a cats emotional health but can also affect their physical health.

Most changes in feline behavior is due to stress. Many situations can cause a stress reaction in a cat including the introduction of a new cat or a new person in the household, moving to a new territory or change in your cats environment. Even small changes such as a shift in where your cat's litter box is located or new furniture can trigger a stress response. When a cat perceives a threat, the hypothalamus, a section of the brain tissue, signals the production of certain chemicals to prepare the cat for fight or flight. This is good when there is an actual threat, but in cats with chronic anxiety, it causes problems such as depression. The chemicals begin to weaken the immune system and can lead to all sorts of physical health problems.

Cat Anxiety Symptoms

Cat anxiety symptoms may include vomiting, meowing, pacing, trembling, apathy (lack of interest in anything), excessive grooming, clawing furniture, anorexia (weight loss), shyness, loss of affection, and urinating or defecating in the house. During times of acute distress (such as thunderstorms or fireworks, for example), your pet may also hide under the couch or under the bed. Anxious pets may seek out extra attention or they may avoid contact with people. You will see behavioral changes in your cat if she is anxious.

Diagnosing Cat Anxiety

Since many of the symptoms of anxiety disorder are physical and can be linked to other illnesses, your veterinarian will first look for a physical cause for the problem. Your veterinarian will evaluate your cats behavior and run tests to for other problems. Tests may include a urinalysis (if your cat is urinating in the house), testing a stool sample (if your cat is defecating in the house), and blood tests.

If the tests are normal and it appears your cat is indeed suffering from anxiety, your vet will give you some tips on how to treat it.

Treating Cat Anxiety

There are three main strategies for treating anxiety: environmental change, psychotropic drugs, and the application of feline facial synthetic pheromones. Feline Stress and the Environment The first step in dealing with an anxious cat to look at the environment. Cats do not deal well with change. In times of domestic stress (such as divorce, introducing a new family member, etc.), your cat may begin to show signs of anxiety. Introducing a new cat to the home also causes stress. Giving your cat extra attention during this time can help. Often your cat will adjust in a short period of time.

If your cat does not seem to adjust, or if your cat seems to be anxious for no reason, its time to talk to your vet about anti-anxiety medication. Medication may be required for a short period.
Medications for Feline Anxiety Some cats simply have a nervous disposition. Cats can have anxiety disorders just like people can. These cats may require long-term anxiety medication, although behavioral and environmental changes should be tried first.

An anti-anxiety drug is designed to be given once a day and to keep your cat calm over-all. It is not designed to be given at a particular time when your cat becomes overly anxious or excited. The best thing to do at such times is to speak calmly to your cat in a reassuring but firm voice. Keep your hand on your cat, providing your cat does not become aggressive. Some cats may become aggressive and try to bite or scratch. If possible, remove the cat from the anxietyprovoking situation. Above all, remain calm yourself, because your cat will take cues from your behavior. Cats that compete at shows should have generally calm dispositions. However, the competitive environment can cause some stress for your cats. Use your calm voice and keep your hand on your cat. Cats with high levels of anxiety will not do well in a competitive environment.Anti Anxiety Drugs Anxiety drugs are usually prescribed to provide fast improvement in behavior. One reason is that problems often develop over time with the owner only seeking treatment when the problem is more severe. Two types of drugs are usually prescribed, psychotropic drugs and pheromones. Drugs tend to work by either changing the levels of serotonin or by affecting the levels of dopamine activity (dopamine controls the way neurons in the brain speak to each other). Feliway is a new product that mimics pheromones of cats. Cats produce pheromones from glands in their cheeks, and rub their cheeks against furniture and other things in their environment, marking them as their territory. Feliway works by signaling to cats that the environment is friendly territory. It helps with anxiety symptoms like clawing furniture and urinating in the house.

You can also try a natural remedy that is made to support the nervous system. One product worth researching that is made specifically for this purpose is PetAlive PetCalm Formula for anxious and stressed pets. Ingredients such as Scutellaria laterifolia (for soothing the nervous system), Passiflora incarnata (soothes the nerves; supported by clinical trials), Kalium phosphate (helps to maintain nervous system equilibrium) and Argentum nitricum (known for soothing the nerves and providing support for the nervous system) all have properties associated with calming the nervous system. As with all remedies, be sure to discuss this and other options with your veterinarian.

Cat Anorexia
" Cat anorexia is an eating disorder, which is a symptom of an underlying problem. Cats may be either unable to eat or not willing to eat, depending upon the underlying cause. In general, anorexia can be partial or complete. It can be accompanied by many disorders, ranging from psychology to pathological conditions. As a symptom, cat anorexia is noted in many conditions, and usually is an initial symptom for a generalized illness. Most commonly, feline anorexia is associated with digestive disorders, but other factors, such as pain, a cat's environment and neurological disorders can leave a cat with anorexia. Diagnosing anorexia in cats as a symptom is dependent upon the calculation of food intake for at least 3 days, and can be treated symptomatically. Treatment of the underlying cause is necessary to end the problem.

Cause of Cat Anorexia:

The exact cause of feline anorexia is unknown, but some researchers have worked out different theories about the disorder. Some believe that cat anorexia is truly a digestive disorder, calculated and caused by the hypothalamus (the part of the brain that lies below the thalamus) in the brain. Others believe, that pain, the environment, psychology and any kind of disorder in the physiology of the body are causative factors for anorexia. Though the exact mechanism behind feline anorexia is yet to be known, different diseases like gastrointestinal abnormalities, the malfunctioning of organs, like the liver, kidney and pancreas, blood related diseases, neoplasm (tumor), skin problems and disorders of the ear, nose and throat (ENT) are some examples; which have cat anorexia as a major symptom. It is also believed that the habits of a cat, i.e., whether it likes or dislikes food, change in food ingredients and environmental factors can lead to cats having anorexia. In such conditions, the psychology of cats needs to be addressed.

Anorexia Calculation:
A cat should be termed as a partial or completely anorexic, depending upon the amount of food intake. If a cat intakes some food, but not enough to provide at least some energy, such as 30Kcal/Kg B.W, the cat should be termed as partially anorectic (another term for anorexia). On the other hand, a cat is a complete anorectic, if it does not eat or take food for almost 3 days. A close monitoring of the feeding habits and amount of food intake is usually required for at least 3 days, before it is declared that a cat is either partial or completely anorectic.

Diagnosis of Cat Anorexia:

Once a cat has been diagnosed as anorectic, it is usually required to diagnose any underlying cause. This may either be done by clinical examination and/or laboratory procedures. Blood tests, urinalysis, fecal examination and some times radiography are required, to diagnose the exact cause of the feline anorexia.

Treatment of Cat Anorexia:

Initially, a cat can be symptomatically treated for anorexia, in order to restore body condition. Some techniques, such as adjusting a diet by adding flavors, appetizers and fish in meals, can help. In case of complete anorexia, emergency tube feeding, forced feeding and intravenous (IV) administration of nutrients is required. Supportive or symptomatic treatment can never be an alternate to specific treatment; it can only help in restoring body conditions. Specifically, underlying causes of anorexia should be treated. Systemic and supportive therapies can be applied simultaneously.

Home Care for Anorectic Cat:

At home, cats should be closely monitored while they are fed. Anorexia is considered an initial sign for illness; therefore, the history of the cat is important for a veterinarian to understand. The exact cause of any disease, especially the feeding history is important. At home, an anorectic cat can be fed warm meals. Flavored and digestible food can overcome problems, to some extent. Similarly, feeding habits of cats should be closely monitored.

Cat Arthritis
"Cat arthritis is seen in older cats and while difficult to diagnose can be successfully treated."

The most common form of feline arthritis is feline osteoarthritis (OA), especially in older cats. It is the same type of arthritis found in humans. It is a condition in which the cartilage between bones wears down. Without the cartilage padding, the bones rub together, causing inflammation and pain.

Causes of ostoearthritis in cats include primary joint disease due to immune-mediated causes (something wrong with your cat's immune system), inherited joint problems, problems resulting from some type of injury or just "wear and tear" from age.

Cat Arthritis Symptoms

Feline arthritis commonly affects the elbows, stifles (leg joints) and hips.

Symptoms of cat arthritis include limping, difficulty rising from a resting position, yelping when touched, or avoiding being touched. Your cat may be reluctant to walk run, jump, climb stairs, or play. Swollen joints are also a sign of arthritis.

Feline Arthritis Diagnosis

Feline osteoarthritis is under-recognized due to difficulties inrecognition of affected cats by both owners and veterinarians since the symptoms are naturally associated with aging.

In addition to a thorough history, your veterinarian will perform a physical exam and then take some x-rays. The x-rays will show if there is adequate cartilage between the bones or not.

Cat Arthritis Treatment

There are a variety of management strategies and medical treatments that are available to treat feline arthritis that can be very helpful to improve the quality of life for your cat.

Treatment for feline arthritis often includes non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS). These relieve the pain and inflammation of arthritis. People take NSAIDS like ibuprofen all the time. NSAIDS commonly prescribed by vets include carprofen, meloxicam, tepoxalin, etodolac, deracoxib, and firocaxib. These drugs are effective at managing the symptoms of arthritis, but they dont slow the progression of the disease. Glucosamine and chrondotin are supplements often used to help rebuild cartilage. There is some anecdotal evidence that they are effective in cats but there is little of scientific evidence. They are safe to use in combination with other arthritis treatments, though, so there is no downside to using them except the cost. Cats with diabetes should not use glucosamine and cats with bleeding disorders should not use chrondotin. Talk with your vet about whether or not he or she recommends these supplements for your cat. Note that these supplements will not relieve pain; rather, they will help rebuild the cartilage, helping to reverse the disease process over time. One supplement to research that contains glucosamine and other natural therapies associated with joint support is offered by PetAlive Muscle & Joint Support Formula. If combines glucosamine and other ingredients such as Harpagophytum procumbens(Devil's Claw) and Arthrospira platenis (Spirulina) to treat the symptoms, relieve pain and reduce stiffness of arthritis, rheumatism and degenerative joint disease in cats. Diet and weight management can be an important part of arthritis treatment. If your cat is overweight, the extra weight puts too much pressure on her joints, which can cause damage to the cartilage and make arthritis symptoms worse. Your vet can tell you if your pet is overweight, and if so, help you work out a feeding schedule that will help her lose the extra pounds. Losing the extra weight will not only decrease the inflammation and pain, it will slow the progression of the disease. Exercise is an important component of cat arthritis treatment. Its difficult to make a cat exercise, but you can play with your cat to encourage exercise. Also do not allow your cat to sleep for hours at a time in one spot. Wake her up occasionally and encourage her to walk around a bit.

Cat Asthma
"Cat asthma is usually triggered by allergic response. It is difficult to diagnose which is usually based on the elimination of diseases associated with the same symptoms. Medications and alternative therapies can help your cat breathe easier."

Cat asthma is very similar to the same condition in humans. Asthma, also known as allergic bronchitis, is an allergic reaction in which the bronchi (the air passages that go into the lungs) fill with mucous and go into spasms, making it hard to breathe.

Triggers for asthma may include allergic response, tobacco smoke, pollution, dust from litter trays, stress and cold air. Just like humans, cats may also be sensitive to certain foods, as well as food additives, preservatives and artificial colors.

Cat Asthma Symptoms

A cat with asthma will be symptom-free much of the time. When your cat does have symptoms or has an asthma attack, the primary symptom is generally coughing. Your cat may also make a wheezing sound and seem unable to catch his breath. He may seem to be gasping for air.

Diagnosis of Cat Asthma

It can be a bit tricky to diagnose cat asthma or a cat asthma attack. There are no clinical signs or laboratory tests available that can definitively diagnose asthma in cats. Instead your veterinarian will do tests to rule out the causes of similar symptoms such as respiratory infection, collapsing trachea, laryngeal paralysis, heart disease, fungal diseases and lung tumors.

Your vet will first do a complete physical exam followed by a chest x-ray (to look for bronchial wall thickening and air trapping) and brochoscopy (taking a tissue sample to examine under microscope) to rule out any other respiratory problems. If your vet doesnt find any other cause for your cats symptoms, he or she will probably prescribe asthma medications and wait to see if those help. If they do, then if can be concluded that the diagnosis of asthma is correct.

Cat Asthma Treatment

Feline asthma treatment will vary depending on if your cat's symptoms occur once in a while or daily. For infrequent attacks your veterinarian will provide you with a albuterol inhaler that can be used when needed.

For more frequent bouts of feline asthma treatment generally consists of antihistamines, steroids, bronchodilators, or a combination of these drugs. Antihistamines help by drying up excessive fluid and mucous in the lungs and bronchi. Steroids work by controlling the inflammation of the lungs. Bronchodilators are used to reverse the swelling of the bronchi. Your vet will work with you to determine the best treatment regimen for your cat. Some of these medications are taken orally, while others are inhaled. If your cat needs to use inhalation medication, your vet will teach you how to administer it. You will be given a face mask to put over your pets mouth and nose, and it will connect to a short tube (called a spacer) into which you will squeeze a short puff of the medication. Your cat will need to breathe the medication for seven to ten seconds. Some amount of experimentation is needed to determine the right drug or combination of cat. During a severe attack, an injection of epinephrine may need to be given. This will immediately reduce the swelling of the respiratory passages. If your cat has severe asthma attacks, your vet will show you how to administer the injections in case they are needed. There is no evidence that bacterial infection and antibiotics to treat bacterial infection play a significant role in the cause or continuation of feline asthma.
Homeopathic (non-prescription) Supplements Herbal and homeopathic asthma treatment can be effective in addition to or as an alternative to prescription medications depending on the severity of the asthma. Natural remedies can be gently effective without the side effects or other complications that often accompany conventional drugs. A good source for product recommendations and further research is Pet Alive.

With proper treatment, a cat with asthma can lead a normal, happy life.

Feline Bad Breath

"Feline bad breath is probably a sign of dental problems, particularly if you do not brush your cat's teeth. In some cases in could indicate a health problem such as diabetes, kidney or liver disease. Each condition causes the breath to smell a different way."

If your cat has just wolfed down a dish of tuna fish, her breath is not going to smell so fresh. But if she has chronic bad breath, it could be a symptom of an illness. Feline bad breath can be an indication of many health conditions, from dental problems to diabetes to kidney disease.

Feline Bad Breath Symptoms

This sounds like an easy one, right? Youll know it when you smell it. But all bad breath does not smell the same. Also, other symptoms may accompany your cats bad breath, and these symptoms can indicate a particular cause of her bad breath. Feline bad breath that smells like bad breath in humans and is accompanied by red, swollen gums is a sign of dental problems. Your cat probably needs her teeth cleaned by the vet. Follow up with regular tooth brushing (well talk about how to do that in just a bit). Breath that smells sweet and fruity can be a sign of diabetes. Other symptoms include increased thirst and urination and weight loss. Breath that smells like ammonia could indicate kidney disease. Other symptoms you might notice include loss of appetite and increased thirst and urination. A foul odor could be caused by liver disease. Other symptoms may include vomiting, a swollen abdomen, and jaundice (a yellowish tint to the eyes and gums).

Cat Bad Breath Diagnosis

When you take your cat to the vet for feline bad breath, the first thing your vet will do is examine her teeth and gums. The vet will also smell her breath, for clues as to the cause of her condition. Of course, the vet will also take a detailed history from you. Based on these things, the vet may decide to do some tests. He or she may do some blood tests and a urinalysis to check for diabetes, kidney problems, and liver disease.

Cat Bad Breath Treatment

The treatment for feline bad breath depends on the cause. It might be as simple as having your cats teeth cleaned. The vet can do this, but youll need to start brushing your cats teeth regularly afterward or youll just end up with the same problem again. If your cat has bad breath and is diabetic, or has kidney or liver disease, your vet will talk with you about the best course of treatment.

Cat Bad Breath Natural Remedy

Your cat's bad breath is probably caused by bacteria that accumulates in the mouth in the same way humans get morning breath. The key to oral health is to keep the bacteria in the mouth within a normal range. A simple product to try is to purchase a natural mouth spray made for cats. Ingredients such as colloidal silver will help with bacteria levels and is safe for your cat. One product to research and try is OralHealth Mouth Spray. This product promotes oral health and addresses cat breath. Products like this can be used several times a day and can be used at the first sign of feline bad breath.

How to Brush Your Cats Teeth

Use a toothpaste that is made for cats. Dont use toothpaste made for people, as it can be harmful to your cat. Put a little of the gel on your finger and gently rub your cats teeth and gums. Dont force her mouth open. Just stretch back the lips without opening the mouth. Be gentle. Afterward, give her a favorite treat. Repeat this procedure every day, applying the gel a little further back in her mouth each day. Once your cat tolerates the toothpaste on your finger, try using a toothbrush. They make special toothbrushes for pets. They are rubber and fit over your finger kind of like a thimble. Remember to reward her afterward.

Cat Home Health Care

"Cat home health care has several basic steps including vaccination, grooming, dental care, parasite control and maintaining a safe environment."

There are seven basic steps for taking care of your cat:

1. Veterinary Care such as vaccinations 2. Protecting your cat from parasites such as fleas 3. Care for cat gums and teeth 4. Diet 5. Grooming 6. Providing a safe environment

Cat Veterinary Care

The frequency of visits to a veterinarian needed depends on the age of your cat:

Kittens: Every 3 to 4 weeks until your kitten is 4 months old. Adults up to age 8: 1x per year Adults 8 years+: 1x or more per year depending on the needs of your cat. Signs of an illness such as changes in normal behavior should cause you to seek veterinary care. Typical signs of illness include: - lethargy or acting tired - diarrhea - vomiting - coughing - sneezing - discharge from the eyes, ears or nose - hair loss - itchy skin - changes in the way your cat moves

Cat Vaccination Schedule

When a kitten is born it inherits antibodies from its mother to attack disease. These same antibodies also keep vaccines to take hold. As the kitten ages the mothers antibodies are replaced by those of the kitten. The reason for more than one round of vaccination early in life is to ensure that the vaccine takes hold. In general, most vaccines require two rounds between ages 10 and 14 weeks, a 1 year booster and then boosters every 3 years unless noted below.

Core Feline Vaccines: Feline Distemper (also known as panleukopenia and is caused by Feline Parvovirus (FPV) : The first vaccine is given after 10 weeks of age and then again at 14 weeks. The reason is that cats are born with its mothers antibodies that may keep a vaccination from taking hold. The second shot ensures that it does. This vaccine provides complete protection against distemper. Your cat will need a booster every 3 years. Feline Herpes Virus Type I (also known as feline viral rhinotracheiti (FHV-1) and Feline Calicivirus (FCV0: Usually combined in the same shot and follows the same schedule as feline distemper. Up to 90% of feline upper respiratory infections are caused by these two viruses. The vaccine does not provide complete protection, but does lessen the severity of the illness.

Rabies: Rabies is more common in cats than dogs. and happens when another animal bites your cat. There had been some concern of a sarcoma or cancer at the site of injection. Ask you veterinarian if the vaccine your cat is receiving has adjuvants which have been associated with the problem (an adjuvant is another substance that helps a vaccine take hold). An alternative vaccine is available called PureVax Feline Rabies Vaccine from Merial. Many States require rabies vaccination. Non-core Vaccines: Feline leukemia virus (FeLV): Cats are susceptible to this disease up to age 16 weeks. After that their immune system should protect against the disease. If you cat spends a significant amount of time outdoors then vaccination is usually recommended or if your cat is under 16 weeks. Chlamydiosis: This disease affects the eyes and respiratory tract. Vaccines for this illness are not necessary since there are treatment options if your cat comes down with the diesae. Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP): This vaccine has mixed evidence of effectiveness and is usually not recommended. Dermatophytosis: This disease is a fungal skin infection (Microsporum canis). Vaccines have not been shown to be effective. Bordetella bronchiseptica infection: This vaccine for a respiratory infection is administered if your veterinarian believes your cat is at risk for this disease. The vaccine tends to reduce the severity of symptoms vs. eliminate the illness. Giardiasis: This vaccine for gastrointestinal problems (digestive tract problems) is only given to cats that are susceptible to the disease. It is given to cats that order older than 8 weeks.

Cat Home Health Care - Prevent Parasites

Parasite control is an important part of cat home health care. Cats are susceptible to several parasites including:

* Roundworms - from contact with feces * Hookworms - from contact with feces * Tapeworms - from contact with feces * Heartworms (from mosquitoe bites) * Mites (ear,mange) and Fleas - from the environment or other animals Cats get parasites from:

* Their mother while in the womb * Eggs that are in feces * Other animals or hosts These condition can be diagnosed by your veterinarian who will examine stool (feces) samples looking for eggs.

Cat Home Health Care - Cat Care for Teeth and Gums
Care of your cat's teeth is similar to the care of human teeth requiring brushing and cleaning to avoid plaque buildup.

Cat Home Health Care - Grooming

As we all know, cats are constantly grooming itself. Long haired cats require brushing to remove loose hair. Short hair cats can usually care for themselves unless they are ill.

Ear cleaning is also essential for cats and should be part of routine veterinary care or after getting a lesson from your vet. Cats do not need baths like dogs do. See our guide on cat hair care.

Cat Home Health Care - Poisoning

Just like children, cats should not be able to access any household cleaning or poisonous products. Also avoid keeping any human medications on counter tops. If you cat is outside avoid any area where there might be antifreeze on the ground.

There are also many varieties of plants that are poisonous to cats. This list includes: Amaryllis Autumn Crocus Castor Bean Chrysanthemum Cyclamen English Ivy Kalanchoe Lilies Marijuana Oleander Peace Lily Pothos Sago Palm Schefflera Tulip/Narcissus bulbs Yew

Cat Spaying
At age 6 or 7 all male cats should be neutered if they are not going to be breeding. Females of the same age should be spayed and helps avoid uterine cancer and certain infections.

Cat Behavior Explained

"Cat behavior explained looks at the many things cats do and why they do it. Almost all feline behavior is based on survival skill in the wild and then how those behaviors were adapted either through selective breeding or how your cat is raised."

If youve ever wondered why your cat does some of the things she does, this is the place to find out why. Cat behavior explained may seem mysterious, but there are good reasons for what they do.

Cat Behavior Explained Quick Links

Cat Behavior Questionnaire Cat Attachment to People Cat Aggressive Behavior Aggressive Kitten Behavior Male Aggressive Cat Behavior How Cat's Communicate Feline depression Effect of Diet and Nutrition Eating and Drinking Behavior Cat Aggressive Behavior and Health Cat Elimination Behavior for urine and solid waste Landing on Feet What Makes Cats Purr Reaction to Catnip Cat arching the back Cat Excitement Behavior Fear Behavior Cat Behavior Kneading Male Cat Behavior Cat mating behavior <="" a="">Rubbing Against Your Leg

Cat Sleeping Behavior Cat Sleeping too Much Cat Burying Feces Redirected Cat Aggression Scratching Furniture Cat Separation Anxiety Fighting between 2 cats in household Territorial Behavior Cat Urine Marking Behavior

Natural Remedies to Calm Aggression