Technological institute of the Philippines

(Cubao, Quezon City)

Expirment no.1

Submitted by: Group 2 ES 11KA3

Leader: Cedrick John S. Blauta

Submitted to: Engr. Ida Z. Ramo

Date Perpormed: July 1, 8, 2011

Date Submitted: July 19, 2011

I. y y y

Objective Familiarize with the basic laboratory operations. Practice the basic laboratory operations. To develop the skill for properly operating the triple beam balance also to light and adjust the Bunsen burner flame To determine the density of an unknown substance

II. y

Introduction Laboratory operations are the collection of procedures made useful in the conduct of laboratory experiments in chemistry and 0ther natural science courses. There are a lot of laboratory operations ranging from simple to complicated ones. All laboratory operations have to be done carefully and attentively in order to achieve the desired objectives of the activity.

Bunsen Burner A Bunsen burner is a laboratory device designed to heat substances for various experiments. It is a small gas burner with an adjustable flame, manipulated at the base by controlling the amount of gas and air admitted into the burner. Bunsen burner includes a vertical metal tube which is connected to a weighted base. The base includes a nozzle to connect with a fuel source, as well as a gas valve and a flue adjuster to control how much air is admitted through small air holes at the base of the tube. The gas mixes with air at the bottom of the tube and then rises to the top of the Bunsen burner, where it can be lit with a match or lighter. Bunsen burner reflects the name of the scientist supervising the laboratory where it was invented, rather than the actual inventor. Robert Wilhelm Bunsen was a well known chemist in Germany in the mid 1800s, searching for a way to provide clean, safe heat in his

laboratory. One of his laboratory assistant, Peter Desaga, refined invention, calling the result a Tirrill burner. This burner allowed for greater control over the flames height and intensity, and it quickly became associated with Bunsens laboratory. As a result, it became popularly known as a Bunsen burner. Parts of the Bunsen Burner a) Gas orifice b) Barrel c) Collar d) Air Holes allows the exit of gas into the barrel. part where the gas and air mix. regulates the flow of air entering the burner. controls the size of the flame. vary the amount of air entering the barrel. A flame with roaring sound means that too much air is entering the burner. If the flame strikes back and burns noisily at the base of the burner, it means that there is not enough gas pressure and too much air. Turn-off the gas cock and start again. The combustible gas used to supply the fuel for the Bunsen burner in most laboratories is a natural gas in which natural gas is a mixture of gaseous hydrocarbon. If sufficient oxygen is supplied, gas burns with a blue, non-luminous flame, producing carbondioxide and water as combustion products. With an insufficient supply of oxygen, small carbon particles are produced when heated to incandescence and produce a yellow luminous flame. The combustion product includes carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and water.

Measuring Liquid Volumes A liquid is usually measured by the use of graduated cylinder, burette or pipette. The liquid surface is noticeably curved. The curve is referred to as the meniscus and in reading

the liquid volume, it is necessary to have the meniscus at the eye level.

Transferring Liquid Volumes In transferring liquid from one container to another, pour the liquid down a glass rod to prevent spills. For small quantities, use pipette.

Heating Liquids When heating a liquid in a test tube, tilt glassware at a 45-degree angle, with the open point of a tube not pointing to a person. Heat first the upper portion of the tube, then, slowly move it back and forth from the flame. Heating other glassware such as a beaker needs a tripod and a wire gauze.

Precipitation Precipitation is defined as the formation of a solid in a solution during the occurrence of a chemical reaction.

Filtration Filtration is a technique used to isolate solid or impurities from a solution. There are two types of filtration, the gravity filtration and vacuum filtration. The former is best in removing impurities from a solution and the latter when collecting a desired solid. In gravity filtration, proper folding of the filter paper must be observed.

Decantation Decantation is a very quick method used for separating a mixture of a liquid and a heavier solid. First allow the solid to settle at the bottom, then, pour off the liquid.

Evaporation Evaporation is the process of changing liquid to gas or vapor. Heat (energy) is necessary for evaporation to occur. Energy is used to break the bonds that hold solvent molecules together.

III.

Materials and Procedure

A. Materials

Bunsen Burner

Iron Stand and Ring (Retort Stand)

Evaporating Dish

Test Tube with Rack

Beaker

Triple Beam Balance

Graduated Cylinder

Watch Glass

Rectangular Block

Funnel

Stirring Rod

Erlenmeyer Flask

Reagent Bottle

Test Tube Holder

B. Procedure 1) Bunsen Burner 1.1) Study the parts of the burner. 1.2) Connect the rubber tubing to the gas outlet. 1.3) Unscrew the ring collar to allow the gas to enter. 1.4) Hold a lighted match stick above the barrel and open the supply valve. 1.5) Observe the flame produced and its color with the air with the air holes closed. - the flame was yellow and luminous.

1.6) Using a crucible tong to hold an evaporating dish above the flame and observe the bottom of the dish - the bottom of the dish became black, because of the black carbon produced by the flame. 1.7) Open the air holes and observe the flame changes its color. - the flame became blue and non-luminous. 1.8) Hold again the evaporating dish above the flame and observed if there is any deposited substance at the bottom. - nothing was deposited. 1.9) Into each of the three test tubes, measure 2ml of H2O (water). Label the test tubes T1, T2, and T3. Using a test tube holder, hold test tube T1 in a 450 angle position from the part of the flame just above the barrel. Record the time, in seconds, it takes the water to boil. 1.10) Bring test tube T2 to the tip of the inner cone. Record the time it takes the water to boil. Do the same for test tubes T3 but hold on the tip of the outer cone.

Results TEST TUBE Test Tube 1 Test Tube 2 Test Tube 3 TESTUBE (Seconds) 37 seconds 21 seconds 42 seconds

Experimental Set-Up

2) Volumetric Measurement Reading Meniscus 2.1) In getting the reading of the measured liquid, one must set the eye in horizontal level with the liquid. For transparent liquid, always read the bottom of the meniscus.

2.2) Measure 4ml of H2O (water) using graduated cylinder and transfer into the test tube. Determine its height in centimeters. Repeat with 5ml, 6ml, 8ml and 10ml.

Results WATER VOLUME 4ml 5ml 6ml 8ml 10ml HEIGHT 25cm 33cm 41cm 49cm 55cm

3) Density Determination Density is one of the physical properties of matter which is the ratio of mass/unit volume. Density = Mass/Volume (D = M/V) M = gram V = ml D = g/ml The triple beam balance is used in the laboratory operations to determine the mass of given samples. Solid Density (Irregular Solid) 3.1) Weigh 10g of clean pebbles enough to be placed in the graduated cylinder. 3.2) Using the graduated cylinder and measure 30ml of H2O (water).

3.3) Put the pebbles carefully in the graduated cylinder and record the increase in volume. Results Weight of the pebbles Volume of water Volume of water with pebbles Volume of pebbles Density of pebbles 10g 30ml 35ml 10ml 1g/ml

Calculations Given 10g wt. of the pebbles 10ml volume of pebbles Formula Solution Answer

D = M/V

D = 10g/10ml

D = 1g/ml

Solid Density (Regular Solid) 3.4) Get a rectangular block and determine the weight of the object and also measure its dimension (length and width). Results Weight of the block Length of the block Width of the block 145.2g 4.7 inches 2.5 inches

Height of the block Volume of the block Density of the block

1.3 inches 15.275 inch3 9.51g/inch3

Calculations Given 145.2g wt. of the block 14.275inch3 volume of the block Formula Solution D = 145.2g/15.3inch3 Answer D =9 .5g/inch3

D = M/V

Liquid Densirty 3.5) Weigh an empty 100ml beaker. 3.6) Pour 50ml of lead nitrate solution into the beaker. 3.7 Determine the weight of the solution by subtracting the weight of empty beaker from the weight of beaker with the lead nitrate solution. 3.8) Determine the density of lead nitrate solution. Results Weight of empty beaker Weight of beaker with lead nitrate Weight of lead nitrate Volume of lead nitrate solution 45.6g 98g 52.4g 50ml

Density of lead nitrate solution

1.048g/ml

Calculations Given 98g wt. of beaker with lead nitrate 50ml volume of lead nitrate solution Formula Solution Answer

D = M/V

D = 98g/50ml

D = 1.96g/ml

4) Separation of Precipitates Filtration Filtration is the process of straining the precipitate with the use of filter paper. 4.1) Place the iron stand on your working table. 4.2) Get an iron ring and clamp to the iron stand about 1ft. then place the clay triangle. 4.3) Place a funnel in the clay triangle on the iron ring. 4.4) Place a beaker on the platform of the iron stand as a receiver. 4.5) The tip of the funnel must rest on the wall of the beaker. 4.6) Prepare a filter paper. 4.6.1) Fold the filter paper equally in half. 4.6.2) Fold again through the center, but half of the crease must not coincide with the other half of the crease. 4.6.3) Tear off the corner of the outside fold and open out 4.6.4) Moisten the filter paper with water then place the filter paper in the funnel.

4.7) Prepare a solution by adding 10g Ca(OH)2 to 50ml water. 4.8) Pour the mixture into the filter with the aid of a stirring rod. Experimental Set-Up

Decantation Decantation is a process by allowing the mixture to stand for quite sometime to settle the precipitate. Also it is good for precipitate that are quite dense. 4.9) Add 20g Ca(OH)2 to 100ml water. 4.10) Let the solution stand for several minutes. 4.11) Decant the solution.

Evaporation 4.12) Dissolve 0.1g of sodium chloride to 1ml water. 4.13) Transfer the solution to an evaporating dish. 4.14) Place the dish on wire gauze supported by iron ring then heat gently. 4.15) Withdraw the heat as soon as the water is evaporated. 4.16) Observe the residue left.

IV.

Discussion and Conclusion All the laboratory operations performed are true and tested by those who performed the first experiment, and those are the scientist that gives more reliable ideas and concepts that are now being accepted by many people and considered as fact not a theory.