A constitution is a set of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is governed.

[1] These rules together make up, i.e. constitute, what the entity is. When these principles are written down into a single or set of legal documents, those documents may be said to comprise a written constitution. Constitutions concern different levels of organizations, from sovereign states to companies and unincorporated associations. A treaty which establishes an international organization is also its constitution in that it would define how that organization is constituted. Within states, whether sovereign or federated, a constitution defines the principles upon which the state is based, the procedure in which laws are made and by whom. Some constitutions, especially written constitutions, also act as limiters of state power by establishing lines which a state's rulers cannot cross such as fundamental rights. The Constitution of India is the longest written constitution of any sovereign country in the world,[2] containing 444 articles,[3] 12 schedules and 94 amendments, with 117,369 words in its English language version,[4] while the United States Constitution is the shortest written constitution, at 7 articles and 27 amendments.Today, mostly every democratic country has a constitution which is a vital document, according to which the country carries out its operations. Constitution protects the rights of the citizens of a concerned nation, irrespective of their religion, caste, creed, sex or physical appearance. A constitution, thus, can be safely said to be a social contract between the government and the people it governs. It can also be deemed as the fundamental underlying framework of government for a nation. In a constitutional country therefore, every person is treated equally, regardless of his office or position and is expected to abide by higher law. For instance, the constitution of United States, besides establishing the government s power also cites the fundamental rights belonging to the people who reside within its borders. Although mostly a country s constitution is in written form, it need not necessarily be so. Great Britain, for instance, has an unwritten constitution and by what they refer to as constitution are an agglomeration of their collective legal traditions, which include the Magna Carta of 1215, English Bill of Rights of 1687, Acts of Parliament, as well as the collective decisions of the British Courts. However, in case of United States, a constitution refers to the written document that lays out the structure and function of a federal government along with the Bill of Rights. This article discusses the role of constitution to keep a nation united.

Significance Of Constitution The primary function of a constitution is to lay out the basic structure of the government according to which the people are to be governed. It is the constitution of a country, which establishes the three main organs of the government, namely, the legislature, executive and judiciary. The constitution of a country not only defines the powers allotted to each of the three main organs, but it also significantly makes a clear demarcation of the responsibilities assigned to each of them. It effectively regulates the relationship between these organs as well as the relationship between the government and its people. Since the country s constitution stands superior to all the laws framed within the territorial precincts of the country, any law enacted by the ruling government has to be in conformity with the concerned constitution. As such, the citizens would, in turn, be abiding by not just the law, but also working in sync with the demarcations of the constitution laid by the country. The constitution does not simply provide a recipe for an efficient government, but also deals with limitations on power. Since power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely, a constitution is established to restrict the abuse of power by those who conduct governmental functions. The constitution of a particular country lays down the national goals which form the basic edifice on which the nation rests upon. For instance, the constitution of India has inscribed in it the primary facets of the nation which are democracy, socialism, secularism and national integration. A constitution, besides thrusting on the rights of the citizens of the concerned nation, also has embedded in it the duties that the citizens require to adhere to as well. Ang pagtatalumpati ay sining ng pagpapahayag na tumatalakay sa isang mahalagang paksa na may layuning magbigay kaalaman, magmulat at manghikayat. Kahalagahan Napagbubuti ang kakayahan sa pangangatwiran. Nahuhubog ang kakayahan sa pangunguna. Napagtitibay ang tiwala sa sarili. Natututo ng tamang pagharap sa madla.

Talumpating Binalangkas binibigkas ang talumpati gamit ang patnubay ng balangkas Talumpating Walang Paghahanda ibinabatay lamang ang sasabihin sa sariling kaalaman at karanasan. Uri ng Talumpati Talumpating Nagbibigay-aliw isinasagawa sa mga handaan, pagtitipon o salu-salo Talumpating Nagdaragdag kaalaman madalas isinasagawa sa mga lektyur at paguulat. Talumpating Nanghihikayat ginagamit upang mapakilos, mag-impluwensya sa tagapikinig. Talumpating Nagbibigay-galang ginagamit sa pagtanggap sa bagong kasapi o bagong dating Talumpating Nagbibigay-papuri ginagamit sa pagbibigay ng pagkilala sa mga pumanaw. Mga Dapat Bigyang- Pansin sa Pagtatalumpati Tindig tumayo ng tuwid at maging palagay sa entablado Galaw maging tiyak sa pagkilos Kumpas -nakatutulong sa pagbibigay-diin sa sinasabi. Maging maingat sa bawat pagkumpas dahil bawat kumpas ay may kahulugan. Tinig tamang bigkas at pagbaba at pagtaas ng tinig Ponolohiya (Phonology) - Tatlong Salik sa Pagsasalita (Three factors in Speaking) 1. Enerhiya (Energy) - nilikhang presyon ng papalabas na hiningang galing sa baga (pressure created when exhaling) 2. Artikulador (Articulator) - nagpapakatal sa mga babagtingang pantinig (Vocal) 3. Resonador (Resonator) - nagmomodipika ng tunog. Ang bibig at guwang ng ilong ang itinuturing na resonador (modifies the sound. The mouth and nasal passageway are considered as resonators.) Ponolohiya ng Filipino

Nakabibigkis nang maayos at wastong pagsasama-sama ng mga salita. Paraan ng Pagtatalumpati Talumpating Binabasa pinag-aralang mabuti at nagsanay sa pagbigkas sa harap ng madla Talumpating Isinaulo pinaghandaang mabuti at kinabisa

PONEMA (Phoneme) - isang makabuluhang tunog. Ang Filipino ay may 20 ponema. 15 ang katinig at 5 ang patinig "katinig means consonant and patinig means vowel"

Mga katinig: Panlabi (sounds produced by the lips) - B, P, M Pangipin (sounds produced by the teeth) - D, N, T Panggilagid (sounds produced by the gums) - L, R, S Pangngalangala (sounds produced by the throat) - K, G, Ng, W Pasutsot (sounds produced by exhaling) - H Mga Patinig: A, E, I, O, U Diptonggo (Dipthong) - alin man patinig na sinusundan ng malapatinig na w at y. Halimbawa (Example):

Uri ng Pagbabagong Morpoponemiko (Types of Morphophonemic Change) 1. Asimilasyon (Assimilation) - pagbabagong nagaganap sa huling posisyon dahil sa impluwensiya ng kasunod na ponema. Kung ang ponemang pang ay ikinakabit sa salitangugat na nagsisimula sa b, p ang n ay nagiging m. Halimbawa: pang + balabal = pambalabal pang + panitikan = pampanitikan pang + kuha = panguha pang + tabas = pantabas 2. Metasis - ang salitang ugat na nagsisimula sa L, O, Y pag nilagyan ng panliping (in) ay nagkakapalit ng posisyon. Halimbawa:

ma + dungis = marungis 4. Paglilipat-diin - ang mga salita ay nagbabago ng diin kapag nilalapian. Halimbawa: basa + hin = basahin laro + an = laruan 5. Pagkakaltas ng ponema - nagaganap kung ang huling ponemang patinig ng salitang-ugat ay nawala kapag nilalagyan ng hulapi. Halimbawa: takip + an = takipan - takpan sara + han = sarahan sarhan ANATOMIYANG PANGPANANALITA MGA SALIK SA PAGSASALITA PONOLOJIYA PONEMA PONEMANG SEGMENTAL DIPTONGGO KLASTER PARES MINIMAL PONEMANG NAPAPALITAN

aw, iw, ay, ey, iy, oy at uy. in + layo = nilayo Halimbawang salita (Example word): in + yakap = niyakap bahaw, bahay, okoy, baliw Morpolohiya (Morphology) - pag-aaral ng mga morpema ng isang wika at ng pagsasama-sama ng mga ito upang makabuo ng salita. Morpema - pinakamaliit na yunit ng isang salita na nagtataglay ng kahulugan. Ito ay maaaring salitang ugat o panlapi. 3. Pagpapalit ng ponema - kapag ang ponema ay nasa unahan ng salitang (d) ito ay karaniwang napapalitan ng ponemang (r) kapag ang huling ponema ng unlapi ay patinig. Halimbawa: ma + damot = maramot

ay pag-aaral sa mgaponema (tunog), paghinto(juncture), pagtaas-pagbaba ngtinig(pitch), diin(stress) at pagpapahaba ng tunog(prolonging/lengthening)Ponema ang tawag sa pinakamaliit na yunit ng tunog. Maydalawang uri ng ponema: 1 segmental at suprasegmental. Ang ponemang segmental ay binubuo ng ponemang katinigat patinig.a) Labing-lima ang orihinal na kasama sa palabaybayanngunit isinama ang impit na tunog o glottal stop () sapagkatito ay itinuturing na isang ponemang katinig dahilnapagbabago nito ang kahulugan ng isang salita. Ang datingbigkas nito ay malumi o maragsa.b) /p, b, m, w, d, t, l, s, n, r, y, k, g, ng, h, ?/ ang bumubuo saponemang katinigHalimbawa:ba: tah - housedress tub: boh - pipeba: ta? - child tub: bo? - profitc) Ang ponemang patinig ay lima : a, e, i, o, u.d) May mga salitang nagkakapalit ang ponemang /u/ at /o/,gayundin ang /i/ at /e/ ngunit hindi nagbabago angkahulugan ng salita.Halimbawa:baba e - baba i kalapat i - kalapat e lalak i - lalak e n o on - n u one) Mayroon din namang mga salitang itinuturing na hiwalayna ponema ang /u/, /o/, /i/, at /e/ dahil nagbibigay ito ngmagkaibang kahulugan at hindi maaaring pagpalitin.Halimb awa: u so - modern m e sa - table o so - bear m i sa - mass

Ponolohiya (Phonology) - Tatlong Salik sa Pagsasalita(Three factors in Speaking)1. Enerhiya (Energy) - nilikhang presyon ng papalabas nahiningang galing sa baga (pressure created when exhaling)2. Artikulador (Articulator) - nagpapakatal sa mgababagtingang pantinig (Vocal)3. Resonador (Resonator) - nagmomodipika ng tunog. Angbibig at guwang ng ilong ang itinuturing na resonador (modifies the sound. The mouth and nasal passageway areconsidered as resonators.)Ponolohiya ng FilipinoPONEMA (Phoneme) - isang makabuluhang tunog. Ang Filipino ay may 20 ponema. 15 ang katinig at 5 angpatinig"katinig means consonant and patinig means vowel"Mga katinig:Panlabi (sounds produced by the lips) - B, P, MPangipin (sounds produced by the teeth) - D, N, TPanggilagid (sounds produced by the gums) - L, R, SPangngalangala (sounds produced by the throat) - K, G, Ng,WPasutsot (sounds produced by exhaling) - HMga Patinig: A, E, I, O, UDiptonggo (Dipthong) - alin man patinig na sinusundan ngmalapatinig na w at y.Halimbawa (Example):aw, iw, ay, ey, iy, oy at uy.Halimbawang salita (Example word):bahaw, bahay, okoy, baliw Morpolohiya (Morphology)pag-aaral ng mga morpemang isang wika at ng pagsasama-sama ng mga ito upangmakabuo ng salita.