Present Simple

USED FOR:
1. Activities that happen regularly (habits, routines, states): I rarely visit my aunt in Berlin. 2. Permanent situations: She works at the office. 3. Repeated actions in the present, especially with adverbs of frequency: He often buys flowers. 4. Facts which are permanently true: The sun sets in the west. 5. Timetables and programmes: The play starts at 8 o'clock.

FORM:
Infinitive without to, except for the third person singular where s or es is added.

ADVERBS THAT GO WITH PRESENT SIMPLE:

Usually, often, never, sometimes, every day/week/month/year, regularly, seldom, rarely etc.

IN QUESTIONS AND NEGATIVES:

o Do I know him? No, I don't. o Does she know him? No, she doesn't.

Present Continuous
USED FOR:
1. Activities happening now , at or around the time of speaking: He is looking for a new job these days. 2. Activities happening during a limited period of time

around present : She is currently working in Asia. (not her

usual job) 3. Temporary situations: He is staying with some friends at the moment. 4. With always to express annoyance or criticism: He is always telling lies. 5. Fixed arrangements in the future: I'm flying to London tomorrow. (all arranged; I've bought the tickets & packed my suitcase)

FORM:
Auxiliary verb TO BE in present simple + Ving (main verb)

TIME EXPRESSIONS THAT GO WITH PRESENT CONTINUOUS:

Now, at the moment, at present, (always), tonight, just etc.

NON-CONTINUOUS VERBS
They rarely appear in continuous tenses because they express permanent states: seem, appear, be, believe, have, posses, hate, know, like, love, mean, need, prefer, realize, remember, see, seem, smell, sound, suppose, taste, think, understand, want etc.

Present Perfect
USED FOR:
1. Actions which happened at an unstated time in the past: He has sold his car. 2. To express actions which have finished so recently there is an evidence in the present: He has just painted this room. (the paint is still dry) 3. Actions which have stated in the past and continue up to present: She has lived in this house for 2 years. (and she still lives there) 4. Past actions whose time is not mentioned and it is connected to the present: I've met Beyonce. BUT: I met Michael Jackson. 5. Also for repeated actions: I have been to Japan six times. 6. Describing past experiences that affect the present status: She has met the President. 7. Reporting hot news: The premier has resigned. 8. Emphasizing the number: Ive typed only three letters since 9 oclock.

FORM:
TO HAVE (in present simple) + main verb in past participle

TIME EXPRESSIONS USED WITH PRESENT PERFECT:

Since, for, just, ever, never, yet, so far, how long, recently, once, several times etc.

Past Simple
USED FOR:
1. Actions which happened and finished at a stated time in the past: He sold his car two weeks ago. 2. To express a past state or habit: When she was young, she lived in a small flat. 3. Past actions which happened one after another: She put her coat on, took her bag, and left the house. 4. A past action whose time is not mentioned and it is not connected with the present: I saw Elvis Presley. 5. Retelling of what happened in the past or some historical events: World War I ended in 1918.

FORM:
Ved (for regular verbs) or 2nd form (for irregular verbs)

TIME EXPRESSIONS USED

WITH PAST SIMPLE :

Yesterday, last week/month/year/Monday, ago, how long, (just now), then, when, in 1980s etc.

Past Continuous
USED FOR:
1. An action that was in the middle of happening at the stated time in the past: At 8 oclock last night she was watching TV. 2. Two or more actions which were happening at the same time in the past (simultaneous actions): They were dancing while he was playing the guitar. 3. An action which was happening during some time in the past: We were watching television. 4. For a past action which was in progress when another action interrupted it. Past continuous is used for the interrupted action, and past simple is used for the action which interrupted: She was painting when she suddenly fell off the ladder. 5. Describing the background to the events in the story: We were walking in the woods ; It was raining hard

FORM:
Verb TO BE in past simple (was/were) + Ving

Past Perfect
USED FOR:
6. A past action which happened before another past action or before a stated time in the past: She had already left when I got home. She had arrived by 8 oclock. 7. A complete action: She had cleaned the house by 6 oclock. 8. As the past equivalent of Present perfect in the reported speech: She has already left. -> She had already left.

FORM:
Verb TO HAVE in past simple (had) + past participle of the main verb

TIME EXPRESSIONS USED

Already, when, after etc.

WITH PAST PERFECT:

Present Perfect Continuous

USED FOR:
1. Actions which started in the past and continue up to present: Ive been packing my suitcase all morning. Im still packing) 2. Past actions of certain duration which have visible results or effect in the present: They have been walking in the rain. They are wet. 3. Expressing irritation, anger, annoyance, explanation or criticism: Has the dog been chewing my slippers?! Showing anger. 4. Emphasizing duration, usually with since, for and how long: Ive been typing letters since 9 oclock.

FORM:
Verb TO BE in present perfect + Ving

NOTE:
With the verbs live, feel, and work we can use either present perfect or present perfect cont. with no difference in meaning. Non-continuous verbs are not used in present perfect cont.

The Future
WILL IS USED:
1. To talk about things we are not sure about or we havent decided yet: Ill probably buy a new car. 2. To express hopes, fears threats, on-the-spot decisions, offers, promises, warnings, predictions, comments etc. especially with: expect, hope, believe, Im afraid, Im sure, I know, I think, probably etc. : I think it will be sunny tomorrow. 3. To express a prediction or a future action or event which may or may not happen: I think you will pass the test. He will be 20 next year.

BE GOING TO IS USED:
1. To talk about things we are sure about or we have already decided to do in the near future: Im going to buy a new car. Ive decided it. 2. To express intention and plans: Now that Ive got the money, Im going to buy a new dress. Im going to get more training so I can get a better job. 3. When we can see (evidence) that something is going to happen: Watch out! Were going to have an accident. (We can see a car coming.)

TIME EXPRESSIONS USED WITH WILL & BE GOING TO:

Tomorrow, tonight, next week/month/year, in two days, the day after tomorrow, soon, in a week/month etc.

SHALL is used with I or we in questions, suggestions and

offers: Shall we go by train? Shall I help you with your bags?

Other options for expressing future

PRESENT C ONTINUOUS for things which are definitely
arranged to happen in the future: They are having a party next week.

PRESENT SIMPLE for timetables, programmes etc. : Our

plane leaves at 10 a.m.

PROBABILITY:
1 2 3 4 5 Present Simple (the most probable) Present Continuous To be going to Will + infinitive without to May/might + infinitive without to (the least probable)

P ssiv
USAGE:


1 When he ag t (= he per n who oes he a on) s nknown, nimpor ant or obvious from the ontext: Ja wa h t. (w t w wh h t h r) Th h r h wa b lt p rta t a t) He ha been arrested. ( b sl 1815. ( b the p l e) To make more polite or formal statement: The ar hasnt been leaned. ( re p l te than Y ha ent leaned the ar.) When the a tion is more important than the a ent, as in processes, instructions, events, reports, hea lines, news items and advertisements: 30 people were lled n the rash. To put empha is on the a ent: The new l brar w ll be opened b the Q een.
#    H  "     8 % B % 4 C   7 5 1   B 76 0 ' )      A (' ! '&   H D  @ H      3 C     %   # %

FORMULA:

FFEREN

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resent simple passive: work am/are/is worked Past Simple Passive: write was/were written Present Perfect Passive: write have/has been written Present Continuous Passive: write am/are/is being written
H H G

$ 2 9 E

FORMS:
Past Continuous Passive: play was/were being played Past Perfect Passive: sing had been sung Present Perfect Continuous: combine have/has been being combined Future Simple: deliver will be delivered

Changing from acti e into passi e:

The object of the active verb becomes the subject in the new sentence. The active verb changes into a passive form and the subject of the active verb becomes the agent. The agent is introduced with by or it is omitted. We put the agent into the passive sentence only if it adds information. When the agent is unknown, unimportant or obvious it is omitted. Agents such as people (in general), they, somebody etc. are omitted. With verbs taking two or more objects it is more usual to begin the passive sentence with the person. e.g. I sent her some roses. Passive: She was sent some roses. (more usual) OR Some roses were sent to her. (less usual)

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