Science: Year 4

1: BASIC NEEDS
Basic Needs of Humans. The basic needs of humans are: (a) food (b) water (c) air (d) shelter humans need food to: (a) grow (b) get energy (c) stay healthy water is needed to: (a) maintain body temperature (b) carry nutritions (c) get rid of waste product Humans need air to breathe. Humans need shelter to protect themselves from danger, the sun and the rain. Basic Needs of Animals. Basic needs of animals are: (a) food (b) water (c) air (d) shelter Animals need to eat and drink to help them grow and stay healthy. Animals need air to breathe. animals need shelter to protect themselves from danger, the sun and rain. Basic Needs of Plants. The basic needs of plant are: (a) water (b) air (C) sunlight

Plants absorb water from the soil trough their roots. Plants needs air to stay alive. Air contain gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide. Plants need: (a) oxygen to breathe (b) carbon dioxide to make food Green plants needs sunlight to make food.

2: LIFE PROCESSES THAT HUMANS UNDERGO

Life processes are: (a) breathing (b) excretion (c) defecation (c) defecation (d) respond to stimuli (e) reproduction Humans Breathe Humans breathe to get oxygen to get air. The organ involved are: (a) nose (b) lungs (c) windpipe As we inhale (a) chest move up (b) the air is taken in As we exhale (a) chest move down (b) the air inside the lungs flows out Air that we inhale contains more carbon dioxide. Inhalation Nose - Windpipe - Lungs Exhalation Lungs - Windpipe - Nose

Humans Excrete and Defecate Humans excrete and defecate to get rid of waste material from their body. Excrete: Urine and sweat Defecate: Get rid of undigested food called faeces. Humans Responds to Stimuli Stimuli: Light, sound, smell, taste, pain, pressure, heat and cold. Humans can detect stimuli using their five sensory organs; eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin. Humans Reproduce Humans need to reproduce to: (a) increase their number (b) ensure the continuity of their species on this planet Humans reproduce by giving birth. Behaviour Thats Disturbs Life Processes Bad habits: (a) smoking (b) taking drugs (c) drinking alcohol Cigarette contains harmful substances such as nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide. Smoking can cause: (a) lung cancer (b) heart diseases (c) severe cough (d) breath difficulties Taking drugs and drinking alcohol can delay a person's response to stimuli. LIFE PROCESSES THAT ANIMAL UNDERGO Animals undergo life processes. The life processes are: (a) breathing (b) excretion (c) defecation

(d) response to stimuli (e) reproduction Animals Excrete and Defecate Animals excrete and defecate to get rid of waste products from their body. They need to excrete and defecate to stay healthy. Animals Breathe Different animal have different breathing structure. Fish - gills Bird - lungs Crab - book lungs Frog - moist skin Grasshopper - tracheal system Animals Reproduce Animal reproduce to ensure the survival of their species. Animals reproduce either by giving birth or laying eggs. Life Cycles of Animals Different animals have different life cycles.

LIFE PROCESSES THAT ANIMALS UNDERGO

Plants undergo life processes too. (a) response to stimuli (b) reproduction Plants Responds to Stimuli Plants responds to stimuli as water, gravity and touch. Parts of plants can respond to stimuli such as: (a) roots (b) shoots (c) leaves Roots responds to gravity. Shoots responds to sunlight. Leaves responds to to touch.

Plants Reproduce Plants reproduce in various way. (a) Through seeds - papaya plant (b) Through spores - Fern & mushrooms (c) Through suckers - Bamboo plant & banana plant (d) Through leaves - Begonia & bryophyllum (e) Through cuttings - Tapioca & sugar cane (f) Through underground stems - Potato & ginger ANIMALS PROTECT THEMSELVES FROM DANGERS Protection of Animals From Danger Animals need to protect themselves from being eaten or attacked by enemies. Hard shell - Turtle Sharp claws - Cat Poisonous stings - snake Special behaviour: Producing bad smell - Cockroach Spurting black ink - Squid Breaking off tail - Lizard Protection of Animals from Extreme Weather Animals have specific characteristics to protects themselves from extreme weather. (a) very cold region i. Thick fur - Polar bear, arctic fox ii. Thick layer of fat - Whale, Penguin iii. Small ears - Arctic ground squirrel Very hot weather Camels i. Have humps on their back to store food. ii. Can drink lot of water at one time. Desert foxes have long ears to help get rid of excess heat. Some animals have special behaviour to protects themselves from extreme weather. (a) Hot weather - Wallowing in mud holes - Buffalo - Hiding under a shade or in the ground - mouse

Hibernating during the cold season - Bear (b) Cold weather - Migrating from a cold region to a warmer region. swallow

Science: Year 5
CHAPTER 1:MICROORGANISMS Microorganisms Are Living Things Bacteria - exist in large number in air, water and soil. - exist in diffrent shapes, sizes and colours. - get food from live organisms. Virus - tiniest microorganisms. - grow ingide live cells. - not a cells- cannot determine if they are alive or not.

- only feed on live organisms. - cause infections of diseases such as bird influenza. Protoaza - mainly found in ponds, lakes and rivers. - some eat other organisms. - harmful protozoas are found in raw vegetables that grow in polluted water supplies. Fungi - simple plants that cannot make their own food. - feed on materials once alive or living things. - cause food to became rotten. - break down the food ang absorb the nutriens. - Yeast is use to make bread soft and flully. MICROORGANISMS USEFUL 1)Used in food productions or food industry. e.g Yeasts are added to make bread, tapai and tempeh. Some bacteria are used to make 2) Used to produce antibiotics - fungi are use to produce antibiotics. 3) Making fertiliser - Certain dead organisms and animal's excrement are used to make organic fertiliser. HARMFUL (1) Cause illness -Some microorganisms that the body can cause illness. e.g cough, skin diseases (dermatis), and stomachache (2)Cause tooth decay - Tooth decay is cause by food remains between teeth which has reached on by bacteria. (3) Cause food to became rotten - Bacteria and fungi cause food to become rotten. (4) Cause food poisoning - Consuming food contaminated with microorganismswill cause food poisoning.

Examples of diseases caused by organisms Mumps - a contagious diseases whices cause swelling of the salivary glands Measles - mild contagious diseases which causes red spots all over the body. AIDS - Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. - Caused by HIV (virus). Chicken pox - Infectious diseases - Causes mild fever and itchy red spots on the skins. Prevention of Diseases Cause by Microorganisms. Cover the mouth and the nose when tou cough or sneeze. Drink boiled water Do not share your personal items with others. Wash your hands before handling food and after using the toilet. Bath every day. inject vaccine to prevent infection of microorganisms. Apply antiseptic on wound to prevent infection.

CHAPTER 2:SURVIVAL OF THE SPECIES Survival Of Animals Various Ways Of Animals Look After Their Youngs Carry their young~ KANGAROO - Akangaroo carries it young in its pouch. - The young will stay in the pouch until it grows big. SNAKEHEAD - Male snakeheads keep their young in their mouth. FISH - Keep their young in their mouth. Feed and protect their young until they become independent BIRD - Birds provide food for thrir young. PENGUIN - A penguin feeds its young using its beak. COW - A cow suckles young(calf). LION - Stay in herds to protect their young. HEN - Attack in order to protect their when they are disturb. Various Ways Of Animals Look After Their Eggs

FROG - Lays large amount of slimy eggs. - The slimmer layer will then be eaten by tadpoles whenthe eggs hatches. TURTLES - Burries its eggs in the sand. - Eggs are protects in soft shells COCKROACHES - Eggs are hidden in dark places. - Eggs are protected in an egg case. SNAIL - Hides eggs between the rocks. SNAKE - Coils around its eggs - Eggs are protcted in a hard shells. FISH - Lays a large of eggs. BUTTERFLY - Lays its eggs under the leaves. Survival Of Plants Various Ways Of Seeds And Food Dispersal e.g.1. angsana, shorea, dandelion and sycamore. (angsana) by wind. - has fine hair - light and small (sycamore) - Has wing-like structure e.g.2. lotus, coconout, water-lily and pong- pong. (coconout)by water. - Has fibrous structure(husk) that helps to float. - Has air space to float. - Has waxy skin. e.g.3. mango,watermelon, rambutan and durian. (watermelon)By seeds - Seed cannot be digested - Fleshy and juicy - Edible - Has pleasent smell - Attractive and bright coloured (love grass) Some seeds have hooks that able to stick to the animal fur e.g.4. balsam, peas, rubber, okra and flame of forest. (Flame of the forest)Explosive Mechanism - When the fruits become dry, the fruits explodes - The seeds thorwn out from the shells onto the air in all directions.

CHAPTER 3:FOOD CHAIN AND FOOD WEB Food Chains classificatons Of The Animals According To The Food They Eat. CARNIVORE - Animals that eat the flesh and meat of other animals. - They have sharp claw, sharp teeth ans strong beak to kill their prey ans tear their flesh into pieces. - Certain carnivores feed on insects. HERBIVORE - Animals that eat plant only. - Certain herbivores like to eat grass and leafy parts of young plants. - Some herbivores like to eat juicy fruits or nuts. OMNIVORE - Animals that eat both plant and other animals - Animals such as swan, duck, or chicken eats worms, small insects or grains - A bear eats honey and fish. Food Webs Organisms In A Pond Food web- food chain that are inconnected or linked together in a community. a) elodea ~ tadpole ~ fish ~ duck. b) elodea ~ mosquito larva ~ fish ~ duck. c) elodea ~ fish ~ duck. [______] [______________________________] producer consumer Living Things In The Forest Food Web a) grass ~ grasshopper ~ bird ~ eagle b) grass ~ rabbit ~ snake ~ eagle c) grass ~ deer ~ snake ~ eagle d) grass ~ grasshopper ~ snake ~ eagle [______] [___________________________] producer consumer What Will Happen If There Is A Change In The Population Of ACertain Species.

- In food chain or food web, the number of living things are kept in balance. If many birds are killed, what will happen? 1) Eagles will have less food. Some will starve to death or fly away. The number of eagles decreases 2) Grasshoppes that used to be birds prey were to grow multiply. 3) After some time, there will be less food fr the grasshopper. 4) As a result, the number of grasshoppers will decrease. - When there is a change in the population of certain species, the other population of other species connected to it will also be affected. - Besides, certain species of animals tha eat only one type of food have difficulty to survive because their only source of food may run out. e.g a) A panda eats bamboo shoots only. b) A pangolin eats ants only. c) A koala bear eats eucalypus only. CHAPTER 4:ENERGY What Is Energy? THE DEMANDS OF ENERGY LIVING THINGS - Energy is needed by living things to carry out life processes such as: a) moving. b) breathing. c) growing. NON LIVING THINGS - Energy is needed by non-livigs things to make them usable. a) moving. b) melting. c) bouncing. SOURCES WIND - Moving air has kinetic energy to spin the wind turbiness to generate electricity. - A sail boat uses the wind energy to cruise. SUN - Main source of energy. - Plants use sunlight to make food. - Sunlight can be coverted to electrical energy.

FOOD - Human and animals get energy from the food they eat. FUEL - When the fuels(coal,oil and natural gas)are burnt, heat energy and light energy are produce. - Formed from dead plants and animals that lived million years ago. Various Forms Of Energy KINECTIC ENERGY - A moving object has kinectic energy. - Object that moves fast has more kinectic energy than one that moves slowly Sources: wind, running, water, moving boat. HEAT ENERGY - Heat energy makes us feel warm and hot. sources: the sun, burning of fuels, electrical equipment. LIGHT ENERGY - Lights energy enables us to see. sources: the Sun, torchlight, candles, lanterns and lamp. SOUND ENERGY. - Sounds that are produced from vibrating objects or when an objects is hit. sources: musical instruments, and haet. ELECTRICAL ENERGY. - It is also known as electricity which is produced by the flow of electric current. sources: batteries, and power stations. POTENTIAL ENERGY. - Energy is stored in an object because if its position and condition. - There are three types of potential energy: a) chemical potential energy.

b) gravitional energy. c) elastic potential energy.

Transformation Of Energy ENERGY - Energy cannot be created or destroyed but it can be converted or transformed to other form. Renewable And None- Renewable Energy CHAPTER 5:ELECTRICITY Sources Of Electricity Seiries Part Circut And Parallel Circut Safety Precauation To Be Taken When Handling Electrical Appliances