For material such as aluminium, no visible yield point is observed.

So to determine this, a line is drawn parallel to the linear portion from a strain of 0.002 (0.2% or 0.2% offset) to intersect at the 0.2% proof stress and this stress is called working stress used in elastic design.

ASSIGNMENT A steel rod of 5 mm diameter and length 100 mm is tested in tension using Universal Testing Machine. The result of force and elongation is tabulated as shown below. Plot the stress versus strain and determine the followings: a) elastic modulus, E. b) yield stress at 0.2% offset, y c) ultimate stress, max
Load, kN 1100 2200 3300 3740 4180 4620 4840 5060 5280 5060 4840 Elongation, mm 0.0625 0.1250 0.1875 0.2375 0.2875 0.4275 0.5300 0.7625 0.8900 1.0250 1.1525

Ans: E = 89600 N/mm2, y = 237 N/mm2 ; max = 270 N/mm

EXAMPLE A steel beam of 4 m length is to connected between two column as shown in the Fig. This beam is found to be shorter by 2 mm. (i) Determine the force that is to be exerted on the beam so that it can be connected to the column. (ii) Calculate the initial stress that develop inside the beam due to this load.
A

5mm

100mm

A 50mm 4m 2mm A-A

Given E = 210 kN/mm2 ANSWER (i) Solid cross-sectional area = (100x50) (40 x 90) = 1400 mm2 The force needed, P = AE/L = 2 x 1400 x 210/4000 = 147 kN (ii) = P/A = 147 000/1400 = 0.105 kN/mm2

EXAMPLE A column of a structure consists of AB and BC and is subjected to the load as shown in the Fig. The cross-sectional area of AB and BC is 2 x 104 mm2 and 3 x 104 mm2 respectively. Determine the shortening of each section of the column and the deformation of point A. Given EAB = 30 kN/mm2 and EBC= 45 kN/mm2.
90kN A 3m 180kN B 3m C

ANSWER Analyze each column section,

90kN 90kN

? 90kN 90kN 180kN 270kN

270kN ?

The shortening of column AB = PL/AE = 90 000 x 3000/2x104 x 30000 = 0.45 mm The shortening of column BC = PL/AE = 270 000 x 3000/3x104x 45000 = 0.4 mm Therefore deformation of point A = 0.45 + 0.4 = 0.85 mm

EXAMPLE A steel bar of 100 cm length is connected between two wall at 70oC. If the temperature drops to 0oC, calculate the stress in the bar if: (a) The wall is not moving Given, A = 2 cm2 = 13.1 x 10-6 N/cm2 E = 21 x 106 N/cm2

ANSWER Assume the wall can move, than the shortening due to temperature change is = (T)L = 13.1 x 10-6 x 70 x 100 = 9.17 x 10-2 cm The force to return the bar to its original length, P = EA/L = 9.17x10-2 x 21 x 106 x 2/100 = 38500 N Therefore the stress in bar, = P/A = 38 500/2 = 19 250 N/cm2 EXAMPLE The fig below shows two bars AB and BC connected to a rigid wall at A and C. Given, AAB = 600 mm2, ABC = 400 mm2, = 72 x 10-6/oC, E = 205 kN/mm2. If the original temperature of the bars is 0oC and the final temperature is 90oC, determine: (a) Axial force in the bars. (b) Axial stress in the bars
A

20cm m

30cm

ANSWER Free elongation of bar if one of the wall is removed, t = (T)L = 72 x 10-6 x 90 x 500 = 3.24 mm A force, P is needed to bring the bar to its original length. Say the shortening, . = t = (PL/AE)AB + (PL/AE)BC = 3.24 mm

P ( 200 + 300 ) = 3.24 205 600 400 P = 613.1 kN (Axial load in each bar) (c) The axial stress in bar AB and BC, AB = 613.1/600 = 1.02 kN/mm2 BC = 613.1/400 = 1.53 kN/mm2

EXAMPLE

ANSWER

ASSIGNMENT
1.

A column 3 m high has a hollow circular cross-section of external diameter 300 mm and carries an axial load of 5000 kN. If the stress in the column is limited to 150 N/mm2 and the shortening of the column under load must not exceed 2 mm, calculate the maximum allowable internal diameter. E = 200 000 N/mm2. (Ans: 205.6 mm)

2.

Satu selinder aluminium disambungkan tegar oleh bar keluli dan gangsa dan dibebani oleh daya paksi pada tempat seperti dalam gambarajah. Tentukan tegasan

Keluli 3P 1m A=1 cm2

Aluminium P 4P 1.5m A=2 cm2

Gangsa 2P 1.2m A=1.5cm2

normal pada setiap bahan jika P=3 kN

3.

The composite bar below is initially unstressed. If the temperature of the bar is reduced by an amount T uniformly along its length find an expression for the tensile stress induced. The coefficients of linear expansion of steel and aluminium are s and A per unit temperature change respectively while the corresponding values of Youngs modulus are Es and EA.

steel

Aluminium

L1

L2

Ans:

T (s L1 + A L2 ) /( L1 / E s + L2 / E A )