ORACLE QUESTION AND ANSWERS

What is a Database? It is a collection of relational data like employees information(empno,enmae,sal,deptno), student s information(sid,sname,course,fees), customers information(cust _id, cust_name, cust _age, gender) Eg: access,foxpro,dbase,redbrick,Sybase,mysql,psql,oracle,sql-server,db2, Informix, ingress, sap, Siebel, essbase etc What is Database system? It is a subject or concept which deals with management of data. (I.e. reading, adding, modifying & deleting of data) What is RDBMS? relational database management system or relational database A database which stores the data in a table format is called as a relational database. Eg: access, redbrick, Sybase, mysql, psql, oracle, sql-server, db2, Informix, ingress, sap, Siebel, essbase etc Note: every relational database will be a database but vice versa is not true What are the different database models? Hierarchial. Networking. Relational. What is a SQL? structured query language Or structured English query language(sequel) It is a pre defined language developed by IBM Corporation which acts as an interface between the user and any relation database Properties of sql:* it is a non-procedural language

* it is not case sensitive and not space sensitve language * it maintains ANSI & ISO standards What are the benefits of SQL? 1. It is flexible, Powerful and easy to learn. 2. It is a non-procedural language. It a] Processes set of records rather than just one at a time and b] Provides automatic navigation to the data. 3. It provides commands for a variety of tasks including : a] Querying data b] Creating,Updating and Replacing objects and Inserting, Updating and Deleting rows. 4. All RDBMS supports SQL Thus one can transfer the skills gained with SQL from one RDBMS to another. 5. Programs written in SQL are portable, they can often be moved from one database to another with little modification. What is SQL*PLUS? SQL*PLUS is a Structured Query Language supported by Oracle. Through this only, we store, retrieve, edit, enter & run SQL commands and PL/SQL blocks. We can perform calculations , list column definitions, format query reults in the form of a query. or SQL*PLUS is the ORACLE database language which includes ANSI standard SQL commands plus additional commands for accessing data in ORACLE database. What is PL/SQL? It is a Procedural Language extension of SQL. It can contain any no of SQL statements integrated with flow of control statements. Thus it combine the Data Manipulating power of SQL with data processing power of Procedural language.

What are the different types of SQL commands? DDL ( Data definition language ) DML ( Data manipulation language ) TCL ( Transact control language) Session Control Statements. ( ALTER SESSION, ROLE ) System Control Statements. ( ALTER SYSTEM ) What is A DDL statements? DDL statements are one catagory of SQL statements. DDL statements define (create) or delete (drop) database objects.Examples are ceate view, create table, create index,drop table and rename tabl. The other catagories are DML statements and DCL statements. What is a DML statements ? DML statements are one catagory of SQL statements. DML statements, such as select, insert, delete and update, query and update the actual data. The other catagories are DDL statements and DCL statements. What are DCL statements ? DML statements are one catagory of SQL statements. DCLstatments such as, connect, grant select,grant update and revoke dba, control access to the data and to the database. The other catagories are DDL and DML statements. What is a Transaction ? It can be defined as a logical unit of work. A transaction is a sequence of SQL statements that ORACLE treats as a single unit. The set of statements is made permanent with the COMMIT statement. Part or all of a transaction can de undone with the ROLLBACK statement.

All changes to the database between successive COMMITS and / or ROLLBACK operations are called a transaction. What is a Commit ? COMMIT commits any changes made to the database since the last COMMIT was executed implicitly or explicitly. WORK is optional and has no effect on usage. To COMMIT means to make changes to data (inserts,updates and deletes) permanent. before changes are stored both the old and new data exists so that changes can be made, or so that the

data can be restored to its prior state.(rollback). When a user enters the ORACLE SQL Command COMMIT, all changes from that transaction are made permanent.

What is a Rollback ? A ROLLBACK discards part or all of the work you have done in the current transaction, since the last COMMIT or SAVEPOINT. To undo work done in current tranaction.

What is a Savepoint ? The Savepoint is used to identify the point in a transaction to which you can later Rollback. What is SHARE LOCK ? A SHARE lock is one that permits other users to query data, but not to change it. What is SHARE UPDATE LOCK ? A SHARE UPDATE lock is one that permits other users to both query and lock data. What is EXCLUSIVE LOCK ? An EXCLUSIVE LOCK is one that permits other users to query data, but not to change it. It differs from the SHARE lock because it does not permit another user to place any type of lock on the same data; several users may place SHARE locks on the same data at the same time.