Experiment 20 (Practical No.33 ) Title: Ecological study of a terrestrial or an aquatic area. (Group work) Purpose: 1.

Learning basic principle of ecology through students effort 1.1 Elements of ecosystem : Biosis and Ambiosis

1.2 Dynamic relationship of element and flow of energy through ecosystem 2. Using sample apparatus and instruments in ecological studies 3. Learning the methods of collecting and analyzing ecological data 4. Writing ecological study report 5. Inculcating nature loving attitude 6. Inculcating good moral values cooperation, independence, and selfconfidence

MEMBERS NAME Procedure: Student are divided into groups of 4 or 5. Each group is lead by a leader who plans study proposals they have chosen. The area to be studied is determined. Determined the objective, rough working plan, the technique to be carried out, budget and bibliography. After completing the project, each group will hane a discussion with their teacher. Keep the record of each project, the product of the project, and the students attendance. Send in a report containing the product of objective and the conclusions. Assessment: 1. Assignment of the folio for the fieldwork emphasizes the way of writing of project proposal and project report. 2. Project leader will be given 2 additional marks higher than the rest of the members.

3. Project leader must hand in a confidential report on the participation of project. 4. Members of the same group may not necessarily obtain the same mark. 5. Project report must be printed. Location : Pantai De Muara

APPRECIATION

First of all, we all are happy that we were able to finish the task at the time. First, when we were given with this task, heavy it seems a big responsible to us. It seems to be a hard task for us. But thank god we were lucky enough that we got support and cooperation from various parties which played a major in accomplishing this task. First of all, we would like to thank our Biology teacher, Madam Marsifah binti Sanan. She guided us on how do these researches. Se cleared all our doubt. She also always keeps on reminding us to finish our task as soon as possible every time she comes into our class. Her mind pushes us to work continuously until the last page. Moreover, she also motivated us without reluctant to boost our confidence. Next is our friend. They helped us a lot. We discussed things together, shared ideas, give comment and criticize each other. This helps us a lot to improve and to bring out the best of us in accomplishing thus task. Finally, to them they give hands, we like to take this opportunity to wish thank you.

Objective The important of the knowledge obtained from ecological studies include the following.

Ecological studies enable us to understand the functions and roles of an ecosystem. This is based on the fact that the plant and animal complex in a community is the sum total of the interrelationships between organisms and their physical environment. It enables us to understand the concept of natural population control. With the development of improved sampling methods, the study of natural population of organisms can be carried out more accurately It enables the management of chemical control on animal pest such as insect to be carried out more effectively. The studies enable us to understand the life system of a species. This way, primary mortality factor in a natural population is known. This will further enable us to develop control measures that affect the balance of the natural development. With knowledge of the effects of physical environment factors on the development and physiology of individual organism, the upper and lower mortality limits can be determined.

 Through the study of genetic change in a species, the process of

evolution can be understood to a greater depth

No . 1. 2. 1. 2. 3.

Title Introduction Content Appreciation Plan of Research Experiments: Soil Analysis Research on Type of Organisms Density of Plant Species Purpose Apparatus and Materials Procedures Results Discussions Conclusion Precaution Bibliography Enclosure

Page I-II III-IV 1-2 3-4 5-7

8-9 10-13 14-17 18-20 21-25 26-28 29-30 31-32

4.

Team Work Timetable

33-38

PURPOSE
SOIL ANALYSIS 1. Soil sampling technique To collect soil sampling and learn the technique of soil sampling.

2. Determination of the texture of soil To determination the classes of soil texture due to mechanical analysis

3. Determination of water content of soil To determine the weight of water in soil.

4. Determination of organic matter content To determine the volume of air in soil

5. Determination of air content of soil To determine the volume of air in soil

6.

Determination of soil pH To determine the pH of soil using universal indicator

RESEARCH ON TYPE OF ORGANISMS

TULLGREN FUNNEL: To extract organisms in the soil by using Tullgren Funnel. BAERMANN FUNNEL: To extract organism in the soil by using Baerman Funnel.

DENSITY OF PLANT Determine the frequency, percentage cover and relative covers for plant species in investigating area.

APPARATUS AND MATERIALS

SOIL ANALYSIS 1. Soil sampling technique. Metal cylinder and piston (to dig out soil) 2. Determination of the texture of soil.

A) Mechanical method. 500cm measuring cylinder 100cm soil sample 300cm water B) Using soil sieve. soil sieve-2mm, 0.2mm, 0.02mm 100cm soil sample Oven 3 evaporating dish distilled water glass rod 3. Determination of water content of soil Aluminium soil pie dish Balance Oven Desiccator Tongs Thermometer 80gm soil 4. Determination of organic matter content. Desiccators and lid Tripod Bunsen burner Asbestos mat Fireclay triangle tongs Dried soil sample ( obtain from experiment 3)

5. Determination of air content of soil. Tin can of volume about 200cm 500cm beaker Metal seeker

Water

6. Determination of soil pH. Long test-tube Test-tube rack Spatula 100cm pipette Universal indicator

DETERMINATION OF THE TYPES OF SOIL ORGANISM TULLGREN FUNNEL: Tullgren funnel retort leg, beaker microscope eyepiece fine wire mesh 20 cm formalin 4%, soil sample

BAERMANN FUNNEL: Baerman funnel retort leg beaker microscope eyepiece muslin bag clip rubber tube

20 cm formalin 4%, soil sample

DENSITY OF PLANT SPECIES QUADRATES SAMPLING TECHNIQUE Quadrats measuring 1m2

SAMPLING TECHNIQUE USING THE TRANSECT Rope Measuring 15.30m

ADDITIONAL MATERIAL AND APPARATUS Gloves Water proof shoes Cleaver Plastic bags Hammer Nails Scissors

PROCEDURES
SOIL ANALYSIS 1. Soil sampling technique

1) Press the metal. 2) Using the piston, remove the soil sample from the cylinder.

2. Determination of the texture of the soil

1) The soil sample A and B are used. 2) The 100cm of soil sample A is added to the measuring cylinder and covered with 300cm of water. 3) The contents of the cylinder are left for 2 days for the particle to settle out according to density and surface area. 4) The volume of various fraction of the soil sample is measured and the percentage is calculated. 5) Step (a) to (d) repeated using soil sample B. 3. Determination of water content of soil.

1) An aluminum foil pie dish weighed while still empty and the mass is recorded. 2) The broken-up soil sample A is added to the pie dish and weighed. The mass is recorded. 3) The pie dish containing the soil sample is placed in the oven at 110C for 1 day. 4) The sample is removed from the oven and cooled in Desiccators. 5) The sample is weighed when cool and the mass is recorded. 6) The sample is return to the oven at 110C for further 1 day. 7) Stages (a) to (f) are repeated using soil sample B and C.

4. Determination of organic matter contents.

1) The crucible and lid heated strongly in the Bunsen Flame to remove all traces of moisture and placed in the Desiccators to cool. The mass weighed and recorded. 2) The dried soil sample A are added into crucible from the Desiccators and weighed. The mass are recorded. 3) The soil sample heated in the crucible, covered with the lid, to red-heat for 1 hour to burn of all the organic matter. Allowed to cool for 10 minutes and removed to desiccators. 4) The crucible and sample are weighed when cool. 5) Stages (c) and (d) repeated until constant mass is recorded. 6) The experiment repeated on soil samples B and C to demonstrate variation of organic content. 5. Determination of air content of soil.

1) The empty can open end uppermost placed into the 500 cm beaker and the beaker filled with water above the level of the can. The water level in the beaker was marked. 2) The can containing water removed carefully and this volume of water are measured in a measuring cylinder. The volume recorded. The water level in the beaker will fall by an amount corresponding to the volume of water in the can.

3) The base of the can perforated using the drill, making about 8 small holes. 4) The open end of the can pushed into the soil from which the surface vegetation has been removed until soil begins to come through the perforations. The can dug out gently, turned it over and soil removed from the surface until it is level with the top of can. 5) The can of soil placed, with open end uppermost, gently back into the beaker of water and loosen soil in the can with seeker to allow air to escape. 6) The water level in the beaker will be lower than the original level because water will be used to replace the air which was present in the soil. 7) Water added to the beaker from a full 100cm measuring cylinder until the original level is restored. Volume of water added is recorded. 8) The experiment repeated on soil samples B and C.

6. Determination of soil pH.

1) About 1cm of soil and 1cm of barium sulphate added to the test-tube, which ensures flocculation of colloidal clay. 2) 10cm of distilled water and 5cm of BDH universal indicator solution were added. The test-tube sealed with the bung. The contents were shook vigorously and allowed to settle for 5 minutes. 3) The colour of liquid in the test-tube compared with the colours on the BDH reference colour chart and the corresponding pH was read off. 4) The experiment repeated on soil samples B and C.

DETERMINATION OF THE TYPES OF SOIL ORGANISM TULLGREN FUNNEL 1) Tullgren funnel is prepared. 2) Soil sample is placed on the fine wire mesh. 3) The organism which is larger placed into a beaker which contains formalin 5%. 4) The lamp is on and the apparatus is in process for 2 days.

5) The organism which is collected in the beaker is observed by using eyepiece. 6) The organism which is observed is drawn. BAERMANN FUNNEL 1) The soil is wrapped with muslin bag. 2) The Baermann Funnel is prepared and the muslin bag soaked in water. 3) The lamp is on and the apparatus is in process for two days. 4) The clip is oponed frequently to allow water which contains organism flow into the beaker which contains formalin 5%. 5) The organism collected is observed by using microscope. 6) The organism which is observed is drawn.

DENSITY OF PLANT SPECIES QUADRAT SAMPLING TECHNIQUE 1) An area in the habitat is chosen, where the size is 1m1m. 2) Species of plants found in this area collected and recognize by using magnification glass. 3) Seven to ten species of plants collected from the area and the name are written in the table. 4) Nine quadrates is placed in a equal distance along the transect, where the transect is equally placed across the investigated area. 5) Frequency, percentage cover and relative density for each species investigated in the area are counted.

LINE TRANSECT SAMPLING TECHNIQUE 1) A habitat is chosen. A suitable area is marked for investigation. 2) A map for the area is drawn. Location of transect is drawn in the map. 3) Types of plants always found in this area are chosen and recognized. 4) A base line is fixed along the border of the area under investigation.

5) A series of points is chosen along this base line either randomly or systematically. These points are used as the starting points for transect to run across the area being investigated. 6) Only the plants which touch the lines as seen vertically above or below the transect line are recorded. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Component of the soil sample Humus Water Clay Sand Stone Total Soil sample A 2 28 50 90 5 175 B 3 35 30 100 7 175 Averag e 2.5 31.5 40.0 95.0 6.0 175.0 Percenta ge % 1.42 18 22.8 54.2 3.42 100

7) The length of the transect line which across by the maximum width of the plant to transect is recorded. (for large size and higher level from ground plant species, shadow lines are used to determine intersection) 8) 10 to 20 lines placed randomly in the area to provide enough samples to investigate the community. 9) The lengths of segment transect line which on empty soil of the area (do not cross by any plants) also need to be measured and recorded in the table with the same way, 10) Frequency, percentage cover and relative density for each species investigated in the area are counted.

RESULT
SOIL ANALYSIS 2. DETERMINATION OF THE TEXTURE OF SOIL

3. DETERMINATION OF WATER CONTAIN OF SOIL Matter Mass of pie dish (a)/g Mass of pie dish with soil sample before A 62 128.6 Soil sample B C 58.3 57.3 187.2 183.2 Averag e 59.2 166.3

dried (b)/g Mass of pie dish with soil sample after dried (b)/g Mass of water (b-c)/g Mass of soil (b-a)/g Percentage of water in soil sample,[(b-c/ba)%]

111.4 17.2 66.6 25.8

154.0 33.2 128.9 25.7

150.8 32.4 125.9 25.7

123.0 42.6 107.1 40.0

4. DETERMINATION OF ORGANIC MATTER CONTENT Matter Mass of crucible with lid (x)/g Mass of crucible with soil sample before heating(y)/g Mass of crucible with soil sample after heating(z)/g Mass of organic matter (y-x)/g Mass of soil sample (y-z)/g Percentage of organic matter in soil sample, [( y-x / y-z)%] 5. DETERMINATION OF AIR CONTENT OF SOIL Soil samp le A B Volume ( cm3 ) Used soil sample (a) 400 400 Water used (d) 400 400 Mixture of water and soil (c ) 620 710 Air in soil (a + d c=b) 180 90 Percentage of air in soil (%) b 100 a 45 23 Soil sample A B C 17.8 18.3 15.4 39.0 36.5 34.3 38.0 21.2 1.0 21.2 35.4 18.2 1.1 16.5 32.7 18.9 1.6 11.8 Averag e 17.2 36.6 35.4 19.4 1.2 16.5

6. DETERMINATION OF SOIL pH Type of soil Soil sample A Soil sample B Soil sample C Average pH value 7 8 7 7.2 BDH Green Green

DETERMINATION OF THE TYPES OF SOIL ORGANISM The organisms obtained from the soil sample: TULLGREN FUNNEL:

BAERMANN FUNNEL:

DISCUSSION
SOIL SAMPLE In soil sample technique, we are using a set of metal cylinder to get the soil sample. This technique is the most appropriate way to preserve the sample taken in natural condition and obtain results which can represent the characteristics of soil. The soil which is removed from metal cylinder contains mud, sand and clay. It can be noticed by following the different depth of the soil sample taken. In order to determination the texture of soil, appropriate methods are used. Soil sample and water in the cylinder is shaken well to get an even mixture. This is useful so that the soil component can settle in layers according to their densities. From the result obtained showed that, the soil consists of humus, water, clay, sand, stone. Based on the height of each layer of particle the texture of soil is determined. On the other hands, the percentage of humus, water, clay, sand and stone the texture of the soil sample can be determined by referring to the texture triangle. Height of Each Layer Particle Humus Particle Diameter (cm3) 2.5 Percentage of Particle 1.42

Water Clay Sand Stone Total Texture Triangle Table:

31.5 40.0 95.0 6.0 175.0

18.0 22.8 54.2 3.4 100

Percent sand Percent Clay Percent Slit Texture Bulk density (g/cm3) Saturated hydraulic conductivity (cm/hr) Saturation (cm3 water/ cm3 soil) Field Capacity (cm3 water/ cm3 soil) Wilting point (cm3 water/ cm3 soil) Plant available water (cm3 water/ cm3 soil) Inches water/foot soil

54.2 22.8 23 Sandy clam loam 1.42 0.55 0.47 0.25 0.14 0.11 1.3

Dehydration is the process used to get rid of water content from the soil sample. Through the dehydration process, mass of water is obtained from the difference between mass of pie dish with soil sample before dried and mass of pie dish with soil sample after dried. A temperature of 110 c is used to make sure that the soil sample is fully dried, then cooled in the desiccators that contain silica gel. The silica

gel is used to absorb all the moisture in the desiccators. The heating and cooling process is repeated for several times to get an accurate mass of the soil. Hence, the mass of water is obtained. From the result obtained, we got to know that the studied area is moist in which the range of water in soil sample is about 30%-60%. This is because our studied area at seashore which contain organic matters, such as small crab, seashell and others that can restore water. In experiment 4, the heating process of soil sample in the crucible is used in order to get the percentage of organic matter in the soil .Process of heating, cooling and weighing are repeated many times to obtain a constant reading. Before starting the experiment, the crucible and lid are heated strongly. This is to make sure that the crucible set does not have any moisture. The mass of organic matter is obtained from the difference between the mass of crucible with soil sample before heating and mass of crucible with lid. Whereas, the mass of soil sample is obtained from the difference between the mass of crucible with soil sample before heating and the mass of crucible with soil sample after heating. The balance that used to get an accurate weight of soil sample is triple beam balance. From the experiment, we can classify that the soil of our studied area is about average with range of 15.0%30.0%. Plant decaying and carcass of animal become organic matter which is important for soil freshness because it contains nitrate and minerals elements that plays important role for growth of plant. Besides, plant species found in our studied area consist of seven to ten species.

In order to get the volume (cm3) of air in soil sample, we have to add the volume of soil sample with volume of water used, then subtract to volume of mixture of water and soil sample. From the result obtained, the percentage of air in soil is 20<x<50. This is because the soil is less filed by water so the air fills the empty place. The volume of sandy soil is greater than the volume of clay, this is because clays particle is smaller in size and arranged more nearly than the sandy soil particles which is larger in size. The nearer arranged blocks the incoming air into the soil. There is only a little space to fill up air in the clay. Air space of sandy soil is larger and allows more airs into soil. The air which fills up the space in soil gives good breathing condition to the plants root and easier for gas exchange. The bottom part of the can is perforated and is pressed into the soil to take out the soil sample, so that the air which is in the soil can be move out. The purpose of perforating is to make sure the air can be removed easily, therefore only the pure air remains inside the soil sample. Besides, the purpose is to make sure that the tin can be pressed easily into the soil sample. The water and soil are shaken vigorously so that all the free space in the soil will be substituted by water. From the procedure mention above, we will be able to get the volume of air besides the soil and calculation can be done.

The important factor that influences the type of organisms in the soil in a particular area is the pH soil sample. Acidity and basic soil influence the growth of plants. The used of barium sulphate BaSo4, is to ensure flocculation of colloidal clay. In order to determine the pH of the soil sample, BDH universal indicator is used. The BDH solution is added to the soil sample and then determines its color. Theoretically, plants grow well in soil with pH 7.0 -8.0, which is neutral. Our studied area has pH range of 7.0 8.0 which is neutral. Thus, the theory that state plants grow well in neutral soil is accepted. This is because our studied area is surrounded by plants, in about seven to ten species. The presence of organic matters such as plants and small organisms contains organic acid and organic alkali makes the soil neutral. The concentration of hydrogen ions, H+ that exist in the soil solution in an area is measured by the pH of the soil.

RESEARCH ON TYPE OF ORGANISMS

Organisms that live in the soil can be extracted by using special equipment, Tullgren Funnel which is used to collect organisms in the soil sample. Extraction method of soil sample is found depends on heat, dampness and light effect. Most of the organisms can accommodate themselves in different kind of condition such as dark, cold and moist. When the Tullgren funnel is used light from the lamp to dry the soil sample, organisms in the soil sample will move down into the soil which is darker, cold and moist. It is because organisms are avoiding the heat. By this way, the brightness of the light is used to lead the organisms moving from the bright area to dark area which then dropped into the formalin 4% situated under the sample.

On the other hands, Baerman funnel is equipment that extracts the soil organisms which live in the water which surround the plants root and cannot be removed by Tullgren funnel. The organism found such as Paramecium sp. and Ameoba sp. are the organism often live in cold and dark condition. The light from the lamp will heat up the upper part of the water. The organism will go away from the light source and goes out from the soil sample and lastly it will collect through the Baerman funnel tube. When the clip is opened, the organism will fall into the formalin 4%. Then the organism will be observed under a microscope.

DENSITY OF PLANT SPECIES

In this experiment random quadrate sampling is used instead of systematic quadrate sampling. The random quadrate sampling is used to make sure that the answer we get is accurate. The size of the quadrate used is depends on the density of the plants at the studied area. 6m interval between the quadrates is used because the investigation area is big and can also make it convenient and accurate for the investigation. From the result obtained we knew that the major density of plant species is grass, whereas the minor density of plant species is Cocos Nucifera L, Marinda Citrifolia and Helianthus Annuus.

CONCLUSION

The research site that we have chosen for our study is seashore situated in DMuara, Sungai Besar, Selangor. The aspect that we study on is the soil analysis, types of soil organisms and the density of plant species. Soil analysis comprises soil sampling, soil texture, soil organicmatter content, air content and soil pH. Aspects that determine the type of organism present consist of Tullgren funnel and Bearmen funnel. For the aspect density of plant species is of the quadrate sampling technique and line transect. From our study, the texture of the soil sample from the research site is of sandy clay type and it contains 15%-23% of organic matters. Presence of organic matter is due to the decaying process of the dead plant and animal which increases nitrogen content in the soil. The water is between 20%-41%. This shows that the research site is in humidity condition, thus making it quite suitable for plant to growth. Apart from that, the air content in soil between 20%-46%. This shows that the research site has good aeration, therefore making it easier for gaseous exchange in the plant root. Meanwhile, for soil sample have pH range 7.0 to 8.0. This pH value is relatively suitable for plant growth. Organisms found on the soil sample are of the aquatic organism and non-aquatic organisms. Organisms found from the Tullgren funnel are ant, earthworm, small grass spider, centipede, crab and flea. Whereas, from the Bearmann funnel, there are amoeba, euglena, Paramecium sp and rotifer were extracted. There are 7 to 10 plants species were found in that area from the study of plant species. They are Sesbania grandiflora, Setawar, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Acanthus ilicifolius, Cutia nipalensis, Grass, Cocos nucifera L, Morinda Citrifolia, Imperata cylindrical and Helianthus annuus. To obtain the density of the plant species, sampling technique and line transect are carried randomly. This is to get accurate answer. For measurement of each species cover in quadrate sampling randomly, Relative percentage of coverage of Cutia nipalensis is approximately 16%, followed by Acanthus ilicifolius and Cocos nucifera L, which each stated about 13%. Meanwhile other species comprises less than 11%. From the aspect species density in quadrate, the percentage for Cutia nipalensis is about 3.28%, while other species make up the rest percentage. From the species frequency in quadrate, relative frequency percentage of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Acanthus ilicifolius, Cutia nipalensis, Cocos nucifera L, Morinda Citrifolia, Imperata cylindrical and Helianthus annuus quite the same, it is about 10% to 11%. Meanwhile, Sesbania grandiflora and Setawar occupied about 9% and 5%. From the line transect, Acanthus ilicifolius present in all the line transect make up to 100%. In the relative coverage on the other hands, Acanthus ilicifolius is about 40% and other species does not have

uniform relative cover percentage. But the total relative cover percentage value is about 13.0%. From soil analysis, it can be conclude that soil in the site of research is of sandy clam loam with organic matter percentage which is suitable and also the air and water content which is sufficient makes it suitable as plant and animal habitat. The soil pH would promote the plant growth. From the ecology research, we were able to get to know on the ecosystem and learnt various principles of ecosystem. During carrying out this research, we were given a chance to see a variety of a laboratory tools in order to get a constant reading. Apart from that, this research also enables us to understand better the skills to set up a quadrate in site which is suitable. During preparing the report we, learnt how to arrange datas obtained systematically. In a nutshell, we hope that the seashore of DMuara, Sungai Besar will be maintained more efficiently.

PRECAUTION
Soil analysis 4. Determination of organic matter content

The soil sample used in the experiment must be dried so that it will not affect the reading. Cover of evaporation dish must be opened a bit to allow the movement of gas and avoid the soil sample from coming out. Combustion, cooling and weighing the soil sample is repeated until an accurate weight is obtained.

5. Determination of air content of soil

Tin must be pressed fully into the soil to take the soil sample so that indigenous structure of soil will be remained without affecting air content in soil. The mixture of soil with must be shacked hardly to make sure all the air space in soil can be filled fully with water to obtain accurate result.

Research on Type of Organisms Tullgren Funnel The large soil lump should be broken before the experiment starts to allow the light from the spread effectively throughout the sample. The larger organism should be removed.

Aerahon hole should be ready in the soil sample to avoid the organism to die fast.

Bearmann Funnel Muslin bag filled with soil sample should be tied up tight strongly to avoid the soil from coming out when soaked in water. The water in the funnel must close the whole muslin bag. This is to avoid the organism die because of dried soil

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Campbell , N.A. & Reece, J.B, 2005, Biology , (6th ed), Benjamin Cumming Ismail Saidin, 2000, Malaysians Flowers, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Lee Soon Ching, Liew shee Leong, Choong Ngok Meng, Success in Biology for STPM Volume 2, Fajar Bakti Lee Ching, j.Arunasalam,2009, Pre-U Text STPM Biology Pearson Malaysia Sdn Bhd Lim How Kee, 2006, Ecology, Fajar Bakti Sdn Bhd M.B.V Roberts, 2000, Biological A Function Approach, Thomas Nelson and sons Ltd. Starr C. & Taggart R., 2000, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life,( 10th ed), Von Hoffmenn Press

ENCLOSURE
TEAMWORK TIMETABLE Date April 5th April 5th Soil Analysis Date April 7th April 7th April 8th Activity Soil sampling technique Determination of the texture of soil Determination of the water content of soil Members All members All members All members Activity Preparing proposal Determine the sites Members Nur Hawa All members

April 14th

Determination matter content

of

the

organic

April 14th

Determination of the air content of soil

April 8th April 8th

Determination of the soil pH Determination of the types of soil organisms

Siti Robiyah, Siti Zulaikha, Nor Fatihah, Mohd Hairuddin Nur Hawa, Siti Robiyah, Siti Zulaikha, Nor Fatihah All members All members

Determination of the Density of Plant Species in a Habitat Date April 18th Activity quadrates Members Nur Hawa, Robiyah, Zulaikha, Fatihah All members Nur Hawa, Robiyah, Zulaikha

Using the technique

sampling

Siti Siti Nor

April 21st April 22nd

Using the lines transect technique Preparing report

Siti Siti