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MT Theory
EM impulses generated in the atmosphere produce approx. planar horizontal radio waves that propagate downwards A ratio formulation of voltage generated in the earth and the magnetic field strength produces a calculation of apparent resistivity (Cagniard Resistivity) The attenuation of these waves depends on frequency and earth conductivity. The penetration depth is called skin depth The calculated Cagniard resistivity is the average earth resistivity from surface to the skin depth. The transform of time series MT data to spectral data allows the calculation of apparent resistivity with frequency >> true resistivty with frequency >> true resisitivity with depth >> an MT resistivity sounding. MT sounding points can be used singly (1D solution), in profiles (either stitched 1D solutions or true 2D solutions), and in surface distributions (sticthed 1D, stitched 2D or true 3D solutions).
MT field equipment
Apparent Resistivity
4
lhb_rot_009
180
Phase
lhb_rot_009
135
3 90
45
-45
0 -90
-1
-135
-180 3 2 1 0 -1 -2
RhoXY
RhoYX
PhsXY
PhsYX
lhb_rot_009
Polar Impedances
lhb_rot_009
7.0799999
5.1269999
3.723
2.9300001
2.441
TRANSFER FUNCTION
1.77
1.2819999
0.9308
0.7324
0.6104
0.4425
0.3204
0.2327
0.1526
0.1068
0.07629
0.05341
0.0267
0.01335
0.009537
-1 3 2 1 0 -1 -2
0.006676 0.004768 NULL NULL NULL
Txr
Txi
Zxy
Zxx
117:30:00 W
117:28:08 W
117:26:15 W
a398-lhb
Date: 04/18/05 Projection: UTM 11 C Merid: -117:00:00.00 Northing: 0.0 Easting: 500000 Scale: N/A
35:03:45
lhb_001 lhb_002
lhb_006 lhb_009
lhb_007 lhb_008
lhb_015
lhb_016
lhb_017
35:01:53
lhb_036 lhb_020 lhb_021
lhb_018
lhb_019
lhb_027
lhb_028
lhb_029
lhb_030
lhb_031
lhb_032
lhb_033 lhb_034
lhb_035
35:00:00
METERS
SET: lhb-all
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
117:30:00 W
117:28:08 W
117:26:15 W
a398-lhb
Date: 04/18/05 Projection: UTM 11 C Merid: -117:00:00.00 Northing: 0.0 Easting: 500000 Scale: N/A
35:03:45
lhb_rot 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33
lhb_rot_006 lhb_rot_009
lhb_rot_007 lhb_rot_008
lhb_rot_015
lhb_rot_016
lhb_rot_017
35:01:53
lhb_rot_018
lhb_rot_019
lhb_rot_027
lhb_rot_028
lhb_rot_029
lhb_rot_030
lhb_rot_031
lhb_rot_035
35:00:00
METERS
RhoXY AT 4.5 Hz
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
lhb_rot_l1
020 | 021
|
022 |
023
|
024 |
025
|
026 | Ohm-M
-1
-2
S 89 E
lhb_rot_l1
020
021
|
022
023
|
024
025
|
026
Degrees
3
-1
-2
0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 W
METERS 0 1000 2000 3000
S 89 E
lhb_rot_l1
020 | 021
|
022 |
023
|
024 |
025
|
026 | Ohm-M
-1
-2
S 89 E
lhb_rot_l1
020
021
|
022
023
|
024
025
|
026
Degrees
3
-1
-2
-180 -174 -168 -162 -156 -150 -144 -138 -132 -126 -120 -114 -108 -102 -96 W
METERS 0 1000 2000 3000
S 89 E
lhb_rot_l2
031 | 028
|
020 |
016
|
010 |
006
|
003 | Ohm-M
-1
-2
N1E
lhb_rot_l2
031
028
|
020
016
|
010
006
|
003
Degrees
3
-1
-2
0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 S
METERS 0 1000 2000 3000
N1E
lhb_rot_l2
031 | 028
|
020 |
016
|
010 |
006
|
003 | Ohm-M
-1
-2
N1E
lhb_rot_l2
031
028
|
020
016
|
010
006
|
003
Degrees
3
-1
-2
-180 -174 -168 -162 -156 -150 -144 -138 -132 -126 -120 -114 -108 -102 -96 S
METERS 0 1000 2000 3000
N1E
2-D Model
036
0
|
l1pw
020 | 021
|
022 |
023
|
024 |
025
|
026 | Ohm-M 1 1.5 2.2 3.2 4.6 6.8 10 15 22 32 46 68 100 150 220 320
Depth (METERS)
1000
2000
3000
W
METERS 0 1000 2000 3000
S 89 E l2pw
2-D Model
035
0
|
031 |
028
|
020 |
016
|
010 |
006
|
003 | Ohm-M 1 1.5 2.2 3.2 4.6 6.8 10 15 22 32 46 68 100 150 220 320
Depth (METERS)
1000
2000
3000
S
METERS 0 1000 2000 3000
N1E
Apparent Resistivity
drag_024
MODEL ENTRY
1
Precision 2
Snap Off
Fill Clear
2
-1
10 0.01
Rho Off
Phs Off
Log Off
RhoXY
RhoYX
Inv Mqt
Enter Mod Edit Mod Aid Bost Vary Res Stat Rho
Inv Occ
Phase
180
drag_024
135
90
HR NS P + - > < ^ v
45
-45
-90
-135
-180 3 2 1 0 -1 -2
Mod1dXY Res
Mod1dYX Res
PhsXY
PhsYX
Apparent Resistivity
drag_024
MODEL ENTRY
1
Precision 2
Snap Off
Fill Clear
2
-1
10 0.01
Rho Off
Phs Off
Log Off
RhoXY
RhoYX
Inv Mqt
Enter Mod Edit Mod Aid Bost Vary Res Stat Rho
Inv Occ
Phase
180
drag_024
135
90
HR NS P + - > < ^ v
45
-45
-90
-135
-180 3 2 1 0 -1 -2
Mod1dXY Res
Mod1dYX Res
PhsXY
PhsYX
MT Survey strengths
high portability flexibility of layout, distribution relatively low cost non-damaging and unobtrusive (no noise, no chemicals, minor manual excavation for buried antennae) great depth of investigation (25+ km) very favorable results in case of resistor overlying conductor very close relationship to electrical logs derived from drill hole investigation
Weaknesses
Due to diffusion of energy, much lower resolution of interfaces than seismic
Applications
Resistivity logs Lithological determinations Maturity determination graphitization Cover thickness determination Transect data
Geo-electric sounding
Determination of maturity
Graphitized shale horizon
MT 2D INVERSION
240km
l11d
005
|
006
007
|
008
009
|
010
011
|
012 014 016 018 020 022 024 026 028 030 032 034 036 038 040 042 044 046 049 | 013 | 015 | 017 | 019 | 021 | 023 | 025 | 027 | 029 | 031 | 033 | 035 | 037 | 039 | 041 | 043 | 045 | 048 |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
050
|
Ohm-M
2
-1
-2
-3
S 71 E
l11d
005 006 007 008 009 010 011 012013 014 015 016 017 018 019 020 021 022 023 024 025 026 027 028029 030 031 032033 034 035 036 037 038039 040 041 042 043 044 045 046 048 049 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
050
|
Degrees
2
-1
-2
-3
-180 -174 -168 -162 -156 -150 -144 -138 -132 -126 -120 -114 -108 -102 -96 W
0 20000 40000
S 71 E
l11d
005 006 007 008 009 010 011 012013 014 015 016 017 018 019 020 021 022 023 024 025 026 027 028029 030 031 032033 034 035 036 037 038039 040 041 042 043 044045 046 048 049 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
050
|
Degrees
2
-1
-2
-3
0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 W
0 20000 40000
S 71 E
l11d
005 006 007 008 009 010 011 012013 014 015 016 017 018 019 020 021 022 023 024 025 026 027 028029 030 031 032033 034 035 036 037 038039 040 041 042 043 044 045 046 048 049 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
050
|
Trans. Fun.
2
-1
-2
-3
-0.9 -0.79 -0.68 -0.58 -0.47 -0.36 -0.26 -0.15 -0.04 0.06 0.16 0.27 0.38 0.48 0.59 W
METERS 0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000
S 71 E
2-D Model
-30000 -20000
l1rlm
002 004 006 008 010 012 015 017 019 021 023 025 027 029 031 033 035 037 039 041 043 045 048 001 003 | 005 | 007 | 009 | 011 | 014 016 018 020 022 024 026 028030 032 034 036 038 040 042 044046 049 050 013 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Ohm-M 1 1.84 3.41 6.31 11.6 21.5 39.8 73.5 135. 251. 464. 857. 1584. 2928. 5411. 10000 W
METERS 0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000
-10000
Depth (METERS)
0 10000
20000 30000
40000 50000
S 71 E l1rlm
2-D Model
034 | 035
|
036 037 |
|
038 039 |
|
040 |
041 042 |
|
043
|
048
|
049 |
050
|
Ohm-M 1 1.84 3.41 6.31 11.6 21.5 39.8 73.5 135. 251. 464. 857. 1584. 2928. 5411. 10000 W
0 5000 10000 METERS 15000 20000 25000 30000
Depth (METERS)
10000
20000
S 71 E
Summary of MT applications
Shallow crustal examinations (to 2000m): determination of thickness of overlying cover units (in particular basalts, and cap structures for geothermal projects) provide cover depth control for seismic and gravity applications depth determination of conductive marker horizons depth determination of coarse lithologic units and basement permit resistivity analysis of target reservoirs as a means to determine pore-space content and maturity(graphitization) very expediently can produce isolated resistivity logs at proposed drill sites reconnaissance surveys, transects, fill-in measurements to increase resolution precisely where required. Deep crustal examinations (to 25+km): determination resistivity/depth information in single points, transects or volumes.
2 Channel AM
Battery
By
Bx
100m
Line Length - 2400 m 24 Ex 100m dipoles 12 Ey 100m dipoles 25 current stations 2 Bx/By magnetometer sites
>20 km
By Bx
resistive
conductive
Constrained Titan 2D MT Resistivity at Jwaneng Mine Inversion represented in whole earth model
Images of pipe to 800 metres / varying resistivities within pipe correlating to different facies Side walls mapped to +/-25 metres