Fluid Mechanics Equation and Data Sheet

1. Hydrostatics: 1.1 General Equation

For a constant density fluid:

where = pressure at Point 1 (Pa) = pressure at Point 2 (Pa) = fluid density (kg.m-3) = elevation of Point 1 relative to a datum (m) = elevation of Point 2 relative to the same datum (m) = gravitational acceleration (m.s-2) 1.2 Absolute and Gauge Pressures

where

(Pa) and

(Pa) are the gauge and atmospheric pressures, respectively.

2. Control Volume Analysis: 2.1 Mass Balance

where = mass flow rate at Section 1 (kg.s-1) = mass flow rate at Section 2 (kg.s-1) [P.T.O.]

2.2 Momentum Balance

where = forces (N), e.g. gravity, pressure, friction, external = velocity vector at Section 1 (m.s-1) = velocity vector at Section 2 (m.s-1)

3. Bernoullis Equation: Between Points 1 and 2 along the same streamline:

1 2
where

1 2

= pressure at Point 1 (Pa) = pressure at Point 2 (Pa) = fluid density (kg.m-3) = speed at Point 1 (m.s-1) = speed at Point 2 (m.s-1) = elevation at Point 1 (m) = elevation at Point 2 (m) = gravitational acceleration (m.s-2)

4. Frictional Losses in Pipes: Between Point 1 (upstream) and Point 2 (downstream) in the pipe:

1 2
with

4
[P.T.O.]

where = pressure at Point 1 (Pa) = pressure at Point 2 (Pa) = fluid density (kg.m-3) = elevation at Point 1 (m) = elevation at Point 2 (m) = gravitational acceleration (m.s-2) = the average flow velocity in the pipe = volumetric flowrate (m3.s-1) = cross-sectional flow area (m2) = pipe length (m) = pipe diameter (m) = Fanning friction factor The Fanning friction factor is given by:

16 1
with

; for Laminar low

1.74 ln

1.254

; for Turbulent low 3.708

= absolute roughness (m) and the Reynolds number for pipe flow is defined as:

where = fluid dynamic viscosity (kg.m-1.s-1)

5. Compressible Flow through Nozzles: 5.1 Compressible Bernoulli Equation Between Points 1 and 2 along the same streamline: [P.T.O.]

1 2
where

1 2

= specific (per unit mass) enthalpy at Point 1 (J.kg-1) = specific (per unit mass) enthalpy at Point 2 (J.kg-1) = speed at Point 1 (m.s-1) = speed at Point 2 (m.s-1) with the specific heat capacity at constant pressure for a perfect gas, given by:

where = ratio of specific heat capacities = 8.314 J.mol-1.K-1, the Universal Gas Constant = molar mass (g.mol-1) 5.2 Isentropic Prefect Gas Processes

and

where = pressure (Pa) = density (kg.m-3) = absolute temperature (K) = subscript denoting stagnation conditions = ratio of specific heat capacities = 8.314 J.mol-1.K-1, the Universal Gas Constant = molar mass of fluid (kg.kmol-1) = speed of sound (m.s-1) [P.T.O.]

6. Compressible Flow in a Pipe:

2
where

ln

= pressure at pipe inlet (Pa) = pressure at pipe outlet (Pa) = 8.314 J.mol-1.K-1, the Universal Gas Constant = absolute temperature (K) = molar mass of fluid (kg.kmol-1) = mass flux (kg.s-1.m-2) = friction factor = pipe length (m) = pipe diameter (m)

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