What is Democracy? Democracy consists of four basic elements: I want to begin with an overview of what democracy is.

We can think of democracy as a system of government with four key elements: 1. A political system for choosing and replacing the government through free and fair elections. 2. The active participation of the people, as citizens, in politics and civic life. 3. Protection of the human rights of all citizens. 4. A rule of law, in which the laws and procedures apply equally to all citizens. I want to talk about each of these four elements of what democracy is. Then I will talk about the obligations and requirements of citizens in a democracy. Then I will conclude by talking about the obligations that we, the international community, have to the people of Iraq as you seek to build the first true democracy in the Arab world. I. Democracy as a Political System of Competition for Power Democracy is a means for the people to choose their leaders and to hold their leaders accountable for their policies and their conduct in office. The people decide who will represent them in parliament, and who will head the government at the national and local levels. They do so by choosing between competing parties in regular, free and fair elections. Government is based on the consent of the governed. In a democracy, the people are sovereignthey are the highest form of political authority. Power flows from the people to the leaders of government, who hold power only temporarily. Laws and policies require majority support in parliament, but the rights of minorities are protected in various ways. The people are free to criticize their elected leaders and representatives, and to observe how they conduct the business of government. Elected representatives at the national and local levels should listen to the people and respond to their needs and suggestions. Elections have to occur at regular intervals, as prescribed by law. Those in power cannot extend their terms in office without asking for the consent of the people again in an election. For elections to be free and fair, they have to be administered by a neutral, fair, and professional body that treats all political parties and candidates equally. All parties and candidates must have the right to campaign freely, to present their proposals to the voters both directly and through the mass media. Voters must be able to vote in secret, free of intimidation and violence. Independent observers must be able to observe the voting and the vote counting to ensure that the process is free of corruption, intimidation, and fraud. There needs to be some impartial and independent tribunal to resolve any disputes about the election results. This is why it takes a lot of time to organize a good, democratic election. Any country can hold an election, but for an election to be free and fair requires a lot of organization, preparation, and training of political parties, electoral officials, and civil society organizations who monitor the process. II. Participation: The Role of the Citizen in a Democracy The key role of citizens in a democracy is to participate in public life. Citizens have an obligation to become informed about public issues, to watch carefully how their political leaders and representatives use their powers, and to express their own opinions and interests. Voting in elections is another important civic duty of all citizens. But to vote wisely, each citizen should listen to the views of the different parties and candidates, and then make his or her own decision on whom to support. Participation can also involve campaigning for a political party or candidate, standing as a candidate for political office, debating public issues, attending community meetings, petitioning the government, and even protesting. A vital form of

participation comes through active membership in independent, non-governmental organizations, what we call civil society. These organizations represent a variety of interests and beliefs: farmers, workers, doctors, teachers, business owners, religious believers, women, students, human rights activists. It is important that women participate fully both in politics and in civil society. This requires efforts by civil society organizations to educate women about their democratic rights and responsibilities, improve their political skills, represent their common interests, and involve them in political life. In a democracy, participation in civic groups should be voluntary. No one should be forced to join an organization against their will. Political parties are vital organizations in a democracy, and democracy is stronger when citizens become active members of political parties. However, no one should support a political party because he is pressured or threatened by others. In a democracy, citizens are free to choose which party to support. Democracy depends on citizen participation in all these ways. But participation must be peaceful, respectful of the law, and tolerant of the different views of other groups and individuals. III. The Rights of Citizens in a Democracy In a democracy, every citizen has certain basic rights that the state cannot take away from them. These rights are guaranteed under international law. You have the right to have your own beliefs, and to say and write what you think. No one can tell you what you must think, believe, and say or not say. There is freedom of religion. Everyone is free to choose their own religion and to worship and practice their religion as they see fit. Every individual has the right to enjoy their own culture, along with other members of their group, even if their group is a minority. There is freedom and pluralism in the mass media. You can choose between different sources of news and opinion to read in the newspapers, to hear on the radio, and to watch on television. You have the right to associate with other people, and to form and join organizations of your own choice, including trade unions. You are free to move about the country, and if you wish, to leave the country. You have the right to assemble freely, and to protest government actions. However, everyone has an obligation to exercise these rights peacefully, with respect for the law and for the rights of others. IV. The Rule of Law Democracy is a system of rule by laws, not by individuals. In a democracy, the rule of law protects the rights of citizens, maintains order, and limits the power of government. All citizens are equal under the law. No one may be discriminated against on the basis of their race, religion, ethnic group, or gender. No one may be arrested, imprisoned, or exiled arbitrarily. If you are detained, you have the right to know the charges against you, and to be presumed innocent until proven guilty according to the law. Anyone charged with a crime has the right to a fair, speedy, and public trial by an impartial court. No one may be taxed or prosecuted except by a law established in advance. No one is above the law, not even a king or an elected president. The law is fairly, impartially, and consistently enforced, by courts that are independent of the other branches of government. Torture and cruel and inhumane treatment are absolutely forbidden. The rule of law places limits on the power of government. No government official may violate these limits. No ruler, minister, or political party can tell a judge how to decide a case. Office holders cannot use their power to enrich themselves. Independent courts and commissions punish corruption, no matter who is guilty. V. The Limits and Requirements for Democracy If democracy is to work, citizens must not only participate and exercise their rights. They must also observe certain principles and rules of democratic conduct.

People must respect the law and reject violence. Nothing ever justifies using violence against your political opponents, just because you disagree with them. Every citizen must respect the rights of his or her fellow citizens, and their dignity as human beings. No one should denounce a political opponent as evil and illegitimate, just because they have different views. People should question the decisions of the government, but not reject the governments authority. Every group has the right to practice its culture and to have some control over its own affairs, but each group should accept that it is a part of a democratic state. When you express your opinions, you should also listen to the views of other people, even people you disagree with. Everyone has a right to be heard. Dont be so convinced of the rightness of your views that you refuse to see any merit in another position. Consider different interests and points of view. When you make demands, you should understand that in a democracy, it is impossible for everyone to achieve everything they want. Democracy requires compromise. Groups with different interests and opinions must be willing to sit down with one another and negotiate. In a democracy, one group does not always win everything it wants. Different combinations of groups win on different issues. Over time, everyone wins something. If one group is always excluded and fails to be heard, it may turn against democracy in anger and frustration. Everyone who is willing to participate peacefully and respect the rights of others should have some say in the way the country is governed.

INDIAN DEMOCRACY IS MUCH SUPERIOR TO AMERICA'S DEMOCRACY

v.s.gopalakrishnan

The election of the Black American, Barack Obama, on 4th Nov 2008 to the highest office of the President of the USA, has come as a startling and a welcome surprise to all of us. We have drowned ourselves in legitimate euphoria about this incredible event that has stormed the Americans themselves into a happy stupor. No doubt, till a few months ago, a Black man occupying the Oval office would have seemed to us unthinkable at least during the next three or four decades. But the unthinkable has already happened and history has taken the strangest turn in the USA. This should not however lead to undue praise of American democracy by us and inordinate criticism of Indian democracy by comparison. There have been a few articles here asking us as to why Indian democracy could not be like America's. There is even a denigration of our own system. In my view, such judgment is hasty, superficial and wrong, and could not have been born but for the euphoria generated by Obama's win. Let us not go overboard and say that the US democracy is better than ours. While a long essay could be composed here, I shall handle the subject very concisely for the sake of space and readers' patience. India established democracy nearly 3000 years ago. It is sometimes wrongly taken that we became democratic only from 15 Aug 1947. No doubt, India was largely ruled by kings and dynasties. We know of the dynastic rules by Mauryas, Sungas, Kushans,

Guptas, Harshas, the slave Muslim dynasties, the Moghuls etc. But this does not erase the fact that independent republican self-governing communities have co-existed in India. That such republican communities existed has been acknowledged by experts and historians. The sources they drew from are: (1) Buddhist Pali Canon and Jatakas in BC times, expertly interpreted by T.W.Rhys Davids (2) Accounts of Megasthenes, Greek Ambassador to the Court of Chandragupta Maurya (3) Arrians work Anabasis of Alexander which is an eye-witness account of the Greeks Indian adventure (4) Grammarian Paninis accounts of Janapadas (self-ruling communities) . Historian K.P. Jayaswals book Hindu Polity is acknowledged to be a brilliant work that encompasses democratic/republican elements in the Hindu polity from ancient times. So, how can you compare American democracy in one breath with Indian democratic ideals and practices which are very ancient? Independent America itself is a baby of a nation, in international polity. It was born only on 4th July 1776, just 232 years back! It adopted a Constitution only in 1787. The present USA as we know it took slow birth in the 19th century primarily through the massacres of the Indian Tribes, and the conquests through wars and bloodbaths followed by treaties by which territories were acquired from the UK, France, Spain, Mexico, and Russia. (For example, territories such as California, Texas, New Mexico etc were taken over from Mexico after America fought bloody wars with Mexico in 1846-48.) Thus the new USA was born on account of barbaric wars and annexations and genocide too. (Compare this with the integration of more than 550 Principalities/Rajadoms on a largely peaceful basis when India got Independence). And let us not forget the Civil Wars in 1860s in the USA (just about 150 years back) where the North and the South fought absolutely bloody wars on the issue of slavery!! At that time, the slave population in the eleven Southern Confederacy States was a whopping 4 million out of the total population of 9 million! The barbaricity (my word, not in the dictionary, which has barbarism) of the Civil War (1860-1865) can be gauged by the fact that nearly 6,20,000 Americans died in the Civil War! And now the Americans talk about human rights, and where were they just 150 years back? Let us not go overboard about the American democratic and Human Rights track record. Here is a summary of the inhuman and cruel practice of slavery by the white Americans when dogs and horses were better treated than the Negro slaves. (Negro in Spanish means black, and strangely the Whites have absolved themselves for their crimes by calling them now blacks which is worse according to me). Slavery trade began in 1619 when the first Africans in bondage were shipped to the American Colony. (The British were as bloody at this). Slavery thrived till the Civil War (1860-65) although the importation of slaves was abolished in 1808 by law. Yet, nearly 54000 slaves were illegally brought to the USA between 1808 and 1865! At the end of the Civil War, in 1865, slavery was abolished in the US by the 13th Amendment. Yet, the blacks were horribly segregated and were not even second-class citizens. The Blacks had to have separate schools, separate buses etc. The Rosa Parks episode is not very old, and it happened on 1st Dec 1955 at Montgomery, Alabama, many years after we ourselves became a great Republic(1950)! Is that not a shame? And the USA had a poll tax and if any citizen did not pay it, he had no right to vote in

a Federal election! Thus the Blacks were indirectly prevented from voting! Can you conceive of a more sinister White mans policy of excluding the Blacks? It was only in 1964 that by the 24th Amendment, it was made illegal to deny a citizen the right to vote in a federal election for failure to pay a toll tax! So, do you still believe that our democracy is worse than the US democracy? Now, let us consider the occupants of top posts in the two countries. The Black Americans account for 13 percent of US population. Their man Obama just became a President elect. Muslims in India also form 13 percent of Indian population. And look at the fact that we have already had Muslim Presidents such as Zakir Hussain and Abdul Kalam. We had a Dalit President in K.R.Narayan. We have a lady Presideny of India now. In India, real power is with the Prime Minister. Here too we have had a lady Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi. And although the Sikhs are less than 2 percent of the Indian population, we have a Sikh Prime Minister, Dr.Manmohan Singh. So, who could say that our democracy is inferior to Americas? No doubt, Indian politics over the last three decades have become vastly caste-based and region-based. Our caste system was based on division of labour and socioeconomic organization in a society. Every country has class-systems and even today many countries like the UK are even more feudal in many ways with their monarchies, Lords and Peers or whatever. We have made a huge mountain of the caste-system. How many caste wars with arms and ammunitions have we witnessed in Indias history? (Just compare with the Civil War in the USA). No doubt, untouchability was a horrific practice but does that come anywhere near the brutal slavery in the USA? How many untouchables have we hanged by the rope zilch indeed compared to the women branded as witches and hanged in the USA? We are still a newly Independent nation and luckily caste-practices have been fast vanishing from our milieu. So, let us not again go overboard and cry from roof-tops that American democracy is better than ours. It had never been based on real equality. Indian traditions over millennia of tolerance and goodwill towards foreigners and minorities should not be forgotten due to the glitter of the US celebrations we have just witnessed at Obamas election.