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T=

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056 =

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Y r8
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100.000

150.000

200.000

250.000

300.000

350.000

400.000

450.000

(Milyon TL) 500.000

50.000

JHOLUOHULQGH

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120.568

143.777

2002

16,1

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465.992 423.838 2007 9,0

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90,4 59,8 18,3 32,6 15,7 1,2 1,5

41,2 8,3 14,9 7,2 0,5 0,7

113,6 75 24,7 28,2 17,5 15,8 2,9 2

40,6 8,8 10,1 6,3 5,6 1 0,7

142,5 78,5 26,2 19,6 22,6 17,5 4,6 1,9

45,5 25 8,4 6,3 7,2 5,6 1,5 0,6

194,6 91,8 30,7 20 24,3 12,5 6,6 1,8

DTH

27,2

26,8

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Net Servet/GSYH /GSYH

26,3 28,2

27,2 30,3

25,3 29,1

24,2 28,4

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2 1

NVPQ

JHULOHGLL J|UOPHNWHGLU 7NHWLP KDUFDPDODUQQ ERUoODQODUDN \DSODQ J|VWHUHQ NRQXW NUHGLOHUL KDULo ELUH\VHO NUHGLOHULQ

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itibariyle srekli bir azalma grlmektedir. Bunda, tketicilerin daha uzun

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27.359 12,5 4,9 5,8 13,5

47.003 18,4 7,2 4,7 15,1

69.389 17,1 9,1 4,0 18,1

93.962 20,2 11,0 3,3 14,9

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117.598 21,6 12,4 3,0 17,1

100%

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0%

2004 Konut

2005

2006

2007

2008

*UDILN   +DQHKDON %RUFXQXQ 'DOP

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NRQXVX RUDQQ GN VHYL\HGH ROGXX J|UOPHNWHGLU SKHVL] NL V|] NRQXVX

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20%

s h S! c

5 )21) jIX%34%0(

40%

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KDUFDPDODUQ NRQWURO DOWQGD WXWPD HLOLPL RODUDN VD\ODELOLU DOQGQGD 9

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G|QP ROPDV

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35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Eyl.01 Eyl.02 Eyl.03 Eyl.04 Eyl.05 Eyl.06 Eyl.07 Ara.00 Mar.01 Haz.01 Ara.01 Mar.02 Haz.02 Ara.02 Mar.03 Haz.03 Ara.03 Mar.04 Haz.04 Ara.04 Mar.05 Haz.05 Ara.05 Mar.06 Haz.06 Ara.06 Mar.07 Haz.07 Ara.07 Mar.08 Haz.08 Eyl.08 (%)

JHOLLPLQH EDNOGQGD  \OQQ LON oH\UHLQGH \]GH  RODQ RUDQQ

Bireysel Krediler/Toplam Krediler

Bireysel Krediler/Toplam Aktifler

Bireysel Krediler/Mevduat

*UDILN   %LUH\VHO .UHGLOHUH OLNLQ 6HoLOPL 2UDQODUQ *HOLLPL

RUWDPQQ \DQQGD K]OD GHQ IDL] RUDQODU GD |QHPOL ELU URO R\QDPDNWDGU
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Ara.08

bh! c s

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yine yzde 13 paya sahip bankalara borlar ve yzde 12 ile zkaynaklar takip


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DOWQGD NDOPDVQD QHGHQ ROPXWXU %N] *UDILN  


200 (%)

VH\ULQL NRUXPDV ELUH\VHO NUHGLOHUGHNL DUW K]QQ GDKD |QFHNL G|QHPOHULQ

LWLEDUHQ DUWPD\D EDODPDV YH  \OQGD GD IDL] RUDQODUQQ EX \NVHN

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*UDILN GHQ GH J|UOHFHL ]HUH SDUD SL\DVDODUQGD JHUoHNOHHQ JHFHOLN

150

100

50

-50

-100 Eyl.03 Eyl.04 Eyl.05 Eyl.06 Eyl.07 Mar.03 Mar.04 Mar.05 Mar.06 Mar.07 Haz.03 Haz.04 Haz.05 Haz.06 Haz.07 Mar.08 Ara.02 Ara.03 Ara.04 Ara.05 Ara.06 Ara.07 Haz.08 Eyl.08 Ara.08

*UDILN   %LUH\VHO .UHGLOHU YH )DL] 2UDQODU <OON 'HLLPL

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300 250 200 150 100 50 0 -50 -100 Haz.02 Haz.03 Haz.04 Haz.05

E\PH K] LVH  \OQGDQ LWLEDUHQ WNHWLFL NUHGLOHULQH N\DVOD GDKD

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(%)

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Haz.07

Haz.08

Mar.02

  #

 
Sh! x s c

Mar.03

Mar.04

Mar.05

Mar.06

Mar.07

Mar.08

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Ara.01

Ara.02

Ara.03

Ara.04

Ara.05

Ara.06

Ara.07

Ara.08

Eyl.02

Eyl.03

Eyl.04

Eyl.05

Eyl.06

Eyl.07

Eyl.08

100%

(%)

80%

60%

40%

20%

0% Eyl.01 Eyl.02 Eyl.03 Eyl.04 Eyl.05 Eyl.06 Eyl.07 Ara.00 Mar.01 Haz.01 Ara.01 Mar.02 Haz.02 Ara.02 Mar.03 Haz.03 Ara.03 Mar.04 Haz.04 Ara.04 Mar.05 Haz.05 Ara.05 Mar.06 Haz.06 Ara.06 Mar.07 Haz.07 Ara.07 Mar.08 Haz.08 Eyl.08 Ara.08

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