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SANT COLLEGE

GADGE

MAHARAJ

OF COMMERECE & ECONOMICS

SUBJECT:FOUNDATION COURSE II. TOPIC: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN


OUR OWN AREA

NAME: AKASH SHAH STD: S.Y.B.COM ROLL NO: 101 SUBMITTED TO: PROF. R.O.PATIL.

INTRODUCTION TO SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT.

Solid waste management is the collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal, and monitoring of waste materials. The term usually relates to materials produced by human activity, and is generally undertaken to reduce their effect on health, the environment or aesthetics. Waste management is also carried out to recover resources from it. Solid waste management can be done with different methods and fields of expertise for each. Solid waste management practices differ for developed and developing nations, for urban and rural areas, and for residential and industrial producers. Management for non-hazardous waste residential and institutional waste in metropolitan areas is usually the responsibility of local government authorities, while management for non-hazardous commercial and industrial waste is usually the responsibility of the generator. Solid waste management is a very big issue at present day, that has largely affected the standard of living of people, environment of the local societies etc. An appropriate solid waste management helps to bring up a clean society by dealing with a proper management of solid wastes, their disposals and recycling.

COLLECTION OF WASTE

Waste collection is the component of waste management which results in the passage of a waste material from the source of production to either the point of treatment final disposal. Waste collection also includes the curbside collection of recyclable materials that technically are not waste, as part of a municipal landfill diversion program. Storage and separation of refuse In India the temporary storage of refuse is done in the house and the industries/business centers individually by living there in small containers. It is then taken out from the houses or business premises and dump into the refuse collection boxes or chambers provided along the streets for this purpose. The refuse from various storage of multistoried buildings is collected by a specially designed duct for it. Persons living on each story drop their refuse in the collection chute of refuse duct. The refuse reaches the collection chambers at ground, from where it is taken out. The storage bins of galvanized iron, mild steel etc. are use for temporary collection of refuse. They should be water-tight and dust resistant. Usually refuse containers of 50, 60, 70 and 100 liter capacities are used.

Frequency of collection For the collection of solid waste that contains garbage, the maximum period should not be greater than. The normal time for the accumulation of the amount that can be placed in the containers of reasonable size. The time it takes from fresh garbage to purify and emit foul odors under average storage conditions. The length of the fly-breeding cycle, which during the hot months less than 7 days. From cities the refuse should be collected daily expect holidays. During summer it should be collected twice a day, where as in cold season it it should be collected at least once a day. The collection of refuse from business areas should be done in non working hours preferably in the nights to avoid nuisance. In case of residential areas, it may be done in daytime to avoid noise, nuisance. Frequency of solid waste collection depends on the amount of waste, climate, cost and public request.

Separation of refuseThe separation of refuse mainly depends upon the method of disposal systems

Single bin systemIn single bin system all the solid waste collected that is dry and wet is gathered in one bin. Double bin systemIn double bin system dry and wet solid waste are separated and collected into separate bins. Triple bin systemIn triple bin system dry solid waste is again separated into two bins on their reusable properties and wet solid waste is again separated.

Collection of refuseRefuse from the refuse chambers may be taken any of following agencies. By municipality paid workers. By contractor with his own trucks. Usually the collection of refuse from the roadside refuse containers and bins, and its proper disposal is the responsibility of local bodies or municipalities. The refuse is collected in closed trucks, tractors and trailers out of the town for disposal.

Methods of Disposal of solid waste Integrated waste management using LCA (life cycle analysis) attempts to offer the most benign options for waste management. For mixed MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) a number of broad studies have indicated that waste administration, then source separation and collection followed by reuse and recycling of the non-organic fraction and energy and compost/fertilizer production of the organic waste fraction via anaerobic digestion to be the favoured path. Non-metallic waste resources are not destroyed as with incineration, and can be reused/ recycled in a future resource depleted society. 1. Landfill

Disposing of waste in a landfill involves burying the waste, and this remains a common practice in most countries. Landfills were often established in abandoned or unused quarries, mining voids or borrow pits. A properly designed and well-managed landfill can be a hygienic and relatively inexpensive method of disposing of waste materials. Older, poorly designed or poorly managed landfills can create a number of adverse environmental impacts such as wind-blown litter, attraction

of vermin, and generation of liquid leachate. Another common byproduct of landfills is gas (mostly composed of methane and carbon dioxide), which is produced as organic waste breaks down anaerobically. This gas can create odour problems, kill surface vegetation, and is a greenhouse gas.

A landfill compaction vehicle in action. Design characteristics of a modern landfill include methods to contain leachate such as clay or plastic lining material. Deposited waste is normally compacted to increase its density and stability, and covered to prevent attracting vermin (such as mice or rats). Many landfills also have landfill gas extraction systems installed to extract the landfill gas. Gas is pumped out of the landfill using perforated pipes and flared off or burnt in a gas engine to generate electricity. 2. Incineration

Incineration is a disposal method in which solid organic wastes are subjected to combustion so as to convert them into residue and gaseous products. This method is useful for disposal of residue of both solid waste management and solid residue from waste water management.This process reduces the volumes of solid waste to 20 to 30 percent of the original volume. Incineration and other high temperature waste treatment systems are sometimes described as "thermal treatment". Incinerators convert waste materials into heat, gas, steam and ash. Incineration is carried out both on a small scale by individuals and on a large scale by industry. It is used to dispose of solid, liquid and gaseous waste. It is recognized as a practical method of disposing of certain hazardous waste materials (such as biological medical waste). Incineration is a controversial method of waste disposal, due to issues such as emission of gaseous pollutants. Incineration is common in countries such as Japan where land is more scarce, as these facilities generally do not require as much area as

landfills. Waste-to-energy (WtE) or energy-from-waste (EfW) are broad terms for facilities that burn waste in a furnace or boiler to generate heat, steam or electricity. Combustion in an incinerator is not always perfect and there have been concerns about pollutants in gaseous emissions from incinerator stacks. Particular concern has focused on some very persistent organics such as dioxins, furans, PAHs which may be created which may have serious environmental consequences. 3. Recycling

Steel crushed and baled for recycling Recycling refers to the collection and reuse of waste materials such as empty beverage containers. The materials from which the items are made can be reprocessed into new products. Material for recycling may be collected separately from general waste using dedicated bins and collection vehicles, or sorted directly from mixed waste streams. The most common consumer products recycled include aluminum such as beverage cans, copper such as wire, steel food and aerosol cans, old steel furnishings or equipment , polyethylene and PET bottles, glass

bottles and jars, paperboard cartons, newspapers, magazines and light paper, and corrugated fiberboard boxes. PVC, LDPE, PP, and PS. These items are usually composed of a single type of material, making them relatively easy to recycle into new products. The recycling of complex products (such as computers and electronic equipment) is more difficult, due to the additional dismantling and separation required.

4. Sustainability The management of waste is a key component in a business' ability to maintaining ISO14001 accreditation. Companies are encouraged to improve their environmental efficiencies each year. One way to do this is by improving a companys waste management with a new recycling service. 5. Biological reprocessing

An active compost heap. Waste materials that are organic in nature, such as plant material, food scraps, and paper products, can be recycled using biological composting and digestion processes to decompose the organic matter. The resulting organic material is then recycled as mulch or compost for agricultural or landscaping purposes. In addition, waste gas from the process can be captured and used for generating electricity and heat maximising efficiencies. The intention of biological processing in waste management is to control and accelerate the natural process of decomposition of organic matter. There is a large variety of composting and digestion methods and technologies varying in complexity from simple home compost heaps, to small town scale batch digesters, industrial-scale enclosed-vessel digestion of mixed domestic waste. Methods of biological decomposition are differentiated as being aerobic or anaerobic methods, though hybrids of the two methods also exist. Anaerobic digestion of the organic fraction of MSW Municipal Solid Waste has been found to be in a number of LCA analysis studies to be more environmentally effective, than landfill, incineration or pyrolisis. The resulting biogas (methane) though must be used for cogeneration (electricity and heat preferably on or close to the site of production) and can be used with a little upgrading in gas combustion engines or turbines. With further upgrading to synthetic natural gas it can be injected into the natural gas network or further refined to

hydrogen for use in stationary cogeneration fuel cells. Its use in fuel cells eliminates the pollution from products of combustion. An example of waste management through composting is the Green Bin Program in Toronto, Canada, where Source Separated Organics are collected in a dedicated container and then composted.

WASTE

MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS

There are a number of concepts about waste management which vary in their usage between countries or regions. Some of the most general, widely used concepts include:

Diagram of the waste hierarchy. Waste hierarchy - The waste hierarchy refers to the "3 Rs" reduce, reuse and recycle, which classify waste management strategies according to their desirability in terms of waste minimization. The waste hierarchy remains the cornerstone of most waste minimization strategies. The aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract the maximum practical benefits from products and to generate the minimum amount of waste. Extended producer responsibility Extended Producer

Responsibility (EPR) is a strategy designed to promote the integration of all costs associated with products throughout their life cycle (including end-of-life disposal costs) into the market price of the product. Extended producer responsibility is meant to impose accountability over the entire lifecycle of products and packaging introduced to the market. This

means that firms which manufacture, import and/or sell products are required to be responsible for the products after their useful life as well as during manufacture. Polluter pays principle - the Polluter Pays Principle is a principle where the polluting party pays for the impact caused to the environment. With respect to waste management, this generally refers to the requirement for a waste generator to pay for appropriate disposal of the waste.

Classification of solid waste REFUSEREFUSE CONTAINS GARBAGE RUBBISH, ASHES, DEAD ANIMALS, INDUSTRIAL
WASTE ETC.

HAZARDOUS WASTEINDUSTRIAL, HOSPITAL WASTE CERTAIN TYPES OF HOUSEHOLD WASTE ARE


ALSO HAZARDOUS

RADIO-ACTIVE WASTEWASTE FROM NUCLEAR POWER PLANT, NUCLEAR REACTOR, ATOMIC


RESEARCH CENTRE ETC.

BESIDES THE ABOVE MENTIONED CLASSIFICATION BASED ON TYPE OF


WASTE THE REFUSE MAY BE CLASSIFIED DEPENDING UPON SOURCE.

HOUSEHOLD WASTE STREET WASTE TRADE WASTE

KEY ISSUES INVOLVED Growth in population and increasing garbage generation.

Waste collection system. Scientific processing of the waste material depending on their nature. Developing infrastructure for solid waste disposal and processing developing information collection and processing system.

Effects of solid waste- Large quantities of solid waste are subjected to uncontrolled, unscientific and incomplete combustion which in turns results in release of no. of pollutants in atmosphere which cause air pollution. Large quantities of chemicals are quickly pushed into drains rivers causing immense damage to man health and ecology. DUMPING OF AGRICULTURAL SOLID WASTE MAY POLLUTE STREAMS AND
WATERWAYS.

POLLUTION OF GROUND WATER WHICH TAKES PLACE WHEN LEACH ATE FROM
REFUSE DUMP ENTERS IN TO SURFACE OR GROUND WATER.

MUNICIPAL WORKERS ARE FOUND TO BE INFECTED DUE TO INTENTIONAL


PARASITES.

MINING SOLID WASTE IS MOST DANGEROUS PARTICULARLY FOR THE MINE


WORKERS.

THEY SUFFER FROM TOXIC REACTIONS IN THE PHYSIOLOGICAL BRONCHITIS, THROAT BLOCKING, LUNG

PROCESS OF HUMAN BODY.

CANCER, HEADACHE DISEASES ETC.

SOLID WASTE PRODUCES FOUL SMELL, BREEDS, INSECTS AND ORGANISM


BESIDES AESTHETIC VALUE OF THE LAND.

SOLID WASTE CHANGES THE PROPERTIES OF AIR, SOIL AND WATER. SOLID WASTE CREATES THE WATER POLLUTION PROBLEMS.

Solid Waste Treatment/ Solutions/ Remedies

Prevention means eliminating or reducing the quantity of waste which is produced in the first place, thus reducing the quantity of waste which must be managed. Prevention can take the form of reducing the quantities of materials used in a process or reducing the quantity of harmful materials which may be contained in a product. Prevention can also include the reuse of products. Prevention is the most desirable waste management option as it eliminates the need for handling, transporting, recycling or disposal of waste. It provides the highest level of environmental protection by optimizing the use of resources and by removing a potential source of pollution. Minimization includes any process or activity that avoids, reduces or eliminates waste at its source or results in re-use or recycling. It can be difficult to draw a clear distinction between the terms "Prevention" and "Minimization". Waste prevention and minimization measures can be applied at all stages in the life-cycle of a product including the production process, the marketing, distribution, or utilization stages, up to discarding the product at the end-of life stage. By examining each stage in the life cycle of a product, it may be possible that the quantities of waste produced at each stage can be reduced. During the design stage of a product, consideration can be given to the types of materials to be used, the quantity of materials and the recyclability of the product once it reaches its end of life. The use of efficient processes in terms of energy and material requirements during the manufacture of a product are other important considerations.

Consideration can also be given to minimizing the packaging for the product.

Re-use-

Re-use means the use of a product on more than one occasion, either for the same purpose or for a different purpose, without the need for reprocessing. Re-use avoids discarding a material to a waste stream when its initial use has concluded. It is preferable that a product be reused in the same state e.g., returnable plastic pallets, using an empty glass jar for storing items and using second hand clothes. Reuse is normally preferable to recycling as there isn't the same requirement for the material to have gone through a detailed treatment process thus helping to save on energy and material usage.

Ways to Reuse Using durable coffee mugs. Using cloth napkins or towels. Refilling bottles. Reusing boxes. Purchasing refillable pens and pencils. ADVANTAGES OF REUSE Energy and raw materials savings as replacing many single use products with one reusable one reduces the number that need to be manufactured.

Reduced disposal needs and costs. Refurbishment can bring sophisticated, sustainable, well paid jobs to underdeveloped economies. Cost savings for business and consumers as a reusable product is often cheaper than the many single use products it replaces. Some older items were better handcrafted and appreciate in value. DISADVANTAGES OF REUSE Reuse often requires cleaning or transport, which have environmental costs. Some items, such as freon appliances or infant auto seats, could be hazardous or less energy efficient as they continue to be used. Sorting and preparing items for reuse takes time, which is inconve Recycling-

Recycling involves the treatment or reprocessing of a discarded waste material to make it suitable for subsequent re-use either for its original form or for other purposes. It includes recycling of organic wastes but excludes energy recovery. Recycling benefits the environment by reducing the use of virgin materials. Many different materials can be recycled. Waste materials can either be recycled for use in products similar to their original use (e.g., paper recycling) or can be recycled into a product which is different from the original use (e.g., recycling plastic bottles into fleece jackets or using construction and demolition waste as road aggregate. In the EU up to 13% of municipal waste is recycled.

Benefits of Recycling Conserves resources for our children's future. Prevents emissions of many greenhouse gases and water pollutants. Saves energy. Supplies valuable raw materials to industry. Creates jobs. Stimulates the development of greener technologies. Reduces the need for new landfills and incinerators Composting

Composting is an excellent method of recycling biodegradable waste from an ecological point of view. Composting is in fact the controlled biological decomposition of organic matter, such as food and yard wastes, into humus, a soil-like material. Composting is natures way of recycling organic waste into new soil, which can be used in vegetable and flower gardens, landscaping and the like. However, many large and small composting schemes have failed because composting is regarded as a disposal process, and not a production process. Environmental problems may arise when waste is composted without noncompostible matter like metals and plastics being removed. Hazardous substances like heavy metals may then be found in the compost, which in turn may be taken up in the food chain when compost

is used on agricultural land. To prevent this situation, sorting at the composting plant or even at the household level might be called for. Benefits of Composting Keeps organic wastes out of landfills. Provides nutrients to the soil. Increases beneficial soil organisms (e.g., worms and centipedes). Suppresses certain plant diseases. Reduces the need for fertilizers and pesticides. Protects soils from erosion. Assists pollution remediation

Guidelines Waste Management at SourceSolid waste at source according to the community and activities therein should be managed as per the guidelines given below: Household waste Do not throw any solid waste in the neighbourhood, on the streets, open spaces, and vacant lands, into the drains or water bodies. Keep food waste/biodegradable waste in a non corrosive container with a cover (lid). Keep dry, recyclable waste in a bin or bag or a sack. Keep domestic hazardous waste, if and when generated, separately for disposal at specially notified locations. Multi-storied buildings, commercial complexes, private societies Provide separate community bin or bins large enough to hold food/ biodegradable waste and recyclable waste generated in the building or society. Direct the members of the association to deposit their waste in community bin Slums Use community bins provided by the local body for deposition of food and biodegradable waste.

Shops, offices, institutions, etc. If situated in a commercial complex, deposit the waste in bins provided by the association. Keep dry and wet biodegradable waste separately. The Hotels & restaurants Container used should be strong, not more than 100 litre in size, should have a handle on the top or handles on the sides and a rim at the bottom for easy handling Vegetable & fruit markets Provide large containers, which match with transportation system of the local body. Shop keepers not to dispose of the waste in front of their shops or open spaces. Deposit the waste as and when generated into the large container placed in the market.

Meat & fish markets Not to throw any waste in front of their shops or open spaces around. Keep non-corrosive container/containers not exceeding 100-litre capacity with lid handle and the rim at the bottom and deposit the waste in the said containers as and when generated.

Transfer the contents of this container into a large container provided by the association.

Street food vendors

Not to throw any waste on the street, pavement or open spaces. Keep bin or bag for the storage of waste that generates during street vending activity Preferably have arrangements to affix the bin or bag with the hand cart used for vending. Marriage halls, community halls, kalyanamandapas Not to throw any solid waste in their neighbourhood, on the streets, open spaces, and vacant lands, into the drains or water bodies. Provide a large container with lid which may match with the transportation system of the local body and deposit all the waste generated in the premises in such containers.

Hospitals, nursing homes, etc Not to throw any solid waste in their neighbourhood, on the streets, open spaces, and vacant lands, into the drains or water bodies. Not to dispose off the biomedical waste in the municipal dust bins or other waste collection or storage site meant for municipal solid waste.

Store the waste as per the directions contained in the Government of India, Ministry of Environment, Biomedical Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1998 Construction/ demolition wasteNot to deposit construction waste or debris on the streets, footpaths, pavements, open spaces, water bodies etc. Store the waste within the premises or with permission of the authorities just outside the premises without obstructing the traffic preferably in a container if available through the local body or private contractors.

Garden waste Compost the waste within the garden, if possible. Trim the garden waste once in a week on the days notified by the local body. . Store the waste into large bags or bins for handing over to the municipal authorities appointed for the purpose on the day of collection notified.

Dos and Donts 1) Carry your own cloth or jute bag when you go for shopping.

2) Say no to all plastic bags as far as possible. Replace with paper, cloth and jute bags 3) Reuse the soft drinks pet bottles. 4) Segregate the waste in the house as wet and dry. Keep two garbage bins and see to it that the biodegradable and the non-biodegradable material is put into separate bins and disposed of separately. 5) Dig a compost pit in your garden and put all the biodegradable waste into it to provide you with rich manure for your garden. 6) See to it that all garbage is thrown into the municipal bin for further disposal of municipal solid waste. Do not litter on road or in offices, theatres, market places and/or any other common public places. When you go out, do not throw paper and other wrappings or even leftover food here and there; make sure that it is put into a dustbin. 7) Do not throw the waste/litter on the streets, drains, open spaces, water bodies, etc. 8) Community storage/collection of waste in flats, multi-storied buildings, societies, commercial complexes, etc. 9) Manage excreta of pet dogs and cats appropriately. 10) Provide waste processing/disposal at a community level. 11) Organize public education and awareness programs. Increase awareness in Children by interesting education programs in schools.

Conclusion From the above discussion we can conclude that the present methods of collection and disposal of solid waste are not sufficient to handle the solid waste problems. The methods of collection or the house to house collection of solid waste is necessary to change the ugly sight of overflowing dust on the roads. The present practices of transporting the solid waste are very unhygienic and unscientific. It should be changed. Present method of solid waste disposal has some limitations so we should use the new techniques or methods vermicomposting and vermiculture etc. This method should be adopted for avoiding environmental pollution. i.e. pollution of water, air, land and also to earn some money. Energy recovery can be done from solid waste. We should adopt the methods, which can recover energy from solid waste. Lastly the main thing is that every person should decide to produce least waste to keep environment clean. Increase awareness in peoples through interesting programs.

REFRENCES www.google.co.in www.wikipedia.com www.google.com/images www.scribd.com www.slideshare.net www.4shared.com

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