$EVWUDFW-- As wind power penetrations increase in current

power systems. its impacts to conventional thermal unit should

be investigated. Development of better wind-thermal
coordination economic dispatch is necessary to determine the
optimal dispatch scheme that can integrate wind power reliably
and efficiently. In this paper. Genetic Algorithm (GA) is utilized
to coordinate the wind and thermal generation dispatch and to
minimize the total production cost in the economic dispatch
considering wind power generation and valve effect of thermal
units. Ten units system incorporating one wind power plant is
utilized for numerical simulation. Different simulations scenarios
with and without wind power production are simulated.
Simulation result shows the effect of wind power generation in
reducing total fuel cost.
,QGH[ 7HUPV-Economic Dispatch. Greenhouse air. Wind
Power Plant. valve effect. Genetic Algorithm.
I. INTRODUCTION
ITH increasing Iuel prices and environmental concerns.
the governments all over the world has commissioned
research and application on renewable energy
applications under the consideration oI diversiIying energy
sources |1.2|. Many country set up their renewable energy
target. As the Iourth largest economic entity consumes the
second largest energy. currently. China`s maior energy source
is coal. The coal consumption in 2004 is 2.22 billion tons and
this number is scheduled to reach 2.8 billion tons in 2020.
This is obviously environmentally unacceptable since
byproduct such as acid rain has led to substantial economy
and environment loss. Moreover. as the second largest
greenhouse air producer. government oI China knows it Ior
sure that the emission greenhouse air is not unlimited even
though the Kyoto Protocol does not restrict the emission oI
developing country yet.
In order to Iacilitate sustainable development. the Chinese
Government has emphasis the energy policy Ior environment
protection in its eleventh-Iive-year-plan |3|. According to plan.
the CO2 emission should be reduced by 1.4 billion tons. The
Iirst approach to attain the target is energy saving. Chinese
government has set up a regulation that the high energy
consuming enterprises Iail in energy eIIiciency improving
should be shutdown and the government oIIicial Iail in energy
eIIiciency improving will not get promotion. Such a regulation
can reduce CO2 emission by 168 million ton till 2010 and it
has begun to take eIIects. China saved 1.2 percent oI its
energy consumption in 2006 along. Another approach to

Liu Yong and Shangtao are with Wuhan University. Wuhan. Hubei.
430074. P.R. China.
reduce emission is utilization oI more clean energy. The
nuclear power installation should increase Irom current
7million KW to 42 million KW to reduce greenhouse air
emission. the renewable energy should take up 10 oI electric
power capacity by 2010 (expected 60 GW); 5 oI primary
energy by 2010 and 10 oI primary energy by 2020 |3|.
Among the various renewable energy sources. wind energy
is oI most potential Ior scale-up development. However. it is
also commonly regarded as problematic Ior power system
operation due to its limited predictability and variability |2|.
The output Iluctuation oI wind energy can be compensated by
employing exchange schedules with neighboring systems
when there is only limited penetration distributed generation.
Once the wind power penetration exceeds speciIic scale. the
oIten and only solution is to use conventional generation units
to cover the variability oI wind power.
THE Economic Dispatch (ED) oI electric power generation
is one oI the most important optimization problems in power
system. Its task is to allocate load over the set oI dispatchable
units so that the required power is generated at the least cost.
Since wind power does not consume Iossil Iuel. the Chinese
government has regulated in its Renewable Energy Law that
the Power Grid should buy all electricity produced by
renewable energy plant |4|. ThereaIter. adoption and variation
oI high penetration wind power will have notable impact to
economic dispatch oI power system.
This paper Iocuses on investigating whether the
conventional generation system can balance wind power and
what the wind power will bring to our power system.
Economic dispatch oI a ten units system incorporating a wind
power plant is analyzed using Genetic Algorithm in this paper.
The paper is organized as Iollows. The problem Iormulation is
given in Section II. The GA based solution methodology is
proposed in Section III. Simulation results are analyzed in
section IV and section V concludes the paper.
II. PROBLEM FORMULATION
The ED oI generation in a power system incorporating wind
power plant involves the allocation oI generation among wind
and thermal plants so as to minimize the total production costs
while satisIying various constraints. The generation cost oI
wind power generation is ignored in the optimization process
since renewable energy law regulate that all oI them must be
adopted and there is not Iossil Iuel cost. AIter evaluate the
interrelation between wind power and conventional plant. the
cost oI wind power plant will add up to the total cost. The
obiective oI ED is to minimize the total generation cost oI the
Economic Dispatch oI Power System
Incorporating Wind Power Plant
Liu Yong. Shang Tao
W
159
978-981-05-9423-7 c 2007 RPS
power system within a deIined interval (i.e. 1 hour) while
satisIying various constraints.
The ED problem can be Iormulated as a constrained
optimization problem oI the Iorm
Minimize

=
=
n
i
i i T
P F F
1
) ( (1)
where n is the total number oI generating units; F
T
is the total
generation cost: F
i
is the power generation cost Iunction oI the
ith unit;
Generally. the Iuel cost oI a thermal generation unit is
considered as a second order polynomial Iunction
F
i
(P
i
) a
i
b
i
P
i
c
i
P
i
2
(2)
However. when the generation unit change its output. there
is a nonlinear cost variation due to valve eIIects |5|. The Iuel
cost oI a thermal generation unit considering nonlinear eIIect
oI valve will be a nonlinear Iunction as (3).
F
i
(P
i
) a
i
b
i
P
i
c
i
P
i
2
'e
i
* sin (f
i
* ( P
i
min
- P
i
))' (3)
Where a
i
. b
i
. c
i
. e
i
. and f
i
are the cost coeIIicients oI the ith
generating unit;
This model is subiect to the Iollowing constraints.
- Power balance constraints.
D P
n
i
i
=

=1
(4)
where D is the total demand; P
i
is real power output oI the ith
generating unit. power loss is not considered in this paper.
- Unit capacity constraint:
P
i
min
s P
i
(t) s P
i
max
(5)
where P
i
(t) is the present output power. P
i
min
and P
i
max
are the
minimum and maximum power outputs oI the ith generating
unit. respectively.
In this study. the ramp-rate limits and prohibited operating
zone-constraints as well as the valve-point eIIect. are
considered.
- Ramp-rate limit constraints:
The actual operating range oI all on-line units is restricted
by their corresponding ramp-rate limits. The inequality
constraints due to ramp-rate limits can be written as:
P
i
(t)-P
i
(t-1)sUR
i
(6)
II generation increases:
P
i
(t-1)-P
i
(t)sDR
i
(7)
where P
i
(t) is the present output power and P
i
(t-1) is the
previous output. UR
i
is the upramp limit oI the ith generator
(in units oI megawatts per time period); and DR
i
is the down
ramp limit oI the ith generator (in units oI megawatts per time
period).
III. SOLUTION OF THE PROBLEM USING GA
Economic dispatch oI power generation is a complex and
highly nonlinear optimization problem with heavy equality
and inequality constraints. Recently. as an alternative to the
conventional mathematical approaches. a series oI
optimization techniques such as GA. Tabu Search. Simulated
Annealing. and particle swarm optimization |5-10| are
considered as realistic and powerIul solution schemes to
obtain the global/quasiglobal optimums in ED. In this paper.
canonical GA is utilized Ior economic dispatch oI power
system incorporating wind power generation. The population
size is 500 and the maximum generation is 1000. The GA
adopts elitism selection and single point crossover with
probability oI 0.85. The mutation probability is set to 0.019.
A. Initialization
The control variables are the generation power outputs.
ThereIore. an individual is a vector oI 24 hour output oI n
generation units and it can be described as the Iollowing
matrix structure:

=
n i
in ii in
n i
p p p
p p p
p P p
P
24 24 241
1 1 11
... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ...
(8)
Each P
ii
is randomly initialized satisIying the ramp rate
constraints as Iollows:
) ) 1 ( . min( ) ( ) ) 1 ( . max(
max min
i i i ii i i
UR t P P P Rnd DRi t P P + s s
) .... 1 . ..... 1 ( n i and i = = u
Where Rnd() returns a random uniIorm generation value. m
is the population size and n is number oI generation unit.
B. Fitness Evaluation
Since not all the individuals are applicable. we must Iirst
deIine the Iitness Iunction to evaluate the Iitness oI each
individual in the population. Thus. the Iitness Iunction is
deIined as the reciprocal oI the sum oI the generation cost
Iunction and the penalized demand and prohibited zone
constraints. as Iollows:
n k
PZ PD C
F
k k k
k
.... 1
1
=
+ +
= (9)
where F
k
and C
k
are the Iitness Iunction and the production
cost Ior the kth individual oI the population. respectively. PD
k

and PZ
k
are the penalized demand and the violation against
ramp rape limits. respectively. deIined as Iollows:
2
1
.
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

=
D P K PD
n
i
i k D k
(10)
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

=
n
i
i k Z k
J K PZ
1
.
(11)
where K
D
and K
Z
are the penalty Iactors associated with
power balance and ramp rape constraints. respectively. These
Iactor are turned by trial and they are set to K
D
1 and K
Z
2.5
in the paper.
C. Population Evolution
The evolution oI the population takes place Iollowing the
general GA principles through selection. crossover. and
mutation |16|.
- Selection
160 The 8
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International Power Engineering Conference (IPEC 2007)
AIter the evaluation oI the initial randomly generated
population. the GA begins the creation oI the new generation.
Individual Irom the parent population are selected in pairs
with a probability proportional to their Iitness to replicate and
Iorm oIIspring individual. This selection scheme is known as
Roulette wheel selection.
AIter the selection and iI a probability test is passed. the
parent individuals are combined and mutated in order to Iorm
the oIIspring individuals. Since the encoding oI the
parameters is not the classical binary one. new crossover and
mutation operators must be used.
- Crossover
The crossover probability is set to 0.85.
- Mutation
Every parameter oI the oIIspring undergoes a uniIorm
mutation with a probability oI 0.019.
- Elitism
The previous procedure described Ior the two individual is
repeated until all oI the individual s oI the parent generation
are replaced by the newly Iormed ones. The best individual oI
the parent generation and the best individual Iound in all oI
the previous generations are move directly to the next
generation to improve the overall perIormance.
IV. NUMERICAL SIMULATION
The simulated system contains ten conventional generation
units |1| and the demand oI the system is divided into 24
intervals Ior a whole day. Units data are listed as Table I and
the load demand are listed as Table II. The Iorecast output oI
the wind power generation is shown as Iigure 1. Economic
dispatch is optimized using GA as Section III. Two economic
dispatch scenarios with and without wind turbine generation
are calculated Ior 50 trials. The cost oI the best solution
without wind power generation is 1 037 153 US dollar while
the cost Ior best solution with wind power generation is 997
528 US dollar. The proIit led by wind energy is 39625 US
dollar. In other word. the energy consumption decrease by
3.82 percent. Table III and IV show the details oI the obtained
best solutions in the paper.
TABLE I.
DATA FOR THE TEN UNIT SYSTEM
Unit1 Unit2 Unit3 Unit4 Unit5
Pmax(MW) 470 460 340 300 243
Pmin(MW) 150 135 73 60 73
a($/MWh) 0.00043 0.00063 0.00039 0.00070 0.00079
b($/MWh) 21.60 21.05 20.81 23.90 21.62
c($/h) 958.20 1313.6 604.97 471.60 480.29
e($/h) 450 600 320 260 280
I($/h) 0.041 0.036 0.028 0.052 0.063
UR 80 80 80 50 50
DR 80 80 80 50 50

Unit6 Unit7 Unit8 Unit9 Unit10
Pmax(MW) 160 130 120 80 55
Pmin(MW) 57 20 47 20 55
a($/MWh) 0.00056 0.00211 0.00480 0.10908 0.00951
b($/MWh) 17.87 16.51 23.23 19.58 22.54
c($/h) 601.75 502.70 639.40 455.60 692.40
e($/h) 310 300 340 270 380
I($/h) 0.048 0.086 0.082 0.098 0.094
UR 50 30 30 30 30
DR 50 30 30 30 30
TABLE II.
LOAD DEMAND FOR 24H
Hour Load(MW) Hour Load(MW) Hour Load(MW)
1 1036 9 1924 17 1480
2 1110 10 2072 18 1628
3 1258 11 2146 19 1776
4 1406 12 2220 20 2072
5 1480 13 2072 21 1924
6 1628 14 1924 22 1628
7 1702 15 1776 23 1332
8 1776 16 1554 24 1184


FIGURE 1. AVERAGE WIND ENERGY OUTPUT FOR DIFFERENT INTERVAL
TABLE III.
ECONOMIC DISPATCH SCHEME WITHOUT WIND POWER GENERATION
Time/Unit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 226.6 139.8 250.9 60 122.9 57.2 56.5 47 20 55
2 226.6 219.8 185.1 63.4 122.9 107.1 63.1 47 20 5
3 226.6 229.4 228.2 113.4 122.9 122.5 93.1 47 20 55
4 303.1 309.3 183.6 119.7 122.9 122.5 93.1 47 49.9 55
5 303.2 389.3 164.4 120.4 73.1 122.4 123.1 77 52 55
6 379.9 314.1 208.5 170.4 73.1 160.0 129.6 85.3 52.1 55
7 379.9 394.1 180.0 180.8 122.9 122.4 129.6 85.3 52 55
8 456.5 396.8 204.6 180.8 122.9 122.4 99.7 85.3 52 55
9 379.9 396.8 284.6 230.8 172.7 137.2 129.6 85.3 52.1 55
10 456.5 459.9 297.4 241.2 172.7 152.1 99.7 85.3 52.1 55
11 379.9 460.0 302.3 241.4 222.6 160.0 129.6 115.3 80 55
12 456.5 396.8 308.2 291.2 222.7 160.0 129.6 119.9 80 55
13 456.5 396.8 305.7 241.2 222.6 122.5 129.6 89.9 52.1 55
14 379.9 316.8 339.8 192.4 222.6 122.5 129.6 85.3 80 55
15 379.9 305.8 297.4 178.9 172.7 122.5 128.4 85.3 50.1 55
16 379.9 225.8 297.3 129.1 172.7 90.4 98.4 85.3 20.1 55
17 332 222.3 285.6 120.3 172.7 122.4 93.1 85.3 20 55
18 332 229.5 297.3 169.7 222.4 122.5 93.1 85.3 50 55
19 380 309.5 297.4 182.3 222.6 122.5 99.7 85.3 21.7 55
20 456.5 389.5 297.4 232.1 222.6 122.4 129.6 115.2 51.6 55
21 379.9 350.8 265.6 223.2 222.6 160 129.6 85.3 52.1 55
22 379.9 302.1 185.6 173.3 172.7 122.5 99.6 85.3 52.1 55
23 303.3 222.3 152.4 123.3 122.9 122.5 93.1 85.3 52.1 55
24 303.3 142.3 87.3 120.4 122.9 122.5 93.1 85.3 52 55

TABLE IV.
ECONOMIC DISPATCH SCHEME WITH WIND POWER GENERATION
Time/Unit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 149.2 171.8 73.4 73.6 95.5 124.5 62.0 55.1 76.8 55
The 8
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International Power Engineering Conference (IPEC 2007) 161
2 162.1 137.9 153.4 64.6 145.2 94.8 91.8 70.2 67.1 55
3 241.8 186.2 86.5 114.5 147.2 143.8 104.1 71.1 57.7 55
4 322.4 137.6 166.2 164.8 105.1 94.9 119.7 91.1 77.2 55
5 250.1 216.9 112.0 215.0 145.4 141.6 88.4 118.3 47.3 55
6 330.2 296.8 130.1 264.9 95.3 91.7 99.0 118.4 69.6 55
7 250.0 352.0 210.2 214.8 145.4 141.6 70.0 120.1 71.0 55
8 203.4 431.6 290.3 235.7 161.1 92.9 96.2 120.2 41.6 55
9 283.4 368.6 337.4 234.6 211.0 143.0 126.1 90.4 50.5 55
10 363.4 448.6 339.2 185.8 240.0. 124.0 124.5 109.2 69.3 55
11 429.1 4659 340.5 238.6 235.1 73.9 94.8 118.0 60.2 55
12 470.0 451.0 297.6 282.5 229.2 122.8 121.7 96.1 39.2 55
13 446.1 459.0 340.1 233.1 224.6 72.4 91.6 93.2 22.2 55
14 369.1 388.8 260.1 214.9 241.4 104.6 67.5 103.2 52.3 55
15 435.1 314.0 187.0 179.1 191.1 144.9 78.6 84.3 44.1 55
16 356.1 334.9 136.0 129.0 141.1 115.9 48.1 113.5 28.4 55
17 275.1 254.9 216.9 178.1 96.5 71.5 78.0 107.1 52.8 55
18 355.2 310.0 153.5 228.5 146.0 58.0 47.8 119.2 49.0 55
19 376.5 230.0 233.4 268.6 149.0 108.0 77.5 112.2 79.3 55
20 456.5 310.0 313.2 300.0 117.6 133.4 107.8 105.2 73.0 55
21 376.5 366.5 233.1 296.9 167.5 159.5 89.4 79.5 44.1 55
22 296.4 362.6 153.2 245.8 191.8. 109.8 59.7 60.2 53.1 55
23 217.2 295.8 96.0 197.0 141.5 97.4 85.5 90.4 49.1 55
24 228.1 213.9 87.0 146.1 91.4 121.6 55.0 59.2 77.8 55
V. CONCLUSION
In this paper. we have successIully employed the GA
method to solve the ED problem oI a power system
incorporating a wind generation plant. The GA algorithm has
been demonstrated to have competence in handling highly
nonlinear optimization problem. Many nonlinear
characteristics oI the generator such as ramp rate limits. valve
point zones. and non-smooth cost Iunctions are considered Ior
practical generator operation in the proposed method. The
comparative simulations with/without wind power production
show that total system operating costs and consumption oI
Iossil Iuel can the reduced notably by utilizing wind power
generation.
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162 The 8
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