Gas Laws

Table of Contents:

I. Kinetic Molecular Theory II. Ideal vs. Real Gases III. Vapor Pressure IV. Avogadro's Law V. Boyle's Law VI. Charles' Law VII. Gay-Lussac's Law VIII. Combined Gas Law IX. Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures X. Ideal Gas Law XI. Density of Gases XII. Graham's Law of Diffusion

POWER POINT SLIDES

Gas Laws

I.

Kinetic Molecular Theory

The four tenets (for our purposes) of the KMT of gases

A.

The particles of a gas move in random straight-line motion. check THIS SITE out

B.

The volume of the gas particles themselves are insignificant compared to the volume of the overall container.

C.

The intermolecular forces of attraction (IMF's) between particles are considered negligible (KE>IMF)
Why? gases are typically nonpolar and exhibit extremely weak VanDerWaals forces, higher temp = faster motion

D.

Collisions between particles is considered elastic meaning no energy is lost.

What would happen to gases if this were not true?

II.

Ideal vs. Real Gases

An ideal gas is a gas which obeys all of the tenets of the KMT and adheres to gas law calculations all of the time. There are NO ideal gases because, in truth, gas particles exhibit some IMF's (however small) and can be liquefied under conditions of high pressure and low temperature.

Therefore all gases are real gases which act like ideal gases under all but the aforementioned conditions. The gases with the smallest forces of attraction will be the most ideal, and also the hardest to liquefy. The gases with relatively large forces of attraction will be the least ideal and easiest to liquefy.

MOST IDEAL GAS: #1 He (bp=4K)

#2 H2(bp=20K)

LEAST IDEAL GASES: Rn (bp=211K), NH3(bp=240K), H2O(bp=373K)

III.

Vapor Pressure - CLICK HERE (for applet)

Definition: The upward force exerted by a liquid as it's particles jump into the gaseous phase.
A.

High vapor pressure (v.p.) - liquids with high vapor pressure tend to have relatively weak IMF's therefore jump easily into the gaseous phase.
1.

Examples: Acetone, Ethanol, gasoline, perfumes (notice that all of theses liquids give off a strong odor)

2.

Table H - use this table to determine the v.p. of different

liquids at given temperatures.

B.

Low vapor pressure - liquids with strong IMF's will not readily turn into a gas

C.

Boiling Point - The b.p. of any liquid is the temperature at which it's Vapor Pressure = Atmospheric Pressure

D.

Increasing the temperature of a liquid will increase it's Vapor Pressure.

1.

You will notice that the lower the vapor pressure of a liquid the hotter you will need to heat it to get it to boil. CHALLENGE QUESTION: What are the TWO ways to get a liquid to boil?????

IV.

Avogadro's Law - 1 mole of any gas at STP (273K,

101.3kPa) occupies 22.4 Liters *see derivation under Ideal Gas Law notes.

V.

Boyle's Law
A.

History -

B.

There is an INVERSE relationship between the pressure and volume of a has at constant temperature.

1.

As pressure on a gas increases it's volume will decrease and vice versa.
a.

Example: As the pressure on a gas is doubled it's volume will be reduce to one half.

2.

Any pressure x volume in this sample = constant. =k

PxV

3.

Therefore

P1 x V1 = P2 X V2

a.

PRACTICE PROBLEMS:

(1)

The pressure on 5 L of gas increases from 101.3 kPa to 202.6kPa at constant temperature. What is the new volume it will occupy? 2.5L The sample of gas initially at 2 atm and occupying 6.4L is allowed to expand to 9.6L at constant temperature. What will the new pressure be? 1.33 atm If the pressure on 30L a gas triples its volume will be? 10L

(a)

(2)

b.

ONLINE PRACTICE: CLICK HERE

ONLINE ANIMATION: CLICK HERE

VI.

Charles' Law
A.

History -

B.

There is a DIRECT relationship between the temperature(absolute) and volume of a gas at constant

pressure.

1.

As the temperature of a gas increases it's volume also increases proportionately. Therefore if you double temperature (K) of a gas the volume will also double. Halving the temperature will halve the volume.

2.

You will notice from the graph above that dividing any volume by it's corresponding temperature equals a constant.

Therefore:

3.

Practice Problems:

a.

A 20 L sample of oxygen is heated from 20oC to 40oC at constant pressure. What is the new volume? 21.37L What temperature must a 15 ml sample of gas initially at 600K be changed to to occupy 5 ml? 200K

b.

4.

Online Practice: CLICK HERE

Online Animations: CLICK HERE

5.

Demo: green-fountain--chemistry-experiment.mov

VII.

Gay-Lussac's Law

A.

B.

This is the same relationship as Charles' Law therefore the equation and the graph will be synonymous.

C.

Practice Problem

1.

The temperature on a gas at 50 kPa, at constant volume, is raised from 200oC to 400oC. What is the new pressure in kPa, torr? 71.1 kPa , 533.7 torr

D.

Cool online animation CLICK HERE

E.

Green Fountain Demo CLICK HERE

VIII.

The Combined Gas Law

The Combined Gas Law is nothing more than the combination of the three laws we have just discussed. In most circumstances it is

preferable to simply use the CGL when answering questions about temp, volume and pressure of any gaseous sample. It has the advantage of being able to incorporate changing two variables at once and still being able to calculate for the third. If anything is held constant, simply cross that out of the equation.

A.

Practice Problems:
1.

A 100ml sample of gas initially at 200K and 2 atm is heated to 400K and the pressure is reduced to 1 atm. What will the new volume be? The volume of a gas-filled balloon is 30.0 L at 313 K

2.

and 153 kPa. What would the volume be at STP?

IX.

Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure

A.

Dalton's law of partial pressures states that the total pressure exerted by a gaseous mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each individual component in a gas mixture. This empirical law was observed by John Dalton in 1801 and is related to the ideal gas laws.
same John Dalton who proposed the idea of the "atom") (This is the

B.

Ptotal = P1 + P2 + . . . Pn
of gases P1, P2, P3, etc. are the partial pressures (in the same units) of Pt is the total pressure of a sample which contains a mixture

the gases in the mixture

It is important to understand that the partial pressure, as well as partial volume is a direct result of the molar ratio (fraction) of each gas.

C.

Example:
1.

A sample of gas contains 1 mole O2 and 1 mole He and 2 moles of N2 at STP. What are the partial pressures of each component?

D.

Gas Collection over Water:

1.

2.

In order to ensure that a sample of gas will contain only the gas you are intending they are typically collected through water displacement, or "over water." However, there is an unavoidable problem. The gas will contain some water vapor due to the vapor pressure of water at that temperature. This means that the total pressure inside the bottle is the sum of two pressures - the gas itself and the added water vapor.

WE DO NOT WANT THE WATER VAPOR PRESSURE.

So we get rid of it by subtraction.

Pdry gas = Ptotal - Pwater vapor cool video click HERE

Table H

For

PRACTICE PROBLEMS:
3.

A sample of hydrogen gas is collected over water at 14.0

o

C. The pressure of the resultant mixture is 113.0 kPa.

What is the pressure that is exerted by the dry hydrogen alone? Pdry gas =835.8mmHg

4.

A mixture of oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen gases exerts a total pressure of 278 kPa. If the partial pressures of the oxygen and the hydrogen are 112 kPa and 101 kPa respectively, what would be the partial pressure exerted by the nitrogen? Pnitrogen = 65 kPa

5.

130 mls. of oxygen gas is collected over water at 22oC and 753torr. What is the volume of the dry gas alone?

Step 1- from table H we determine the v.p. of H2O= 6kPa or

45 torr. PT = PO2 + PH2O PO2 = 753 torr - 45 torr PO2 = 708 torr

Step 2- VO2 = (708 torr / 753 torr) x 130mls VO2 = 122.2 mls.

Follow-up question: What volume would this gas occupy at STP?

Using the CGL and the answer from above: VO2 = 119 mls

X.

Ideal Gas Law

Only ONE set of conditions are given, Moles or mass of a gas is given/asked.

A.

PV=nRT
The ideal gas law is used when:
1. 2.

Only ONE set of conditions are given Moles or mass of a gas is given/asked

B.

C.

These units are derived according to which pressure value

is given: R = PV/nT

D.

Avogadro's Law:

E.

Practice Problems:
1.

What is the volume of 3.00 moles of Cl2 at 300. torr and 500. K? 312L What would the pressure be on 10.0g H2 if it occupied 20.L at a temp. of -100.0oC? 3.5atm, 360kPa, 2700torr

2.

F.

Online Practice: CLICK HERE

XI.

Density of Gases
A.

At STP the density calculation is quite simple. We can use the formula D = m/V Since all gases will occupy 22.4L (avogadro's Law) calculating density is simply a matter of

substituting in the gases molar mass. Densities of common gases at STP:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

DCO2 = 44 g / 22.4 L = 1.96 g/L DO2 = 32 g / 22.4 L = 1.43 g/L DN2 = 28 g / 22.4 L = 1.25 g/L DXe = 131.3 g / 22.4 L = 5.86 g/L DHe = 4 g / 22.4 L = .18 g/L

B.

If a gas is not at STP you need to incorporate the Ideal Gas Law as well.
1. 2.

D=m*P/n*R*T D = m.w. * P / R * T

(in terms of mass and moles) or (in terms of m.w.)

C.

Practice problems:
1.

What is the density of hydrogen sulfide gas if the pressure is 205kPa and the temperature is 220K? 3.8 g/L

2.

Two moles of a gas at 150 K have a density of 2 g/L and a mass of 45g. What is the pressure of the system? 5.84 L

3.

What is the density of ammonia gas at 683 torr and 250.1K?

0.744 g/L

XII.

Graham's Law of Diffusion

A.

Diffusion is the ability of a gas to pass through a medium from high to low concentration.

B.

The diffusion rate of gases are directly related to their molar masses, the SMALLER a gas the FASTER it diffuses through a medium.

C.

D.

Think running backs in football. Small and agile guys get through the line faster than bigger, more bumbling ones.