Capacity development in gender equality in context of decentralization/local governance reforms - Literature reiew I - CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT

EVALUATION BACKGROUND PAPERS 1) Douglas Horton, Anastasia Alexaki, Samuel Bennett-Lartey, Kim Nole Brice, Dindo Campilan, Fred Carden, Jos de Souza Silva, Le Thanh Duong, Ibrahim Khadar, Albina Maestrey Boza, Imrul Kayes Muniruzzaman, Jocelyn Perez, Matilde Somarriba Chang, Ronnie Vernooy, and Jamie Watts. 2003. International Service for National Agricultural Research (ISNAR), the Netherlands; International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Canada; and ACP-EU Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA), the Netherlands.

The book focuses on evaluating capacity development and concentrates on a Holistic Approach to Organizational Capacity Development. It is very informative when looking for more effective ways of supporting CD, and also, when organizing or managing a capacity development program or with evaluating one. The ideas and examples in this book move the evaluation field forward significantly. As noted in opening this foreword, the contributors have taken seriously the idea that every evaluation of a capacity development effort should itself contribute to the capacity development effort and ultimately to the organizations performance. Thats a high standard to meet, but especially in the developing world, where resources are so scarce, aiming at multiple levels and kinds of impacts is crucial. Evaluation is too valuable and scarce a resource to be wasted just producing reports. This book shows that a greater impact and broader vision is both needed in theory and possible in practice. ___________________________________________________________________________ 2) George Larbi, Paul Jackson,Sarah House, Ato Ghartey. April 2005. April 2005.Capacity Development Outcome Evaluation, Field-testing of the Methodology. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Denmark. Ato Ghartey Associates Ltd. The report can be downloaded through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs homepage www.um.dk or directly from the Evaluation Departments homepage www.evaluation.dk This report presents the evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of the Capacity Development Outcome Evaluation (CDOE) methodology. It is based on the experience of applying the methodology to two Danida-supported programmes in

Ghana: the Water Sector Programme and the Decentralization Programme. The study was undertaken in the period July to September 2004. The report forms part of the outputs of the last step (testing the methodology) of the CDOE project. ___________________________________________________________________________ CAPACITY DEVELOPEMENT FOR DECENTRALIZATION AND LOCAL GOVERNANCE 1) Christiane Loquai and Sonia Le Bay (2007). Building capacities for monitoring and evaluating decentralization and local Governance Experiences, challenges, perspectives. In Brief 19. European Centre for Development Policy Management. (VERY IMPORTANT as a background paper) http://www.ecdpm.org/Web_ECDPM/Web/Content/Download.nsf/0/F5FC6047E9E 3F5F3C12573F30038161B/$FILE/0014_InBrief%2019_ENG%20final%20approved%2 0version.pdf This InBrief is aimed to stimulate the debate on developing local capacities to monitor and evaluate decentralization and local governance processes. It draws on the results of action research jointly conducted by the Malian Ministry of Territorial Administration and Local Government (MATCL) and the Rseau de Rflexion et dchanges sur le Dveloppement Local (REDL), a Bamako-based network of development organizations. The SNV Netherlands Development Organization-Mali and ECDPM were asked to facilitate this process of joint stock-taking and analysis, which resulted, among other outputs, in the publication of eleven case studies presenting experiences and study results from six West African countries. Key Literature Ciss, F. in collaboration with S. Diakit and H. Sidib. 2007. Mali, Public perceptions as a barometer of local governance. Bamako: MATCL, REDL, SNV, ECDPM. Commission/EuropeAid. 2007. Supporting decentralization and local governance in third countries. (Tools and Methods Series, Reference Document No. 2). Luxemburg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. Hilhorst, T. and I. Guijt. 2006. Participatory monitoring and evaluation: A process to support governance and empowerment at the local level. A guidance paper. Amsterdam: Royal Tropical Institute. Loquai, C. and S. Le Bay. 2005. Building capacities for monitoring and evaluating decentralization and local governance in West Africa. Facilitating capitalization and learning. Methodological guidance for the preparation of case studies. Bamako: MATCL, REDL, SNV, ECDPM.

Reyes, C.M. and L.E. Valencia. 2004. Poverty reduction, decentralization and community-based monitoring systems. In: The evolving roles of CBMS amidst changing environments. Proceedings of the 2004 CBMS Network Meeting, June 1624, 2004, Senegal and Burkina Faso edited by CBMS Network Coordinating Team. http://www.pep-et.org/NEWPEP/Group/CBMS/Proceedings/PEP_CBMS _June2004.pdf Sbahara, P. 2004. Monitoring and evaluation of support for decentralization and local governance: A case study on Burkina Faso. (Inbrief No. 7). Maastricht: European Centre for Development Policy Management. Maastricht: ECDPM. www.ecdpm.org/inbrief7 Steinich, M. 2000. Monitoring and evaluating support to decentralization: Challenges and dilemmas. (Discussion Paper No. 19). Maastricht: ECDPM. www.ecdpm.org/dp19

Watson, D. 2006. Monitoring and Evaluation of Capacity and Capacity Development. A case study prepared for the project Capacity, Change and Performance. (Discussion Paper No. 58b). Maastricht: ECDPM. www.ecdpm.org/dp58b ________________________________________________________________________ 2) Nils Boesen. Draft,14.12.2007. Donor approaches to Capacity Development, Governance and Management for Development Results. Boesen,+MFDR+CD+andgovernance.pdf This note briefly describes current approaches among donors to Capacity Development (CD), Governance and Management for Development Results (MfDR) and discusses the links and overlaps between them. ___________________________________________________________________________ 3) European Commission. November 2008. Toolkit for Capacity Development in a Sector Context. The Toolkit is in particular designed to increase demand-orientation and effectiveness of capacity development support, including technical cooperation (TC). The Toolkit also provides guidance for assessing capacity and help partners to development strategies and programmes for capacity development. It is thus complementary to the Guidelines on Technical Cooperation and Programme Implementation Arrangements.

___________________________________________________________________________ 4) OECD. 2006. The Challenge of Capacity Development: Working towards Good Practice. DAC Guidelines and Reference Series A DAC Reference Document. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development http://www.dpwglgd.org/cms/upload/pdf/the_challenge_of_capacity_development.pdf The paper discusses the growing consensus on aid effectiveness and capacity, and mentions that in reviews of aid effectiveness, the development of capacity is invariably recognized as one of the most critical issues for both donors and partner countries. The 2005 Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness highlights the need for significantly enhanced support for country efforts to strengthen governance and improve development performance. In this context, the Declaration calls for capacity development to be an explicit objective of national development and poverty reduction strategies. The reports of the UN Millennium Project and the Commission for Africa are among those challenging the world to treat capacity development with greater urgency. In Africa, the New Partnership for Africas Development (NEPAD) has identified capacity constraints as a major obstacle to sustainable development. All sides acknowledge that, without sufficient country capacity, development efforts in many of the poorest countries are unlikely to succeed, even if they are supported with substantially enhanced funding. ___________________________________________________________________________ 5) UNDP. September 3-6 2007. Concept Note. Regional Workshop and CoP meeting on: Poverty Reduction, Capacity Development and Local Governance. Sharm el Sheikh. United Nations Development Programme, Sub-Regional Resource Facility - Arab States. This concept note reveals the prospects of Human Development and MDG achievement for the Arab region. They mention the quality and benefits of the program, but also they strengthen that the prospects are also extremely varied and greater efforts are needed if the region is to achieve the MDGs in 2015. A crosspractice approach to support Human Development and MDG achievement will ensure holistic multi-sectoral support to address individual targets within a regional context, and maximize impact. Such a cross-practice approach takes three issues into consideration: poverty reduction, local governance, and capacity development. These issues are vital for the Arab region. Poverty in the region is a priority; trends indicate that poverty rates are still high in many countries, and that wealth disparities are growing. Capacity development is today the most pressing development challenge in the process of strengthening national capacities to end the vicious circle of poverty, inequality and environmental degradation. The region also needs to understand better how to implement local governance reforms, through decentralization and increased representation and participation. Without coordinated action to address

these challenges, the region may not meet its MDG targets. Additionally, during the event gender dimensions will be underlined throughout, and specifically the issues of gender, poverty and pro-poor policies. There will also be a display of the Gender Mobile Resource Unit (GMRU) which displays gender-responsive documents related to each topic addressed during this workshop and CoP launch. Local development, representing the intersection of UNDPs Local Governance and Poverty Reduction practices, is one tool to ensure sustainable MDG achievement. However, local development actors must first internalize capacity development concepts, methods and tools to formulate, support and implement national and local development strategies aimed at achieving the MDGs. ___________________________________________________________________________ 6) Vicky McKinnon NPSIA intern under the supervision of Ral Lavergne. April 20, 2005. Identification of Goal and Outcome Statements in Capacity Development Projects. CIDA. This paper aims to look at the issue of what CIDA supports - the bulk of its work according to a recent stocktaking (Lavergne et al. 2004) It is improved performance through capacity development (CD). Under this model of development cooperation, the emphasis is on supporting, stimulating or catalyzing processes of change in partner countries leading to improved performance by individuals, organizations and institutions in the satisfaction of socio-economic needs. This paper aims to look at the issue from an operational perspective. ___________________________________________________________________________ 7) OECD/DAC. 2006. Harmonizing Donor Practices for Effective Aid Delivery. Volume 2: BUDGET SUPPORT, SECTOR WIDE APPROACHES AND CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT IN PUBLIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT. DAC Guidelines and Reference Series. www.oecd.org/dac/harmonisingpractices Effective public finance management, including the management of aid flows, is crucial to countries making progress in reducing poverty. Weaknesses in public financial management often reflect underlying interests and incentives, and the reform and strengthening of public financial management requires high-level political leadership and support as well as technical skills. For all these reasons, public financial management is likely to remain at the centre of dialogue between aid agencies and partner country governments. At the same time, donors have both a developmental and a fiduciary interest in the quality of their partners public financial management. In many countries, especially the poorest ones, aid is a substantial share of public resources; yet donor practices have often inadvertently undermined governments public financial management systems. The good practice presented in this volume shows how donor practices can instead reinforce, and strengthen the capacity of, public financial management in partner countries. It is

based on the work of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) Working Party on Aid Effectiveness. Building on the guiding principles presented in a first volume published by the OECD in 2003, this volume shows how the donor role is to support, not to substitute for, national efforts to strengthen public financial management. Delivering aid through partner public financial management systems should be at the core of donor support strategies. These should be sensitive to country contexts, make better use of shared analysis and provide more predictable aid within an explicit, government owned framework that is strategic and programmatic. Key Literature European Commission (2003), Guidelines for European Commission Support to Sector Programmes, Version 1.0, EuropeAid Office for Cooperation, February. Lavergne, Ral and Anneli Alba (2003), CIDA Primer on Program-Based Approaches, Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), www.sti.ch/pdfs/swap315e.pdf, OECD (2003), Harmonising Donor Practices for Effective Aid Delivery, DAC Guidelines and Reference Series, OECD, Paris. SPA (2001), Conclusions of the Joint Meeting of the ECA PRSP Learning Group and the SPA Technical Group, Addis Ababa, 7 November, p. 2. ___________________________________________________________________________

II - DECENTRALIZATION AND GOVERNANCE BACKGROUND PAPERS 1) Foundations for Local Governance. 2008. Book edited by Springer. ISBN 9783790820065. The book can be ordered through http://bookstore.ellibs.com/book/9783790820065

This book aims to present an empirical investigation on local governance in six developing countries by adopting an actor perspective. It pays attention to how divergent stakeholders interact dynamically within the changing politico-legal structures, collaborating sometimes and competing at other times in order to address common issues in localities. This actor perspective is likely to prove more useful than the conventional legal-structural assessments, because it reveals the quality of interactions in partnerships among diverse stakeholders. Successful partnerships are likely to result in pro-poor outcomes in developing countries. This perspective is applied to case studies in six developing countries: India (specifically focusing on Kerala State); Indonesia; Sri Lanka; Uganda; South Africa; and Ghana. Table of Contents 1. Decentralization and Local Governance: Introduction and Overview. Fumihiko Saito. 2. Indonesia towards Decentralization and Democracy. Deddy T. Tikson 3. Entangled Democracy, Decentralization and Lifeworld in Flores under Global Trends. Eriko Aoki 4. Redesigning Local Governance in India: Lessons from the Kerala Experiment K. N. Harilal 5. Contrasting Experiences of Decentralization in Two States in India. Chihiro Saito, Rika Kato 6. Challenges of Moving into a Devolved Polity in Sri Lanka. Asoka Gunawardena, Weligamage D. Lakshman 7. Politics and Local Government in Uganda. Frederick Golooba-Mutebi 8. Possibility of Creating a Deliberative Solution in Uganda. Fumihiko Saito 9. Democratic Decentralization in Post-Apartheid South Africa. Purshottama Reddy, Brij Maharaj 10. The Challenges of Deepening Democracy in Post-Apartheid South Africa Chris Tapscott. 11. The Balance Sheet of Decentralization in Ghana. Joseph R. A. Ayee 12. Potential and Limitation of Local Radio in Information Accessibility in Ghana Kingsley Senyo Agomor, Minoru Obayashi 13. Conclusions Fumihiko Saito ___________________________________________________________________________ 2) Merilee S. Grindle. 2007. Going Local: Decentralization, Democratization, and the Promise of Good Governance. (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2007). BOOK Order a book. http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8425.html This is a study of decentralization from the perspective of its local consequences. The book ventures inside town hall, exploring the diverse activities of public officials as they seek to manage a variety of tasks amidst conflicting pressures and new expectations for local government. It explores how, why, and when better local

governance emergesor doesntand the implications of structural change for achieving the public good. ___________________________________________________________________________ 3) Manor, J., 2004, 'Democratization with Inclusion: Political Reforms and People's Empowerment at the Grassroots', Journal of Human Development, volume 5, issue 1, pp. 5 -29.

http://www.gsdrc.org/go/display/document/legacyid/1109In recent years, many governments in developing countries have undertaken political reforms to promote the empowerment and inclusion of ordinary people, especially the poor. However, this process has not automatically benefited poor people. This Journal of Human Development article reviews these reforms and looks at how they can be measured and facilitated. ___________________________________________________________________________ 4) Hofman, B. and Cordeira Guerra, S. (2004): Ensuring Inter-Regional Equity and Poverty Reduction, ISP Working Paper Number 04-11, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University. ___________________________________________________________________________ 5) Jutting, J., Kauffman, C., McDonnell, I., Osterrieder, H., Pinaud, N. & Wegner, L. (2004): Decentralisation and Poverty in Developing Countries: Exploring the Impact, OECD Development Centre Working Paper No. 236. ___________________________________________________________________________ 6) Jutting, J., Corsi, E. & Stockmayer, A. (2005): Decentralisation and Poverty Reduction, OECD Development Centre Policy Insight No. 5. ___________________________________________________________________________ 7) OECD (2004): Lessons Learned on Donor Support to Decentralisation and Local Governance, DAC Evaluation Series, OECD. http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/46/60/30395116.pdf ___________________________________________________________________________ 8) Steffensen, J. & Tidemand, P. (2004): A Comparative Analysis of Decentralisation in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. ___________________________________________________________________________ 9) Wanyande, P. (2004): Decentralization and Local Governance: A Conceptual and Theoretical Discourse, in Regional Development Dialogue, Vol. 25, No. 1, Spring 2004, UNCRD.

___________________________________________________________________________ 10) OECD (2004): Lessons Learned on Donor Support to Decentralisation and Local Governance, OECD DAC Evaluation Series, DAC Network on Development Evaluation. http://www.oecd.org/LongAbstract/0,2546,en_2649_33721_30395117_1_1_1_1, 00.html

___________________________________________________________________________ POLICY PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION 1) Department for I n t e r n a t i o n a l D e v e l o p m e n t. May 2002. Decentralization and Governance. Overseas Development Institute. Key Sheets are available on the Internet at: www.odi.org.uk/keysheets/ or through the websites of DFID and the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs This key sheet deals mainly with the administrative and fiscal aspects of decentralization. Key literature De Mello, L., and M. Barenstein (2001) Fiscal Decentralization and Governance: A Cross-country Analysis. IMF Working Paper 01/71. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund. IULA (2001) Local Governments Working for Gender Equality. The Hague: IULA. Litvack, J., J. Ahmad, and R. Bird (1998) Rethinking Decentralization in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: The World Bank Sector Studies Series. Manor, J. (1999) The Political Economy of Democratic Decentralization. Washington, DC: World Bank Directions in Development Series. Schneider, H. (1999) Participatory Governance: The Missing Link for Poverty Reduction. OECD Development Centre Policy Brief 17. Paris: OECD.

World Bank (1999) Beyond the Centre: Decentralizing the State. Washington, DC: The World Bank. ___________________________________________________________________________ 2) European Commision. January 2007. Supporting Decentralization and Local Governance in Third Countries. Reference Document 2.

The European Commission (EC), much like other donor agencies, is providing growing levels of funds to support decentralization and local governance in many parts of the world. This is still a relatively new area of work for the European Commission. Staff involved in direct or indirect support to decentralization and local governance, struggle with many thorny how to questions. In order to respond to this need, the European Commission took the initiative to produce a Reference Document that should serve as a practical tool to help EC staff to better understand the politics of decentralization and local governance processes; to support the formulation and implementation of nationally and locally owned decentralization policies; and to improve the coherence between the sector support being provided by the European Commission (e.g. in health or education) and ongoing decentralization processes. ___________________________________________________________________________ 3) Hans Bjrn Olsen November 2007. DECENTRALIZATION AND LOCAL GOVERNANCE. MODULE 1: DEFINITIONS AND CONCEPTS. The Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation SDC has been implementing projects in support to decentralization and local governance for about 15 years. Today, around 2/3 of SDCs country programmes include a support to local governance and/or decentralization. For this reason, an independent evaluation of SDCs achievements on Decentralization and local governance took place in 20062007. One of the recommendations of this evaluation was to carry out a capitalization of SDCs experiences in this field. SDCs Governance Division has been charged with implementing this recommendation and has planned a twostep process: first to clarify concepts; and secondly, to identify SDCs practical lessons learnt in this field. The present document has 3 main objectives: To further a common understanding about concepts linked to decentralization and local governance within SDC (HQs and field). To give basic conceptual elements for capacitybuilding activities in decentralization. The document does not pretend to be an academically precise paper, but rather a short and succinct presentation of the various concepts. ___________________________________________________________________________ http://www.dege.biz/Reports.html This webpage is very useful in relation to Decentralization aspects. Dege Consult is specialized in management consultancy within the field of public sector reforms and decentralization. They have been working in Tanzania, Ghana, Uganda and Kenya. The company was registered August 2004 under Tanzanian law with Tanzanian majority shareholders as a company limited and office in Tanzania remains as head quarter although they are also with company registration in Denmark under Danish

law (anpartselskab) since 2005 and with presence in Brussels (Belgium). The founding partners brought decades of specialized experiences into the Company. ___________________________________________________________________________ 4) Caleb Opon. 2008. POLICY ISSUES FOR DECENTRALIZED GOVERNANCE IN KENYA. Governance Programme. ActionAid Kenya Discussion paper. Draft Copy: Not for Citation, Quotation.

This study is a broad review of constitutional and related documents leading to the proposal of new policy approaches on shared governance building on the National Accord and Reconciliation Agreement (NARA). The policy recommendations made offers a coherent and coordinated approach to further the cause of decentralization reform all through to implementation. ___________________________________________________________________________ GENERAL 1) The World Bank Washington, D.C. 2008. Decentralization in Client Countries An Evaluation of World Bank Support, 19902007. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank http://www.dpwg-lgd.org/cms/upload/pdf/WB-Dez.pdf (Very Relevant). Great literature review and most of the papers are related to decentralization and governance **************** Decentralization shifts responsibility and accountability for the delivery of public services to subnational (state, provincial, district, or local) levels of government, aiming to help improve service delivery and local governance. Since the 1990s, the World Bank has devoted an increasing share of its financing to support its client countries decentralization efforts. To assess the results of such interventions, IEG reviewed Bank support for decentralization in 20 developing countries between fiscal years 1990 and 2007. This period had associated lending of about $22 billion, covering roughly half of all lending that included support for decentralization. IEGs evaluation did not attempt any systematic assessment of the costs and benefits of decentralization in client countries, noting that in many cases, the countries had made a political decision to decentralize well before requesting and receiving World Bank support. The evaluation confirms that there is no single approach that can be considered in supporting decentralization across widely varying country situations. Solutions need to be tailored to country-specific contexts and driven by a commitment to reform at all levels of government. Even then, outcomes are sensitive to and positively associated with aspects such as subnational government capacity and political will. That said, a number of directions emerge for seeking greater effectiveness of Bank support. One aspect concerns the need to ensure a crosscutting understanding of the decentralization process, which will help to ensure

consistent and coherent support across sector units. Another area of importance is each governments commitment to reform in this area, together with the need to strengthen capacity, including at local levels. Finally, it pays for countries to develop results based frameworks to help assess the outcomes of reforms and the support for decentralization.

III - GOVERNANCE

GENERAL 1) Pro-poor Urban governance. Lessons from LIFE 1992 2005. Democratic Governance Group, Bureau for Development Policy United Nations Development Programme. http://www.undp.org/governance/docs/DLGUD_Pub_lifebook.pdf This publication is primarily intended to report on, after over a decade of implementation, LIFEs experiences in strengthening participatory local governance to improve the conditions under which the urban poor live. It thus complements a 1997 publication on the first five years of LIFEs lessons. This publication seeks to inform those who are involved in making large-scale, sustainable improvements to the urban environment to benefit the urban poor. It is aimed at local governance actors, from civil society and local government, who daily face and address the challenges of urban environment and urban governance; the staff of development organizations and donor governments who must constantly inform their investment strategies and priorities; and national and global policy-makers who must oversee the process of policy change to reflect the lessons of experience. It is also intended for LIFE members, partners and affiliates to reflect on the achievements of the programme and the challenges it faces as they look to the future. LIFE uses a unique upstream-downstream-upstream methodology centered on small-scale grants to support local solutions, local empowerment and local governance. The methodology is so named because it begins upstream at the policy-making level, to formulate a national framework and strategy for identifying and prioritizing urban environmental objectives, and to create a partnership structure for implementing and managing the national LIFE programme. It then moves downstream to the local community level, to select and provide small grants to local entities for participatory environmental projects in poor urban neighbourhoods.

Limitations: centered in urban development, but still an excellent resource. ___________________________________________________________________________ 2) The Advisory Board for Irish Aid. February 2008. Good governance, aid modalities and poverty reduction. From better theory to better practice. Final Synthesis Report. Research project (RP-05-GG) (VERY RELEVANT)********Good Literature Review from around the Globe: Studies, Evaluations & Reports

http://www.dpwglgd.org/cms/upload/pdf/Good_governance_Aid_modalities_and_Poverty_reductio n_Final_Synthesis.pdf The report deals with the challenges implicit in the commitment of leading donor agencies, including Irish Aid, to deliver aid for development in ways that help poor countries to own their development efforts, by using and helping to strengthen their policy-making capacities and management systems. This is the rationale of General Budget Support and other new aid modalities linked to so-called Programme-Based Approaches. It is also at the centre of the vision of the 2005 Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness. This approach is strongly grounded in experience and theory, but the practice has proven problematic in a number of respects, raising a series of questions for researchers and development agencies alike. These are addressed in first half of the report (Part 1). If countries are to assume ownership of their development processes, changes in the way they are governed are also required. What this implies donor policies and programming is explored in Part 2. Key Literature Cammack, Diana, Fred Golooba-Mutebi, Fidelis Kanyongolo and Tam ONeil (2007). Neopatrimonial Politics, Decentralisation and Local Government: Uganda and Malawi in 2006, ABIA Project Working Paper 2. Court, Julius, and Verena Fritz, with E. Gyimah-Boadi (2007) Measuring Governance: What Guidance for Aid Policy? ABIA Project Working Paper 5. Grimm, Sven, with E. Gyimah-Boadi (2007) Regional Organisations and Incentives to Improve Governance: The APRM Experience, with Particular Reference to Ghana, Draft working paper for ABIA Project, Bonn: German Development Institute. Armon, Jeremy (2007) Aid, Politics, and Development: A Donor Perspective. Development Policy Review, 25(5): 653-656.

Arndt, C. and Oman, C. (2006) Uses and Abuses of Governance Indicators. Paris: OECD. Batley, Richard (2004) The Politics of Service Delivery Reform, Development and Change, 35(1): 31-56. Booth, David, Malcolm McNeil; Enrique Mendizabal and Lauren Phillips (2007) Interim Evaluation of DFIDs Regional Assistance Plan for Latin America, London: ODI, Jan (http://www.dfid.gov.uk/pubs/files/rap-evallatin.pdf). Booth, David; Diana Cammack; Jane Harrigan; Edge Kanyongolo; Mike Mataure and Naomi Ngwira (2006b) Drivers of Change and Development in Malawi, London: ODI, Working Paper 261, Jan. Booth, David; Richard Crook; E. Gyimah-Boadi; Tony Killick and Robin Luckham, with Nana Boateng (2005) What Are the Drivers of Change in Ghana? Accra: Center for Democratic Development, CDD/ODI Policy Brief 1, Nov. Bratton, Michael and W. Cho (2006) Where is Africa Going? Views from Below, The Afrobarometer Network, Working Paper 60. Burnell, Peter (ed.) (2000) Democracy Assistance: International Co-operation for Democratization. London: Frank Cass. Chakravarti, Ashok (2005) Aid, Institutions and Development, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Chang, Ha-Joon (2002) Development Strategy in Historical Perspective. London: Anthem Press. Chang, Ha-Joon (ed.) (2007) Institutional Change and Economic Development, London: Anthem Press. COWI and IDS (2005) Lessons Learned on the Use of Power and Drivers of Change Analyses in Development Cooperation, Paris: OECD DAC Govnet, Room Document 5, Oct. Coyle, Erin, and Andrew Lawson (2006) World Bank Incentives for Harmonisation and Alignment: Final Synthesis Report, Report to the World Bank, London: ODI, processed.

Crook, Richard (2003) Decentralisation and Poverty Reduction in Africa: The Politics of Local-Central Relations, Public Administration and Development, 23: 77-88. de Renzio, Paolo, with David Booth, Andrew Rogerson and Zaza Curran (2005). Incentives for Harmonisation and Alignment in Aid Agencies, London: ODI, Working Paper 248. de Renzio, Paolo (2006) The Primacy of Domestic Politics and the Dilemmas of Aid: What Donors Can Do in Ethiopia and Uganda, London: ODI Opinion 65, Feb. Dervis, Kemal (2006) Governance and Development, Journal of Democracy, 17(4): 153-159. DFID (2007) Governance, Development, and Democratic Politics: DFIDs Work to Build More Effective States. London: DFID. DFID (2007) Governance, Development and Democratic Politics: DFIDs Work in Building More Effective States, London: Department for International Development. Doig, A., D. Watt and R. Williams (2005) Measuring Success in Five African Anti-Corruption Commissions: The Cases of Ghana, Malawi, Tanzania, Uganda & Zambia, Bergen: U4. Foster, Mick, and Jennifer Leavy (2001) The Choice of Financial Aid Instruments, London: Overseas Development Institute, Working Paper 158. Franois, Monika, and Inder Sud (2006) Promoting Stability and Development in Fragile and Failed States, Development Policy Review, 24(2), March. Fritz, Verena, and Alina Rocha Menocal (2007a) Developmental States in the New Millennium: Concepts and Challenges for a New Aid Agenda, Development Policy Review, 25(5), Sept. Gray, Hazel (2007) Governance for Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction: Empirical Evidence and New Directions Reviewed, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, draft, June. Grindle, Merilee (2002a) Good Enough Governance: Poverty Reduction and Reform in Developing Countries, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University.

Grindle, Merilee (2002b) Despite the Odds: The Political Economy of Social Sector Reform in Latin America in Christopher Abel and Colin M. Lewis (eds.) Exclusion and Engagement: Social Policy in Latin America, London: Institute of Latin American Studies. Grindle, M. (2007) Good Enough Governance Revisited, Development Policy Review, 25(5): 533-574. Herbert, Ross, and Steven Gruzd (2007) Taking Stock of the African Peer Review Mechanism, South African Journal of International Affairs, 14(1), Summer/Autumn. High-Level Forum (HLF) (2005) Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness, Paris, March. Jtting, J., C. Kauffmann, I. MacDonnell, H. Osterrieder, N. Pinaud and L. Wegner (2004) Decentralisation and Poverty Reduction in Developing Countries: Exploring the Impact. Paris: OECD, Working Paper 236, DEV/DOC(2004)05. Kaufmann, D., A. Kraay, A. and P. Zoido-Lobaton (1999) Governance Matters, Washington D.C.: World Bank. Kaufmann, D., A. Kraay, A. and P. Zoido-Lobaton (2002) Governance Matters II: Updated Indicators for 2000/01, Washington D.C.: World Bank, Policy Research Working Paper 2772. Khan, Mushtaq (2006) Governance, Economic Growth and Development since the 1960s: Background Paper for the World Economic and Social Survey 2006. New York: UNDESA. Knack, S. and A. Rahman (2004) Donor Fragmentation and Bureaucratic Quality in Aid Recipients, Washington, DC: World Bank, Policy Research Working Paper 3186 Kramer, M./U4 (2007) Corruption and Fraud in International Aid Projects. U4 Brief. Bergen: Christian Michelsen Institute. Lockwood, Matthew (2005) The State Theyre In: An Agenda for International Action on Poverty in Africa, London: ITDG Publishing. McGillivray, M., S. Feeny, N. Hermes, and R. Lensink (2005) It Works; It Doesnt; It Can, But That Depends50 Years of Controversy over the

Macroeconomic Impact of Development Aid, Helsinki: UNU-Wider Research Paper No. 2005/54. Manning, Richard (2006) Will Emerging Donors Change the Face of International Co-operation, Development Policy Review, 24(4), July. Moore, Mick, and Sue Unsworth (2006) Britains New White Paper: Making Governance Work for the Poor (book review article), Development Policy Review, 24(6), Nov. Ndegwa, S., and B. Levy (2004) The Politics of Decentralization in Africa: A Comparative Analysis, in: B. Levy and S. Kpundeh (eds.) Building State Capacity in Africa: New Approaches, Emerging Lessons, Washington, DC: World Bank Institute. Ostrom, Elinor (ed.) (2001) Aid, Incentives and Sustainability: An Institutional Analysis of Development Cooperation, Stockholm: Sida Studies in Evaluation 02/01. Polidano, C. (2001) Why Civil Service Reforms Fail. Manchester: Manchester University/SED, IDPM Public Policy and Management Working Paper 16. Robinson, Mark (2006) The Political Economy of Governance Reforms in Uganda, Brighton: IDS, Discussion Paper 386. Shivakumar, Sujai (2005) The Constitution of Development: Crafting Capabilities for Self-Governance, New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Shepherd, G. (2004) Civil Service Reform in Developing Countries: Why is it going Badly? Joint World Bank European Commission Core Course on Governance, Washington D.C.: World Bank; available at: http://www.worldbank.org/wbi/governance/govdonors/readings.html. Steiner-Khamsi, G. and I. Stolpe (2004) Decentralization and Recentralization Reform in Mongolia: Tracing the Swing of the Pendulum, Comparative Education, 40(1): 29-53. Swank, D. (2002). Global Capital, Political Institutions, and Policy Change in Developed Welfare States, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Thomas, M.A. (2006) What Do the Worldwide Governance Indicators Measure? Washington D.C.: Johns Hopkins University, mimeo. http://www.saisjhu.edu/programs/idev/faculty_websites/melissa_thomas /MeasuringGovernance.pdf.

Tisne, M. and D. Smilov (2004), From the Ground Up Assessing the Record of Anti-corruption Assistance in Southeastern Europe, Budapest: Center for Policy Studies, Central European University, Policy Studies Series 2004, UNDP/EC (2005) Governance Indicators: A Users Guide. New York: UNDP. Woods, Ngaire (ed.) (2007) New Directions in Development Assistance: Conference Report, Global Economic Governance Programme, Oxford University. World Bank/Independent Evaluation Group (2006) Governance and AntiCorruption How to Improve the World Banks Impact?, Washington D.C.: World Bank. World Bank/Independent Evaluation Group (forthcoming) Public Sector Reform Evaluation. World Bank: Washington D.C. http://www.worldbank.org/ieg/ongoing_evaluations.html -- Approach Papers. ___________________________________________________________________________ 3) MENA-OECD WORKING GROUP 5. 14th February 2005. MENA REGIONAL CORPORATE GOVERNANCE FORUM CONSULTATIVE MEETING ON FUTURE WORK AMMAN, JORDAN. DRAFT AGENDA http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/48/17/34472532.pdf This paper is the result of the meeting that aims at defining an action plan for the MENA-OECD Working Group 5 on Improving Corporate Governance as a contribution to the Investment Programme of the MENA OECD Initiative on Governance and Investment for Development. It will also carry forward the work of the MENA Regional Corporate Governance Forum, together with its partners from the Global Corporate Governance Forum1 (GCGF) and the Centre for International Private Enterprise (CIPE). The objectives of the meeting are as follows: (i) Propose and discuss a framework for reviewing current developments in corporate governance in MENA; (ii) Identify the main issues to be compared and analyzed by the proposed Survey of corporate governance in the region; and (iii) Agree on the future work and division of responsibilities among partner including MENA countries, GCGF, CIPE, World Bank/IFC and other organizations. ___________________________________________________________________________ 4) OECD-MENA Governance Newsletter http://www.oecd.org/document/61/0,3343,en_34645207_34645555_41745853_1_1_1_1 ,00.html Published periodically, the OECD-MENA Governance Newsletter provides information about the programmes activities and governance reform trends in Arab

countries. To subscribe to this Newsletter, please send an email with your full contact details to mena.governance@oecd.org. ___________________________________________________________________________ 5) The World Bank. 2003. Better Governance for Development in the Middle East and North Africa. Enhancing Inclusiveness and Accountability. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. Washington. BOOK

The purpose of writing the book is not providing prescriptions for improving governance. The World bank through, this book seeks to enhance the dialogue in Mena on Governance. To achieve this goal, the book proposes an analytical framework for discussing and measuring governance. It also marshals evidence showing that good governance matters for development globally and in MENA. ___________________________________________________________________________ 6) AusAID. August 2008. Tracking development and governance in the Pacific. Published by the Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID), Canberra, Australia. ISBN 978 1 921285 53 0 http://www.ausaid.gov.au/publications/pdf/track_devgov.pdf This report provides a snapshot of development and governance in the Pacific. The information is intended to help policymakers design policies and programs and to track progress towards the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). This first annual report covers the 16 countries included in the AusAID Pacifi c Economic Survey 2008, but focuses on PNG, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Kiribati, Vanuatu, Tonga, Tuvalu and Nauru. Like the survey, the report includes Timor-Lestein this case as a reference countrybecause it shares many characteristics of Pacific countries. The reports structure is based on the conceptual framework summarized in Table 1. It starts by discussing progress in poverty reduction and sustainable development in the Pacific, based on selected MDG indicators. It then assesses the policy settings and performance in Pacific island countries, focusing on their development strategies and recent achievements against economic management, service delivery and governance indicators. Finally, the report assesses the role of development cooperation, looking not just at aid, but also at the contribution of trade and labour mobility. The reports annexes include a summary of MDG and Paris Declaration indicators (Annexes 2 and 3), statistical tables (Annex 4), a discussion of statistical capacity in the region (Annex 5) and statistical notes (Annex 6). ___________________________________________________________________________ http://www.dpwg-lgd.org/cms/front_content.php?idcat=38

________________________________________________________________________ LOCAL GOVERNANCE 1) TOWARDS A LOCAL GOVERNANCE AND DEVELOPMENT AGENDA: LESSONS AND CHALLENGES. December 2007. DGP-Net E-discussion 27 August 16 October 2007 http://www.undp.org/governance/docs/Consolidated-Reply-en.pdf E-Discussions are time bound electronic discussions designed to facilitate dialogue and debate on timely issues relevant to the practice. E-discussions allow members of the Democratic Governance community of practice to pro-actively address topics that present challenges or opportunities to the practice, identify UNDP strategic niches and ground practice agenda setting documents or events in country level experience. An e-discussion can serve as an effective tool to complement other means via which community members communicate, and their extended duration allows a deeper level of reflection and learning on the subjects discussed. In reality, thematic e-discussion on the Democratic Governance Practice Network (DGP-Net) acts as virtual policy forum for the democratic governance practitioners. Provides case studies from different regions. Excellent paper. Limitations: Gender is seen from a very general point of view. ___________________________________________________________________________ 2) Alatas, V., Pritchett, L. and Wetterberg, A., 2002, 'Voice Lessons: Local Government Organizations, Social Organizations, and the Quality of Local Governance', Working Paper 2981, World Bank, Washington D.C.

Is all citizen participation a good thing? Or, do certain types of citizen participation improve local governance more than others? This paper, from the World Banks Local Level Institutions study of local life in villages in rural Indonesia, examines the relationship between the involvement of villagers in social activities and the quality of local governance. ___________________________________________________________________________ 3) Boex, J. (2003): The incidence of local government allocations in Tanzania, Public Administration and Development, 23: 1-11. ___________________________________________________________________________ 4) Romeo, L. (1999): Decentralized Development Planning: Issues and Early Lessons from UNCDF Supported Local Development Fund Programmes, Taking Risks: Background Papers. UNCDF, www.uncdf.org ___________________________________________________________________________

5)

COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES. 10 August 2008. Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament and the European Economic and Social Committee and committee of the regions Local Authorities: Actors for development. Brussels.

This Document sets out principles and modalities for better effectiveness in cooperation in support of local governance and decentralisation in partner countries. It is addressed to all different types of European actors involved in this field: the European Union, Member States, local and territorial governments, civil society organisations, and private sector. It is likely to be opened in the future to all international actors of cooperation. The Document is in line with the coherency and in continuation with the orientations, drawn from the European Consensus for Development (2006), the more specific Communications of the European Commission in the field of governance, local authorities and non state actors, the Conclusions of the Council of the European Union, the Resolutions of the European Parliament and the Opinion of the Committee of the Regions and the European Economic and Social Committee on this topics. The Document recognises the engagements of the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness. It is in line with international specific initiatives pertaining to decentralisation and local governance such as the European Document of Local Self-Government (1985) and other Council of Europe documents, the UN-Habitat Guidelines on decentralization and the strengthening of local authorities (2007), the African Document on democracy, elections and local governance (2007), and the OECD Principles for international engagement in fragile states (2007), as well as the lessons learnt from the works of the informal working group of Development partners on local governance and decentralisation. ___________________________________________________________________________ POLICY IN GOVERNANCE 1) ECDPM and N. Boesen. May 2008. Addressing Governance in Sector Operations. EC REFERENCE DOCUMENT.

The European Commission (EC) and EU Member States invest a considerable amount of aid in various sectors. These include health, water and sanitation, education, and transport. Building on existing sector experience, this document seeks to offer guidance to EC sector specialists on how to address governance in sector operations in a more systematic and comprehensive way. Key Literature

DAC (2006). Harmonising Donor Practices for Effective Aid Delivery: Budget Support, Sector Wide Approaches and Capacity Development in Public Financial Management. DAC Guidelines and Reference Series, 2. EuropeAid (2005) Institutional Assessment and Capacity Development. Why, what and how?, Aid Delivery Methods Concept Paper. Grindle, M. S. (2004) Good Enough Governance: Poverty Reduction and Reform in Developing Countries. Governance: An International Journal of Policy, Administration, and Institutions, 17(4), 525548.

Grindle (2007) Good Enough Governance Revisited, Development Policy Review, 25 (5), pp. 553-74. ________________________________________________________________________ 2) Rule of Law and Development http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTLAWJUSTIN ST/0,,contentMDK:20934363~menuPK:1989584~pagePK:210058~piPK:21006 2~theSitePK:1974062,00.html

A World bank website that provides an introduction to the historical context and current research on the relationship between law and justice institutions and development, as well as a discussion of some basic conceptual issues. This section includes findings on the inter-linkages between the Rule of Law, Law and Justice Institutions, and development. Limitations: The webpage lacks information in gender, but it is an educational website that provides a glimpse on basic concepts related to governance. ___________________________________________________________________________ 3) OECD, 2001, 'Citizens as Partners; OECD Handbook on Information, Consultation and Public Participation in Policy Making', Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris.

http://www.gsdrc.org/go/display/document/legacyid/242This OECD Handbook explores the background, pressure and objectives for governments seeking to become engaged in informing, consulting and engaging citizens in policy-making. It presents an overview of current state-of-the-art practices in this area, focusing particularly on the potential of information and communication technology (ICT) as a tool to achieve this. ___________________________________________________________________________

IV - GENDER MAINSTREAMING

BY COUNTRIES 1) ROYAL GOVERNMENT OF CAMBODIA. 2007. Gender Mainstreaming Strategy of Department of Local Administration / DoLA. (Ministry of Interior) 2007 2010. Royal Government of Cambodia.

The gender mainstreaming strategy is a guiding policy for the operations of DoLA (Department of Local Administration). In 2001 with the enactment of the Law on Commune/Sangkat Management and Administration, the Royal Government of Cambodia initiated the first steps to reform the system of sub-national governance. The first elections for Commune Councils took place in early 2002. In 2005 the Cambodian government adopted a comprehensive Strategic Framework1 for decentralization and deconcentration Reform based on experiences made to date. The objectives of provincial/municipal, district/khan, and commune/sangkats management systems in the context of decentralization and deconcentration reform are to build democratic representation, people participation, public sector accountability and to contribute to poverty reduction. A key prerequisite to achieve these objectives is the equal chance of representation and participation of both women and men in the reform process. This process of democratization and social equality will mark a positive move towards promoting gender equality. In turn, this can have a positive impact on economic growth and poverty reduction. Commune Councils and other sub-national units are closer to the citizens than national level government and therefore in the best position to involve women and men equally in decision-making processes which affect their lives and to make use of their knowledge and capabilities for local development management and governance. Equally the consideration of gender issues by provincial/ municipal, district/khan and commune/sangkat level stakeholders positively influences the effectiveness and quality of their services. ___________________________________________________________________________ 2) ROYAL GOVERNMENT OF CAMBODIA. 2005. Strategic Framework for Decentralization and De-Concentration Reforms. Unofficial translation from the original text in Khmer.

The Strategic Framework for Decentralization and Deconcentration Reforms is the policy document of the Royal Government that presents the vision and the basic principles of the Royal Government that guides the process of governance reform at provincial/ municipal/ district/khan and commune/sangkat levels. This policy

document identifies the objectives of the national decentralization and deconcentration reforms strategy and methods to develop management structures at provincial/municipal, district/khan and commune/sangkat levels in order to achieve the objectives of decentralization and deconcentration reform strategy. This document also describes the scope of the national program for the implementation of decentralization and deconcentration strategy and also the structures for the management of the program. This document is a framework to guide all reforms affecting management systems at provincial/municipal, district/khan and commune/sangkat levels. All policies, legal instruments and operational procedures of ministries and institutions of the Royal Government relating to management, distribution of responsibilities and resources to provincial/municipal, district/khan and commune/sangkat levels must be consistent with the objectives and principles of the decentralization and deconcentration strategy in order to facilitate the development of management systems and structures. At the same time, the strategic framework is also a main document to divide the powers and the duties between the levels of administration. ___________________________________________________________________________ GENERAL 1) Gender Mainstreaming in Practice a Handbook. Retrieved http://www.undp.org/women/docs/RBEC_GM_manual.pdf. 2001 from

This handbook is divided into two parts. Part I provides practical guidance for gender mainstreaming in any policy area or sector. The gender mainstreaming process is divided into 10 stages, and each stage is described with the help of various tools, checklists and exercises. Part II is divided into a series of Gender Briefs, organized according to sector or policy area. These include Governance and Decentralization. These Briefs highlight the main gender issues in each area, the main arguments for gender mainstreaming in this area, as well as possible indicators of progress and entry points for action. Limitations: The only limitations, a little bit old. Provides basic and profound information in gender, governance and decentralization. Other resources that emerged from reviewing this paper key literature
Ashworth, G.. Gendered Governance: An Agenda for Change. Gender in Development Monograph Series #3. UNDP, 1996. Beall, J. Urban Governance: Why Gender Matters. Gender in Development Monograph Series #1. UNDP, 1996.

Mukiibi, B. Alliances for Gender and Politics: The Uganda Womens Caucus. Womens Political Participation and Good Governance: 21st Century Challenges. Management Development and Governance Division, Bureau for Development Policy. UNDP, 2000. Status of Women - Canada. Gender-Based Analysis: A Guide for Policy-Making. 1998.

UNDP. Womens Political Participation and Good Governance: 21st Century Challenges. Management Development and Governance Division, Bureau for Development Policy. UNDP, 2000. ______________________________________________________________________________

2)

Johnson-Sirleaf, Ellen (2007). The role of women in African development, Lecture by Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf, President of the Republic of Liberia, 13 March 2007. mms://stream.hq.unu.edu/videoportal/row_eng300k.wsx The video shows a presentation of Liberias President. She speaks about the role of women in Africas development. There are still constrains and opportunities that women have to confront in Africa. And also, women still faces inequality in the society, however, the progress of women is steady. She remarked that there is change in Africa for women and a demonstration of that change is her election as Liberias President. Very good document to have an idea what representatives, particularly, women representatives from developing countries, view development and change. ___________________________________________________________________________ 7) Mayra Buvinic, Andrew R. Morrison, A. Waafas Ofosu-Amaah and Mirja Sjblom (Editors). Equality for Women. Where Do We Stand on Millennium Development Goal 3?. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. ISBN 978-0-8213-7446-7ISBN 978-0-82137447-4 (electronic). BOOK http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTGENDER/Resources/EqualityforWomenfi nal.pdf Beyond tracking trends toward gender equality, the volume reviews different measures of gender equality and estimates the financial resources required to achieve this objective. While necessarily imprecise, such estimates can provide a rough guide as to whether the level of effort devoted by international donors and developing countries is adequate in the area of womens economic empowerment. Equality for Women also makes clear that adequate funding is necessary, but not sufficient: policies must also be appropriate, and execution of these policies must be reasonably efficientboth at the national level and within international agencies

charged with supporting national governments. Only when these three elements funding, policy, and executionare aligned will progress toward gender equality be rapid. ___________________________________________________________________________ UN-HABITAT. 2008. GENDER MAINSTREAMING IN LOCAL AUTHORITIES BEST PRACTICES. United Nations Human Settlements Programme http://www.un.org/womenwatch/ianwge/member_publications/gender_mainstrea ming_in_local_authorities.pdf This handbook is designed to assist Habitat Agenda Partners, which include national and local governments and civil society, to incorporate gender issues into urban development polices and programmes by learning from the experience of others. Good local governance must address gender equality and social inclusion. The goal of gender equality is central to the mission and mandate of UN-HABITAT: to promote sustainable and inclusive cities and shelter for all. There can be no sustainable urban development without considering the specific needs and issues of women, men, girls and boys within the urban context. Local governments increasingly have become arenas offering opportunities to women to influence the development agenda. Many of the best practices incorporating gender concerns into local governments display outstanding leadership at the local level, and strong engagement with civil societies, especially with womens organizations. ___________________________________________________________________

V - GENDER AND DECENTRALIZATION

1)

Asian Development Bank. October 2008. Gender-Responsive Decentralized Governance in Asia www.adb.org/Documents/TARs/REG/40314-REG-TAR.pdf This technical assistance (TA) seeks to identify and support promising practices for greater representation and participation by women in decentralized governance. Decentralizing fiscal responsibility and devolving authority to local government levels opens the way for women and other disadvantaged groups to engage in policy planning, budget decisions, and participatory monitoring. The TA design and monitoring framework is in Appendix 1.4 ___________________________________________________________________________

2)

Jo Beall. June 2005. Decentralizing Government and Decentering Gender: Lessons from Local Government Reform in South Africa. POLITICS & SOCIETY, Vol. 33 No. 2, DOI: 10.1177/0032329205275194. Sage Publications

Localization and decentralization are frequently presented as good for women. However, the reality is not so clear cut. Local government is the tier that is closest to people, but relationships, structures, and processes of local governance can limit both the space for womens participation and the policy potential for addressing gender issues. The experience of democratic reform in South Africa is invariably held up as an example of good practice in advancing gender equity in governance. Critically drawing on this experience, the article points out some of the paradoxes for women and gender equity that arise from decentralization strategies and governance at the local level. ___________________________________________________________________________ 3) Policy Recommendations of the International Conference on Decentralization, Local Power and Womens Rights: Global Trends in Participation, Representation and Access to Public Services. Mexico City 1821 November 2008

This paper is the result of a conference held in Mexico and gathered representatives for many countries and organizations, included IDRC. It is recent and summarizes in general donors perspective in decentralization and policy reforms. It comprises a set of policy recommendations that for the first time define a global agenda on gender and decentralization. It is intended as a resource for action, to be taken up by policy-makers, politicians, multilateral, bilateral and donor agencies, and civil society organizations seeking to promote and protect equal, equitable, and effective citizenship for all people. The agreements could be the start point to structural changes in the perspective of decentralization and gender equality. Limitations: Very general, not reflective explanation of the findings and recommendations. It would be very interesting to check background papers. A good resource to generate more ideas/approaches to gender equality/equity in decentralization. ___________________________________________________________________________ 4) Sustainable Capacity Building for Decentralization (SCBD) CPMO Core Team TA 4022-INO. Discussion Note, February 2004. GENDER ACTION PLAN (GAP). INTRODUCTION AND GUIDELINES. WORKING PAPER NO. 3. Government of Indonesia, Ministry of Home Affairs Asian Development Bank Loan 1964-INO. Institute for Housing and Urban Development Studies (IHS) in association with Pacific Consultants International Asia (PCIA)

The Gender Action Plan (GAP) is an integral element of the CB-AP process. Within the context of the SCBD program, there will be no stand alone GAP, but approval of each CPAP is contingent on the incorporation of an adequate GAP which meets the requirements of the GAP Check List. Moreover, the GAP is unique in that it is the only sub-component which is required as a condition for release of any/all CB-AP funds. The purpose of the GAP is to ensure: i) the integration of gender concerns into the kota/kabupaten capacity-building strategy and related programs; and ii) equal opportunity access to key management positions by all qualified and experienced personnel, regardless of sex, race or religion. Overall, the GAP formulation process will follow the pattern of CB-AP preparation.

___________________________________________________________________________ 5) International Development Research Centre (IDRC). 18-21 November 2008. Policy Recommendations of the International Conference on Decentralization, Local Power and Womens Rights: Global Trends in Participation, Representation and Access to Public Services. IDRC Outcome Document. Final Edited version. Mexico City

The paper emerged from the analysis and experiences shared during the Conference

and the work of IDRC-supported researchers. It comprises a set of policy recommendations that for the first time define a global agenda on gender and decentralization. It is intended as a resource for action, to be taken up by policymakers, politicians, multilateral, bilateral and donor agencies, and civil society organizations seeking to promote and protect equal, equitable, and effective citizenship for all people. ___________________________________________________________________________ 6) Melisa Mc Lean. 2003. Developing a Research Agenda on the Gender Dimensions of Decentralization: Background Paper for the Gender Unit Research Competition. Gender Unit IDRC. Canada (VERY RELEVANT)

The background paper identifies generating research in the gendered impacts and dimensions of state decentralization reforms and decentralized systems of government in developing countries. It also identifies research priorities and specific research questions arisen out of the literature review and ongoing work of IDRC. ___________________________________________________________________________

VI - GENDER AND GOVERNANCE

1)

McCarthy, Florence...[et al.] (2004). Metro Manila : Asian Development Bank Institute, 68 p. Gender and governance issues in local government: regional report of technical assistance in Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan. BOOK __________________________________________________________________________

2)

The Political Interests of Gender Revisited (2008). Edited by Anna G. Jnasdttir and Kathleen B. Jones. ISBN: 978-92-808-1160-5 256 pages. United Nations University Press. BOOK

In the last two decades, Anna G. Jnasdttir and Kathleen B. Jones write in their introduction to this important new anthology, two trends have characterised approaches to the concept of gender in political studies one strategically centering gender in social and political analysis and the other deconstructing gender. Tensions between these trends led to an impasse in feminist theory, generating a crisis in how to think about what we can do about gender, identity, or representation in the ethical/political sense. In this unique collection of theoretical and empirical research on gender and politics, the editors push past this impasse, assembling contributions from an impressive group of international scholars providing varied accounts of the political interests of gender. Investigating different institutional structures and discourses, contributors to this multidisciplinary collection illustrate concretely how to bridge the gap between discursive (poststructuralist, semiotic, philosophical, etc.) and socio-materialist accounts of gender relations and politics. Structured around three conceptual guidepostspolitics, interests, and genderthis anthology demonstrates the continued relevance of these concepts in the context of a theoretical and material landscape in flux. Offering fresh models for theoretical and empirical research, the first five chapters of the book provide a theoretical framework for the collection, while the following eight chapters shed light on key concepts through concrete case studies of such topics as human rights, womens movements, gendered labor markets, international monetary policy, equality policy, and queer politics. Anna G. Jnasdttir is Professor of Gender Studies in the Center for Feminist Social Studies at rebro University, Sweden. Kathleen B. Jones is Professor Emerita of Womens Studies at San Diego State University, San Diego, USA. ___________________________________________________________________________ 3) Roxanne Myers (June 2008). Local Government, Decentralization and Gender. Presented at the Caribbean Conference on Local Government Decentralization. Guyana. http://www.citieslocalgovernments.org/uclg/upload/docs/localgovernment,decentr alizatonandgender(2002).pdf

Gender sensitivity is a part of the on-going debate on national policymaking and discussion particularly in Guyana. Globalization calls increasingly and inevitably for the skills of women, men, girls and boys to build strong and viable communities. There is no doubt that the traditions and institutions of government which treat women different to men must be refashioned in order to address the extant inequities and inequalities which marginalize women. Womens equal political participation plays a pivotal role in the general process of the advancement of women. Key literature Ashworth, Georgina. Gendered Governance: An agenda for Change, Gender in Development, March 1996.

Jain, Devaki. Panchayat Raj: Women Changing Governance, Gender in Development, March 1996. ___________________________________________________________________________ 4) Valk, M., Cummings, S. and van Dam, H. (eds). 2004. Gender, Citizenship and Governance: A Global Sourcebook. Royal Tropical Institute (KIT) and Oxfam GB. Volume Critical Reviews and Annotated Bibliographies Series. Series No. 7 http://www.kit.nl/net/KIT_Publicaties_output/ShowFile2.aspx?e=445 This resource book explores some of the experiences of Southern practitioners and experts working in the field of gender, citizenship and governance which have emerged in the context of KIT's 'Gender, Citizenship and Governance' programme. The book begins by giving an overview of the debates within development on citizenship and governance and how they relate to gender equality. Four case studies demonstrate citizen action to promote awareness of women's entitlements, participation in government and accountability of governance institutions. The first case study is of a women's resource centre in Kerala, India, who worked to ensure women's participation in local government in the context of decentralization. The second describes how women's rights organizations in Pakistan were able to open up spaces for consultation on women's interests as part of the National Commission on the Status of Women. The third case study is of a research programme which fed into reforms of customary marriage law in South Africa. The fourth is of the NGO 'Sister Namibia' and their widespread mobilization campaign for 50% of women in national and regional level politics. The extensive annotated bibliography contains many key texts related to all areas of citizenship and governance. ___________________________________________________________________________

5)

Scott, C. and Wilde, A. May 2006. Measuring Democratic Governance: a Framework for Selecting Pro-Poor and Gender Sensitive Indicators. Publisher United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) http://www.siyanda.org/docs/UNDP_indicators_framework_paper.pdf This paper presents a framework for generating pro-poor gender-sensitive indicators to assist policymakers in monitoring and evaluating democratic governance at the country level. The framework is applied to seven areas of democratic governance: parliamentary development; electoral systems and processes; human rights; justice; access to information and the media; decentralization and local governance; and public administration reform and anticorruption efforts. After defining the scope of each area of governance, a set of key questions is presented, followed by a pair of indicator matrices. The first matrix provides examples of pro-poor indicators, while the second matrix suggests gendersensitive indicators. For example, the questions below are designed to reveal some of the challenges which prohibit women and poor people from exercising their right to vote: What proportion of men and women in poor households who are eligible to vote have registered as voters? - What are the costs of voting faced by men and women in poor households, for example, the time it takes to get to voting booths, transport costs, intimidation, and lack of security, and how may these be reduced? Potential gender-sensitive indicators are also outlined, including: voter turnout among registered females in poor districts; expenditure on special programmes in civic and voter education targeted at women; prevalence of women in poor districts indicating that it was common for women to vote as instructed by their father, husband or other male figure; and the percentage of seats in national parliament reserved for women. Key Literature UNDP (2005) UNDP project on Pro-Poor and Gender Sensitive Governance Indicators for Policy Reform: Framework for Piloting, New York: UNDP, at (700 KB). http://www.undp.org/oslocentre/docs06/Framework%20for%20piloting.p df ___________________________________________________________________________ 6) Christopher Scott and Alexandra. 2006. UNDP. Measuring Democratic Governance. A framework for Selecting pro=poor and Gender Sensitive Indicators. http://www.undp.org/oslocentre/flagship/governance_indicators_project.html The aim of this guide is to provide a framework for generating pro-poor gender sensitive indicators to assist policy-makers monitor and evaluate democratic governance at the country level. Pro-poor means that indicators should be targeted

and focused on those living in poverty. Since poverty can be defined in many different ways, pro-poor can have many different meanings. This guide is sufficiently flexible to accommodate a variety of definitions of poverty. Gender sensitive means that monitoring governance must track both changes in womens empowerment and in gender equality.

7)

Clulow, Michael. May 2003 Gender Equity and Local Governance: A Study of the San Salvador Municipal Gender Equity Policy (English and Spanish). One World Action http://www.oneworldaction.org/Resources/One%20World%20Action/Documents/ PDF/San%20Salvador%20gender%20equity%20policy.pdf In San Salvador the formulation of a Gender Equity Policy has been initiated by the women's movement over several years and has involved the participation of a wide range of community actors. One important element of citizenship is the interaction between individuals and policy arenas. Local government is a key area where such processes can take place for the advancement of women's rights and gender equality. The formulation of the Gender Equity Policy in San Salvador was assisted by a left wing municipal administration which was able to draw on existing links with the women's movement. One of the key elements of the policy's success was the combination of state actors, the women's movement and community consultations. The policy benefited from a strong conceptual framework that was well argued but not complex, and a legal basis drawing on national and international instruments such as the Beijing Platform for Action. The policy was also successful because it was able to tie in with a broader municipal agenda of citizen participation where spaces have been created for interaction between government and civil society actors. ___________________________________________________________________________ 8) Joseph, S. August 2002. Gender and Local Government. Fiedrich Ebert Stiftung South Africa Office. Volume Occasional Paper. Series No 13 http://www.fes.org.za/publications/2002/occpaper13.pdf Local government is the area of state policy closest to people and is therefore an important focus for work on citizenship. Although it is responsible for many goods and services that are on the surface available to all, many factors, including race and gender, influence whether people receive them. This tool is one module in a collection of support materials compiled for the African National Congress (ANC) 2000 Local Government Elections Manifesto in South Africa. Aimed at local councillors, it underlines the importance of gender equality in democratization and development and the necessity to change views on gender. It shows the different

ways of tackling inequalities such as rights under the constitution, challenging customary laws, using CEDAW and promoting political participation, as well as moral and economic arguments. It sketches out how a gender analysis of governance might be undertaken as a way of assessing community needs. This involves exploring the gender roles of individuals in their productive, reproductive and community responsibilities. __________________________________________________________________________ 9) Evertzen, A. August 2001. Gender and Local Governance. Type Guide. Netherlands Development Organisation (SNV). http://gade-gender.nl/Gender%20and%20Local%20Governance.htm

This is a handbook outlining strategies in local governance to ensure that women's needs and interests are incorporated into development planning at the local level. Going beyond service delivery, it includes issues of power, decision-making, participation and accountability as part of the picture of how citizens can access their entitlements to development. It discusses the reasons for participation of women, barriers encountered, decision-making processes, administration, finances, communication, legislation and civil society. The handbook argues that decentralized local governance must increase women's participation and civic engagement, strengthen gender awareness among officials, deliver services that meet women's needs as a group and create awareness of women's rights. It provides practical examples and best practices through which these can be achieved. Examples of checklists and lists of indicators of gender inequality are given, together with an outline of what is involved in conducting a basic gender analysis to establish gender roles and needs in the community. An annotated bibliography and a list of web resources are also provided. Although there is a particular emphasis on West Africa, the handbook could be used more widely. ___________________________________________________________________________ 10) Prabha Khosla and Bernhard Barth, UN-HABITAT. 2008. Gender in Local Government. A source for Trainers. United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT). ISBN: 978-92-1-131974-3 This Sourcebook was developed in response to the difficulties encountered by local government trainers when addressing gender relations in local governance. The Sourcebook is rooted in UN-HABITATs conviction that human settlement development cannot be gender-neutral, and that the equitable participation of women is essential at all levels of decision-making in towns and cities. One entry point for UN-HABITAT is to ensure that its training materials and training programmes can assist local governments to understand the likely impact of

decisions on gender equality and equity, and further to convince them of the importance of involving women in decision-making processes on an equal basis with men. Key Literature Greed, Clara. (Ed.) Linda Davis, Dr. Caroline Brown and Stefanie Dhr. 2002. Report on gender auditing and mainstreaming. Incorporating case studies and pilots. School of Planning and Architecture, Faculty of the Built Environment, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. http://www.rtpi.org.uk/download/766/GEnder-Equality-and-PlanMaking-Mainstreaming-Toolkit-case-studies-and-pilots.pdf Royal Town Planning Institute (RTPI). 2001. Gender Equality and Plan Making: The Gender Mainstreaming Toolkit. RTPI, UK. http://www.rtpi.org.uk/resources/panels/equal-w/toolkit.html Sandercock, Leonie and Ann Forsyth. 2005. A Gender Agenda in Gender and Planning, (eds) Susan S. Fainstein and Lisa J. Servon. Rutgers Universtiy Press, New Brunswick, NJ. P.80 African Womens Development and Communication Network. (FEMNET). 2000. A curriculum for the training of trainers in gender mainstreaming. FEMNET, Nairobi, Kenya. http://www4.worldbank.org/afr/ssatp/Resources/HTML/GenderRG/module6/index-p5.html Cummings, S.J.R, H. van Dam and M. Valk (Eds.) 1998. Gender Training: the Source book. http://www.kit.nl/smartsite.shtml?ch=FAB&id=4603&Part=Guest DFID. 1999. Gender Training. http://www.siyanda.org/docs_gem/index_implementation/t_tools11d.htm Federation of Canadian Municipalities (FCM). 2006. Looking Through the Gender Lens5 Steps to Building Local Government Competencies and Capacities to Promote Gender Equality (VERY RELEVANT) This book focuses on the skills and capacities required to conduct gender analysis and promote gender equality in all areas of local government responsibility. http://www.icmd-cidm.ca/file_download.php?URL_ID=6704&filenam

e=11612878761Looking_Through_the_Gender_Lens_ENG.pdf&filetype=application %2Fpdf&filesize=1473518&name=Looking+Through+the+Gender+Lens_ENG.pdf &location=user-S/ From Dialogue to Engagement, from Programs to Policies: Grassroots Initiatives on Women, Children, and Development in Poor Communities in the Philippines The DAMPA Experience Philippines. http://www.huairou.org/knowledge/resource.html Gender Advocacy Programme. 2004. Gender and Performance Indicators for Local Government. http://www.gender.co.za/Ind_Booklet.pdf Gender Links. Gender and Local Government. See Checklist for a Gender Policy and Framework for Strategy and Action Plan http://www.genderlinks.org.za/page.php?p_id=65 Huairou Commission and UN-HABITAT. 2004. Local to Local Dialogue: A Grassroots Womens Perspective on Good Governance. http://www.huairou.org/assets/download/UrbanGovToolkit_L2L.pdf Institute of Local Government Studies. 2006. Training Manual for Preparing Women for Participation in the Metropolitan, Municipal and District Assemblies. The Institute of Local Government Studies under the Auspices of the Ministry of Women and Childrens Affairs and Collaborated with various Partners, Ghana. June. Mukhopadhyay, Maitrayee and Franz Wong. (Eds.) 2007. Revisiting gender training the making and remaking of gender knowledge. A global sourcebook. http://www.kit.nl/smartsite.shtml?id=9526&ItemID=2074&ch=FAB Oxfam UK Poverty Programme. 2004. See both sides. A practical guide to gender analysis for quality service delivery. Oxford. U.K. To purchase see: http://www.oxfamgb.org/ukpp/seebothsides UN-HABITAT Safer Cities Methodology http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=375&cid=1435 ___________________________________________________________________________ Selected Bibliographies on Women, Gender and Governance Un-Instraw, Gender, Governance and Womens Political Participation

http://www.un-instraw.org/es/index.php?option=com_wrapper&wrap =Bibliografia-AECI Bridge, Bibliography No. 14, Womens Empowerment: An Annotated Bibliography http://www.bridge.ids.ac.uk/reports/bb14.pdf Bridge Bibliography No. 11, Gender and Governance Accessed November 2006: http://www.bridge.ids.ac.uk/reports/bb11.pdf Selected Web Sites Bridge Gender and Governance http://www.bridge.ids.ac.uk/reports_gend_gov.htm London, UK Publications on Womens Equality Documents on Londons Gender Equality Scheme and its annual reviews, on violence against women, childcare, a skills audit of refugee women in London, health services and more. http://www.london.gov.uk/gla/publications/women.jsp Making Governance Gender-Responsive http://onlinewomeninpolitics.org/modules/login/Module_regs_intro.asp UNDP Womens Empowerment http://www.undp.org/women/ UNDP Governance and Womens Empowerment http://www.undp.org/governance/gender.htm UNDP Publications on Poverty, Social Exclusion, Governance and Development http://www.undp.org/poverty/publications/ UNIFEM Achieving Gender Equality in Democratic Governance http://www.unifem.org/gender_issues/governance_peace_security/at_a_glance.php UN-INSTRAW Gender, Governance and Womens Political Participation http://www.un-instraw.org/en/index.php?option=content&task=view &id=1015&Itemid=231 KIT Gender Netherlands Gender, Citizenship and Governance http://www.kit.nl/gcg/default.asp

Women Watch: The United Nations Inter-Agency Network on Women and Gender Equality (IANGWE) Women Watch is a central gateway to information and resources on the promotion of gender equality and the empowerment of women throughout the UN system, including the UN Secretariat, regional commissions, funds, programmes, specialized agencies and academic and research institutions. This joint UN project launched in March 1997 to provide Internet space for global gender equality issues and to support implementation of the 1995 Beijing Platform for Action. Since then, the intergovernmental mandate has expanded, for example through the outcome document of the 23rd special session of the General Assembly in June 2000 and Security Council resolution 1325 of October 2000. The Website now also provides information on the outcomes of, as well as efforts to incorporate gender perspectives into, follow-up to global conferences. http://www.un.org/womenwatch/ Gender Training Resources UN-INSTRAW http://www.un-instraw.org/wiki/training/index.php/Main_Page Centre for Asia-Pacific Women in Politics - An on-line course. http://onlinewomeninpolitics.org/modules/login/Module_regs_intro.asp Spanish-language Resources on Women, Gender and Governance In recognition of the extensive, continued mobilization around women, gender and urban governance issues in Latin America, some recent and important documents are referenced here for Spanish speakers. However, a lot more information is available than was possible to list here. Algunos recursos recientes en espaol sobre mujeres, gnero y gobernabilidad urbana Barrera Bassols, Dalia y Alejandra Massolo (Compiladoras). 2004. El Municipio. Un reto para la igualdad de oportunidades entre hombres y mujeres. GIMTRAP, A.C. / In mujeres / (PNUD) Mxico. Disponible en formato pdf: http://cedoc.inmujeres.gob.mx/documentos_download/100480.pdf Bassols, Dalia. B., Alejandra Massolo e Irma Aguirre Prez. 2004. Gua para la Equidad de Gnero en el Municipio. Grupo Interdisciplinario sobre Mujer, Trabajo y Pobreza, Instituto Nacional de Desarrollo Social. Mxico, D.F. Disponible en formato pdf: http://www.gimtrap.org/gim/downloads/Gu%C3%ADa.pdf ___________________________________________________________________________

11) Dewi Haryani Susilastuti. Jakarta, October 2008. GENDER ANALYSIS ON WHITE PAPER AND PROPOSED REVISIONS TO LAW 32/2004 REGARDING REGIONAL ADMINISTRATION. Advisory Service Support for Decentralization (ASSD) and GTZ. Jakarta. Indonesia The source provides several basic concepts and philosophy underlying the idea that regulations on decentralization should incorporate gender perspective issues and studies the sociopolitical context of decentralization to gain understanding of factors that may hamper or facilitate decentralization that promotes gender equality. The paper also suggests several concepts that need to be incorporated into the white book based on (a) and (b). It conducts gender analysis of the draft revision of Law 32/2004. The analyses will constitute gender implications from the proposed arrangement and stipulations of the draft and ideas to address gender imbalance through Law 32/2004 revision. A gender analysis framework assists in analyzing the different roles and responsibilities of women and men and the difference in their access to and control over resources. The analysis assists planners and decisionmakers to understand how policies and programs can be changed to encourage equal involvement of women and men and to ensure that they address gender inequality. Key Literature Adler, Leonore Loeb, 1993. International Handbook on Gender Roles. Westport, Connecticut/London. Baden, Sally. 1999. Gender, Governance and the Feminisation of Poverty. Background Paper No. 2, Meeting on Women and Political Participation: 21st Century Challenges, UNDP, 24-26 March, New Delhi, India. http://magnet.undp.org/events/gender/india/badefeb2.htm#_Toc44408940 2 Bell, Emma, et. al. 2002. National Machineries for Women in Development: Experiences, Lessons and Strategies. Sussex: BRIDGE Report No. 66. Connell, RW. 2003. The role of men and boys in achieving gender equality. Consultants paper for The Role of Men and Boys in Achieving Gender Equality, Expert Group Meeting, organised by DAW in collaboration with ILO and UNAIDS, 21-24 October 2003, Brasilia, Brazil, <http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/egm/men-boys2003/Connellbp.pdf>.

Cornwall, Andrea. 2003. Whose voices? Whose choices? Reflections on gender and participatory Development. World Development 31(8):13251342. Evertzen, A. 2001. Gender and Local Governance. SNV Netherlands Development Organization, Amsterdam. http://www.kit.nl/gcg/assets/images/Gender_and_Local_Governance.doc. Goetz, A.M. 2004. Gender and Good Governance at National Level: Do Growing Numbers of Women in Public Office Produce Better Public Sector Accountability to Women? Background Paper for Gender Equality: Striving for Justice in an Unequal World, Geneva: UNRISD. Jaeckel, Monika. 2002 Advancing Governance through Peer Learning and NetworkingLessons Learned from Grassroots Women. Huairou Commission Our Best Practices Campaign and LIFE Global Programme of IDG/BDP/UNDP. Marcoes, Lies. 2002. "Women's Grassroots Movements in Indonesia: A Case Study of the PKK and Islamic Women's Organizations," in Kathryn Robinson and Sharon Bessell, eds. Women in Indonesia: Gender, Equity and Development. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 187-187 Parpart, Jane L. et. al. 2000. Theoretical Perspectives on Gender and Development. Ottawa: IDRC Patterson, Amy. 2002. The Impact of Senegals Decentralization on Women in Local Governance. Canadian Journal of African Studies 26, 3, 490-530. UNIFEM/VADE. 2001. Rethinking Gender, Democracy and Development: Is Decentralisation a tool for Local Effective Political Voice. Summary of a seminar organized through cooperation between UNIFEM and VADO/WAVE Italy, May 20-22. USAID. 2006. Decentralization 2006: Stock taking on Indonesias Recent Decentralization Reforms. Van Donk, Mirjam. 2000. Local Government: A Strategic Site of Struggle for Gender Equity. Agenda 45. www.agenda.org.za/mirjam.htm ___________________________________________________________________________ 12) Annette Evertzen. April 2001. GENDER AND LOCAL GOVERNANCE. SNV - Netherlands Development Organization. VERY RELEVANT

SNV, Netherlands Development organization, produced this manual on gender and local governance - an overview of the literature and websites on gender and governance processes, underlining strategies and best practices. Special emphasis is given on local governance in the region of West Africa, as it serves as a base for pilot projects concerning gender and local governance in this region. Appendixes include an annotated bibliography, and further websites, toolkits, knowledge institutions and databases (statistics). The guide is meant to be a practical handbook, a collection of actions and best practices, to inspire development workers. ___________________________________________________________________________ 13) Roxanne Myers. June 25-28, 2002. Local Government, Decentralization and Gender Presented at the Caribbean Conference on Local Government Decentralization. This paper seeks to create gender consciousness among local government practitioners (both men and women). It stresses out that discussions of gender sensitivity provide a place in which mens involvement in producing gender inequalities and womens disposition to political participation can be investigated. Above all an inquiry into to special qualities that women can bring to the political landscape, offers an opportunity to rethink a strategy for mens acceptance of women as partners rather than rivals for social and political space. Key Literature Ashworth, Georgina. March 1996. Gendered Governance: An agenda for Change, Gender in Development. Jain, Devaki. Panchayat Raj: Women Changing Governance, Gender in Development, March 1996. Guzman, Virginia. The Institutionality of Gender in the State: New Analytical Perspectives, CEPAL /ECLAC, Santiago: September 2001. Hamadeh-Banerjee, Lina. Womens Agency in Governance, in Womens Political Participation and Good Governance: 21st Century Challenges. UNDP, 2001. ___________________________________________________________________________ 14) United States Agency for International Development and ARD, Inc. MAY 2007. AFGHANISTAN LOCAL GOVERNANCE ASSISTANCE PROJECT (ALGAP). LESSONS LEARNED REVIEW

The source outlines the recovery of Afghanistan from more than 25 years of almost constant war, Afghanistan is re-creating itself politically, economically, socially, culturally, and governmentally. Part of this re-development calls for unprecedented representative sub national governance with revitalized or new structures. These include Provincial, District, and Village Councils. Accompanying these structures are opportunities and mechanisms for greater citizen participation in governance within provinces. ALGAPs mission between November 2005 and June 2007 has been to support the development of the capacity of the newly-elected and formed Provincial Councils to fulfill their roles and responsibilities. In the process, ALGAP has contributed to the development of an environment in which the government, councils, public, civil society, and businesses, can begin to work together effectively. Limitations: Talks about gender inclusion in the program, but no more than one paragraph. Very weak in relation to gender inclusion and equality. ___________________________________________________________________________ 15) Emma Bell. September 2001. Gender and Governance: A Bibliography. Prepared for the Gender Unit, SDC. BRIDGE (development - gender) Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex. (Very Relevant) This bibliography has been compiled for the Gender Unit of the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) to aid in the development of a conceptual framework that reflects the Gender Units recent shift to the Governance Department at SDC. The bibliography includes recent (since 1995) and key materials on a broad range of issues relating to gender and governance. Due to the quantity of material available the bibliography features selected texts from the areas covered. ___________________________________________________________________________ 16) GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT GROUP, THE WORLD BANK, APRIL 2006. Governance & Gender Equality. GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT BRIEFING NOTES. The World Bank For more information about the World Banks approach to gender and governance, contact A. Waafas Ofosu-Amaah (x85872) www.worldbank.org/gender or Doris Voorbraak (x88023) www.worldbank.org/publicsector This brief note stresses out the importance that gender equality is essential for participatory development. Gender equality is an important goal in itself and a means for achieving development. Development policies and institutions must ensure that all segments of society - both women and men - have a voice in decision making, either directly, or through institutions that legitimately represent their interests and needs. Yet, persistent and pervasive gender disparities in opportunities, rights vis--vis the state and public institutions, and voice, particularly limit womens ability to participate as full citizens in social, economic,

and political life. The exclusion of women from full participation constrains the ability of public sector policies and institutions to manage economic and social resources effectively. Such gender-based exclusion compromises the prospects for high-quality service delivery. Key Literature U.N. Millennium Project Task Force Report on MDG 3, 2005 http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/reports/tf_gender.htm Initiatives in Legal and Judicial Reform, Legal Vice Presidency, World Bank, 2004 http://www4.worldbank.org/legal/publications/LJRInitiatives_2004.pdf Essays on Gender & Governance. Human Development Resource Center, UNDP India, 2003 http://www.undp.org.in/hdrc/pub/books/GnG.htm Ahern P. et al., 2000, Promoting gender equity in the democratic process: Womens paths to political participation and decision-making, ICRW and Center for Development and Populations Studies Womens Political Participation and Good Governance: 21st Century Challenges, UNDP, 2000. http://magnet.undp.org/new/pdf/gender/wpp/women_book.pdf Gender, decentralization, and public finance World Bank Institute Programs http://www.worldbank.org/wbi/publicfinance/decentralization/gender. htm UNDPs Gender and Governance website: http://www.undp.org/governance/gender.htm ___________________________________________________________________________ 17) KIT and OXFAM. 2004. Gender, citizenship and governance, A global source book. Critical Reviews and Annoted Bibliographies Series. KIT (Royal Tropical Institute), The Netherlands Oxfam GB (Very relevant) This volume brings together case studies of citizen action aimed at giving voice to womens needs and concerns, carving out spaces for equal participation of women and men in governance, and improving accountability and responsiveness of governance institutions to poor womens interests. It is also a good resource for new bibliography for gender and governance.

Another important contribution of the paper is a guide to the bibliography that explains records in the bibliography used and available in relation to gender and governance from around the globe. Very important paper because of the bibliography. ___________________________________________________________________________ 18) Ishrat Shamim & Dr. Ranjana Kumari. November 2002. Centre for Women and Children Studies Dhaka, Bangladesh & Centre for Social Research New Delhi, India The report reveals that in India and Bangladesh, the recent Constitutional Amendments have brought a considerable number of women into the mainstream political arena, bringing to the fore a range of issues involving not only womens rights but their role in politics. It had enabled women to come to power, but not actually empowered them in the political sense of the term. However, there was a considerable status enhancement among women and has made a difference in the perception among the men in the society with regard to their credibility in politics. The attitude of a large number of men towards women in politics has been changing from one of hostility and underestimation to reconciliation and trust. The empirical study of the Panchayati Raj Institution and the Union Parishad has brought to the fore some emerging leaders among women at the grassroots level. The reservation given to women seemed to be quite inadequate as far as their empowerment was concerned since the number of women who came to power exceeded even the 33 percent mark in most of the states in India. However, in Bangladesh the one-third mark in the Union Parishads was more of a move in the opposite direction and a disabling factor since as against men who contested from one ward, a woman had to cover three wards with all odds stacked against her to contest for one position. It was evident that lack of effective and timely planning, lack of political background, absence of suitable socio-economic and political environment, lack of appropriate organizational framework, lack of skill and training put women behind in proving their competencies compared to their male counterparts. It had been identified that women had limited scope to exercise political rights, lack of control over resources and had a limited choice in decision-making. The hurdles faced by women in participation started at the nascent stage itself, especially in Bangladesh where most of the women were not even allowed to vote due to religious fatwas by the fundamental groups. The Indian scenario is not diametrically opposite, but to a great extent still witnesses a great deal of forced silence among the elected women representatives. The women Panchayat members were the worst hit and the most peripheral in this silent revolution. Most of the women emphasized the fact that their participation could be better if they had functional education and also training on the various intricacies involved in the political field. The paper has important literature from India and Bangladesh.
______________________________________________________________________________

19) Martha Nussbaum, Amrita Basu, Yasmin Tambiah, Niraja Gopal Jayal. Human Development Resource Centre, UNDP, 2003. Essays on Gender and Governance. Human Development Resource Centre United Nations Development Programme. ISBN No: 81-88788-04-X (VERY RELEVANT) http://data.undp.org.in/hdrc/GndrInitv/Essays%20on%20Gender%20and% 20Governance.pdf The present volume is an outcome of a partnership between the UNDP India Country Office and the Bureau of Development Policy (BDP) of UNDP, New York. As part of an ongoing effort to add to the body of concepts and best practices of governance, BDP has been commissioning a series of global papers and country case studies on different aspects of governance. As a partner in this endeavour, the India Country Office took the lead in putting together a comprehensive global review of issues around the theme of gender and governance. This is a theme that holds a unique relevance for India, where gender and decentralization have been identified by the Government of India as the two focus areas for the UN Development Assistance Framework, which provides the basic underpinning for the work of the UN System in India. Again, the publication of these papers by the UNDP India Human Development Resource Centre (HDRC) reflects the recognition of the mutual interdependence of processes of gendered governance and human development. Key Literature Goetz, Anne-Marie (1995) The Politics of Integrating Gender to State Development Processes : Trends, Opportunities and Constraints in Bangladesh, Chile, Jamaica, Mali, Morocco and Uganda. Occasional Paper No. 2, UN Fourth World Conference on Women. Geneva : UNRISD. Halford, Susan (1992) Feminist change in a patriarchal organization: the experience of womens initiatives in local government and implications for feminist perspectives on state institutions in Mike Savage and Anne Witz, eds. Gender and Bureaucracy. Oxford : Blackwell Publishers/The Sociological Review. Hirst, Paul (2000) Democracy and Governance in Jon Pierre, ed. Debating Governance : Authority, Steering and Democracy. Oxford : Oxford University Press. Human Development in South Asia (2000) The Gender Question. Karachi : Oxford University Press for the Mahbub ul Haq Human Development Centre.

Jahan, Rounaq (1995) The Elusive Agenda : Mainstreaming Women in Development. London : Zed Books. Jayal, Niraja Gopal (1997) The Governance Agenda: Making Democratic Development Dispensable in Economic and Political Weekly, Volume XXXII, No.8. February 22. Kolb, Deborah M. and Debra Meyerson (1999) Keeping Gender in the Plot : A Case Study of The Body Shop in Aruna Rao, Rieky Stuart and David Kelleher, eds. Gender at Work : Organizational Change for Equality. Connecticut : Kumarian Press. Molyneux, Maxine (1985) Mobilization without emancipation? Womens interests, state and revolution in Nicaragua in Feminist Studies, 11(2). Moser, Caroline O.N. (1993) Gender, Planning and Development : Theory, Practice and Training. London : Routledge. Naciri, Rabea (1998) The Womens Movement and Political Discourse in Morocco. Occasional Paper No. 8. Geneva : UNRISD. Paidar, Parvin (1995) Women and the Political Process in Twentieth-Century Iran. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. Peterson, V. Spike and Anne Sisson Runyan (1993) Global Gender Issues. Boulder : Westview Press. Peterson, V. Spike and Anne Sisson Runyan (1993) Global Gender Issues. Boulder : Westview Press. UNDP (1997) Reconceptualising Governance. Discussion Paper 2, Management Development and Governance Division. New York. UNDP (2000) Womens Political Participation and Good Governance : 21st Century Challenges. New York. UNIFEM (2000) Progress of the Worlds Women. UNIFEM Biennial Report. New York. UNRISD (2000) Gender Justice, Development and Rights : Substantiating Rights in a Disabling Environment. Report of the UNRISD Workshop.

Vianello, Mino and Gwen Moore (2000) Gendering Elites : Economic and Political Leadership in 27 Industrialised Societies. Basingstoke : Macmillan Press Ltd. Voet, Rian (1998) Feminism and Citizenship. London : Sage Publications. World Bank (1992) Governance and Development. Washington, D.C. Young, Iris Marion (1990) Justice and the Politics of Difference. Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press.

___________________________________________________________________________ 20) Virginia Guzmn. July 2004. Democratic governance and gender: Possible linkages. Women and Development Unit. S E R I E mujer y desarrollo 48. Santiago, Chile, ECLAC/Division for the Advancement of Women/United Nations Development Account This paper has been written within the context of the activities of the ECLAC/Division for the Advancement of Women/United Nations Development Account Project on Democratic Governance and Equality in Gender Issues in Latin America and the Caribbean. Its purpose is to present an overview of the social and institutional changes unfolding in the region and the relationships that exist between democratic governance and the reform of societal gender based practices. The paper postulates that the new modes of democratic governance take the form of institutional changes, that is to say, they manifest themselves in the rules and regulations that govern the relationships between social actors in various scenarios, in particular between the State and society and between the State, the market and the family. These changes also create opportunities to transform gender roles. At the same time, this paper shows how the shift in relationships between men and women increases the foundations for the support of democratic governance by ensuring that high-level discussions and policy-making effectively mainstream the results achieved and problems overcome in the area of gender inequity. At the same time, the paper shows that despite the indisputable importance of a focus on gender inequality in those mechanisms of governance that seek to strengthen democracy, the feminist and womens movements have failed to attach sufficient importance to these issues in their agendas. Nor has the influence of gender issues in institutional reforms been sufficiently analyzed or sufficiently visible. Key Literature Baden, Sally (2000), Gender, Governance and the Feminization of Poverty, Womens political Participation and Good Governance: 21st Century Challenges, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).

Baden, Sally y Rachel Masika (eds.) (1997), Approaches to Institutionalizing Gender, Issue 5, Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex. Baldez, Lisa (1996), Democratic Institutions and Feminist Outcomes: Chilean Policy Toward Women in the 1990s, Working Paper No. 340, Department of Political Science, Washington University Bonan, Claudia (2001b), Poltica y conocimiento del cuerpo y la estructuracin moderna del sistema de gnero (Body knowledge & gender), Thematic meeting: Gender and sexual difference, document presented to the gender Working Group Meeting of the Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales (CLACSO) (Latin American Council for Social Sciences), Buenos Aires, September. Byrne, Bridget et al. (1996), National machineries for women in development: experiences, lessons and strategies for institutionalizing gender in development policy and planning, Bridge Report No. 36, Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex. ECLAC (Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean) (2001), Division for the Advancement of Women/United Nations Development Account Project on Democratic Governance and Equality in Gender Issues in Latin America and the Caribbean with input form: Women and Power in the Americas, A Report Card, Index Section, Country Data: Women in Political Office, Inter-American Dialogue, Womens Leadership Conference of the Americas, April www.thedialogue.org). Database of the Inter-Parliamentary Union, Women in Parliament (www.ipu.org). International Institute for Democracy and Electoral assistance (ww.idea.int) ECLAC (2000b), Study of Gender Mainstreaming in the Caribbean (LC/CAR/G.607), Port of Spain, March. Government of Argentina (2000), National Plan for State Modernization, <http://www.sgp.gov.ar>. Government of Bolivia, Ministry for Sustainable Development and Planning (w/o date), <http://www.rds.org.bo>, http://www.clad.org.ve/wwwsiare/>. Government of Brazil, Ministry of Federal Government and State Reform (1995), Master Plan for State Reform, http://www.gestaopublica.gov.br/Historico/Plano/espanhol/pl_diret.htm> .

Government of Chile(w/o date), Project for Reform & Modernization of the State, <http://www.modernizacion.gov.cl/proyecto_reforma.htm>. Government of Costa Rica, Ministry of Planning (w/o date), http://www.mideplan.go.cr>. Government of Dominican Republic (w/o date), National Council on State Reform, <http://www.reforma.gov.do>. Government of Ecuador(w/o date), National Council on Modernization, <http://conam.gov.ec>. Government of Guatemala(w/o date), Office for the Modernization of the Executive and Civil Service, <http://www.proguat.org/spanish/omoder.htm>. Government of Honduras(w/o date), Presidential Commission on State Modernization, <http://www.ns.rds,org.hn>. Government of Peru(w/o date), Acuerdo Nacional, <http://www.acuerdonacional.pe>. Handjipateras, A. (w/o date), Putting gender policy into practice: lessons from ACORD, Issue 5: Approaches to Institutionalizing Gender, BRIDGE, Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex. Kardam, N. (1997), Changing institutions in womens interests, Issue 5: Approaches to Institutionalizing Gender, BRIDGE, S. Baden y R. Masika, (eds.), Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex. Medelln Torres, Pedro (2002), Gobernabilidad y globalizacin en Amrica Latina: El difcil camino de la gobernabilidad democrtica, Papers Collection, Instituto Internacional de Gobernabilidad (The difficulties facing democratic governance), <http://www.iigov.org/documentos/tema1/docu0092.htm>. Oxaal, Zoe (1997a), Bringing gender out of the ghetto: national machineries for women, S. Baden y R.Masika (eds.), Issue 5: Approaches to Institutionalizing Gender, BRIDGE, Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex. Oxaal, Zoe (1997b), Empowerment: swimming into the mainstream?, S. Baden. y R. Masika (eds.), Issue 5: Approaches to Institutionalizing Gender, BRIDGE, Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex.

Sassen, Saskia (2000), Womens burden: counter-geographies of globalization and the feminization of survival, Journal of International Affairs, Spring, vol. 53, Issue 2. ___________________________________________________________________________ 21) UNDP. May 2006. A Framework for Selecting Pro Poor and Gender Sensitive Indicators. Measuring Democratic Governance. United Nations Development Programme Bureau for Development Policy Democratic Governance Group (Very Relevant) (Some information for Dawson)*** The aim of this guide is to provide a framework for generating pro-poor gender sensitive indicators to assist policy-makers monitor and evaluate democratic governance at the country level. It is hoped that this document will be useful to UNDP staff engaged in democratic governance work as well as to national policy makers and Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) for incorporating poverty and gender dimensions into the measurement of governance. Measuring democracy, governance and human rights is a broad and complex task, which is currently the subject of much analysis by the international community. The framework outlined here is a contribution to this ongoing work as part of UNDPs pilot project on Governance Indicators for Pro-Poor and Gender Sensitive Policy Reform. Key Literature Lorraine Corner. 2005. Gender Sensitive and Pro-Poor Indicators of Good Governance. (paper prepared for the UNDP-ICSSR Technical Workshop on Governance Indicators for Pro-Poor and Gender sensitive Policy Reform, New Delhi, 20-22 April, 2005). www.undp.org/oslocentre/docs05/cross/2/Gender sensitive%20and%20propoor%20indicators%20for%20Democratic%20Governance.pdf UNDP. Report on UNDP Technical Workshop on Governance Indicators for ProPoor and Gender sensitive Policy Reform. New Delhi, 20-22 April, 2005. www.undp.org/oslocentre/docs05/cross/Workshop%20report.pdf Budlender, D and G.Hewitt. 2004 "Engendering Budgets: a Practitioners Guide to Understanding and Implementing Gender-Responsive Budgets," Commonwealth Secretariat. [www.eldis.org/static/DOC16637.htm] CEDAW (Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women). [www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/committee.htm]

IDEA. Electoral Quotas for Women Database [www.quotaproject.org/] ___________________________________________________________________________ 22) Carolyn Pedwell and Diane Perrons. 2007. The Politics of Democratic Governance: Organizing for Social Inclusion and Gender Equity. One World Action Report of seminar held in London on March 1-2 2007. Gender Institute London School of Economics. (Very Relevant)***** The Politics of Democratic Governance: Organizing for Social Inclusion and Gender Equity was a two-day seminar organized by One World Action in London in March 2007. The event brought together activists at the forefront of democracy building in Indonesia, Guatemala, Brazil, Thailand, Nicaragua, Philippines, Malawi, India and Zambia with policy-makers in the UK and Europe to focus on how poor and marginalized people can have a voice in the decisions that affect their lives. Participants examined the challenges marginalized groups face in organizing, engaging with, and transforming political processes. Looking at examples from a range of international contexts, the presentations and discussions considered the potential of new strategies and forms of political engagement that aim to build equitable, gender-sensitive, democratic and accountable governance. Two central objectives for the seminar were highlighted. First: to create an environment for learning in which information, skills and experience could be shared through South/South, South/North, North/South and North/North circuits. Second: to provide opportunities for civil society leaders from the South to engage directly with and influence policy-makers and opinion-formers from the North, including representatives from the UK Department for International Development, the European Centre for Development Policy Management, the Trade Union Congress and Local Government, as well as academics and independent consultants. Key Literature Chant, S. (2006) Re-Visiting The Feminization Of Poverty And The UNDP Gender Indices: What Case For A Gendered Poverty Index? LSE Gender Institute Working Paper, Series Issue 18. Cornwall, A. (2003) Whose Voices? Whose Choices? Reflections on gender and participatory development in World Development 31 (8): 1325-1342. Crompton, R., Brockman M. and Lyonette, C. (2005) Attitudes, womens employment and the domestic division of labour: a cross-national analysis in two waves in Work, Employment and Society 19(2):213-233. Elson, D. (2002) Gender justice, human rights and neo-liberal policies in Molyneux and S. Razavi (eds.) Gender Justice, Development and Rights. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Glasius, M., Kaldor, M., Anheir, H. (2006) Introduction in M. Glasius, M. Kaldor and H. Anheir (eds.) Global Civil Society Yearbook 2005/2006. London: Sage publications. Molyneux, M. and Razavi, S. (2002) Introduction in M. Molyneux and S. Razavi (eds.) Gender Justice, Development and Rights. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ___________________________________________________________________________ 23) Mandakini Pant. Womens Leadership: Towards Gender Mainstreaming in Governance. http://www.pria.org/gender/pdfgender/voice%20and%20agency%20of%20women %20leadership.pdf Gender mainstreaming in governance aims at making governance structures gender equitable and gender sensitive. The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments of 1992 enabled 33 percent representation of women in Panchayats and Municipalities. Women got the opportunity to express their voice and shape policies on issues that mattered to them most. The deliberate process of decentralization has, however, not actually guaranteed equality of voice, access or influences in the decision-making within local governance. Concerns about agency of women elected representatives, particularly in the wake of the third term of their leadership in PRIs & municipalities, have led PRIA the (Society for Participatory Research in Asia) in New Delhi to frame one of its research on Womens leadership: Towards Gender Mainstreaming in Governance. The research was organized around the themes of (a) participation in the functioning of panchayats and urban local bodies; (b) gender relations within the institutional locations of household, community and the local self-governance, which either strengthen or inhibit their participation in governance; (c) and the perceptions about WERs performance. The research studied women elected representatives in the States of Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Haryana, Rajasthan, and Uttaranchal. This paper reports on the findings of the study. It focuses on representation of women in panchayats and municipalities to see whether their representation has been successful in actual exercise of power by them. Key Literature Anandhi S. 2002. Interlocking Patriarchies and Women in Governance: A Case Study of Panchayati Raj Institutions in Tamil Nadu, in Karin Kapadia, edited The Violence of Development. London, Zed Books. Kumari R. Letha. 2005. Women in Politics: Participation in Governance. New Delhi, Authors Press.

Nambiar Malini and Bandyopadhyay Kaustuv Kanti, 2004, Self-Help Groups: Engagement with Governance Institutions in Participation and Governance, Volume 10. Number 29, March. Panda Smita Mishra (2004): Gender Issues in Governance. Paper presented in the workshop on Gender & Governance at Institute of Rural Management, Anand on 15-16 December. Tambiah Yasmin (2003): The Impact of Gender Inequality on Governance in Martha Nussbaum et al Essays on Gender and Governance. New Delhi, UNDP. West Brooke (2004): Womens Leadership: Towards Gender Mainstreaming in Governance. Unpublished Document. ___________________________________________________________________________ 24) Development Partner Working Group (DPWG-LGD). 8 November 2008. To Enhance Aid Effectiveness: General Guiding Principles for Enhancing Alignment and Harmonization on Local Governance and Decentralization For the informal Development Partners Working Group on Local Governance and Decentralization (VERY RELEVANT because of the Website page) http://www.dpwglgd.org/cms/upload/pdf/Adopted_General_Guiding_Principles.pdf The present general guidelines reflect a consensual approach on how the informal Development Partner Working Group (DPWG-LGD) participants can translate lessons learned and perspectives put forth by previous studies into joint action on alignment and harmonization initiatives that can enhance aid effectiveness in the field of DLG. The guidelines aim to foster exchange, dialogue and cooperation between actors with a view to promoting harmonization; encourage common understanding of key concepts; and improve coherence, complementarily and effectiveness of initiatives in support of DLG. These guidelines are complementary to other documents and guidelines on DPWG support to DLG. The development of a conceptual framework, shared vision and operational co-ordination in the field of decentralization and local governance is one of the aims of the cooperation between the Development Partners (DP), in order to enhance the effectiveness of their work. This cooperation is especially characterized by its informal character. To facilitate the exchange of information among the participants, the shared workspace provides limited access only for DP. Key Option The website has a lot of information of OECDs initiative

DPWG-LGD - goals and functioning During the last decades, international development assistance was often marked by overlaps, duplication of efforts and rivalry between multitudes of donor organizations. This situation charged our partner-countries and impeded an integration of donor assistance with country-led sector strategies. Responding to this situation, the OECDs Development Assistance Committee (DAC) drew up detailed recommendations for an improved harmonization and alignment of development assistance (Rome Declaration on Harmonization of 2003, and the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness of 2005). To improve the donor's aid effectiveness in the area of Local Governance and Decentralization, it has been suggested to set up an informal Development Partners Working Group on Local Governance and Decentralization. This idea was born at the International Conference on Local Development in the USA, Washington (June 2004) and further developed at the workshop on Local Governance and Poverty Reduction in Africa, Tunis, June 2005 (Report of the Proceedings PDF 773 KB) . Then in Frankfurt, Germany 13 DP framed the DPWG LGD on March 2006 (Final report meeting Frankfurt). Since then, the members of the Working Group have joined forces to translate the principles of the Paris Declaration into practice. So the WG encompass more and more members sharing the aim of improved harmonization and alignment of development assistance in the field of Local Governance and Decentralization at headquarter level as well as in the partner countries. More concrete, the Working Group initiates an exchange among DPs about: Developing a conceptual framework, shared vision and operational coordination mechanisms for supporting national strategies in local governance and decentralization exploring innovative instruments and operational modalities to support the implementation of national decentralization strategies which foster alignment of sector policies with the decentralized governance system developing a set of indicators to assess implementation and progress of the reform and impact of decentralization on democratic governance and poverty reduction. ___________________________________________________________________________ 25) UNESCO. 2008. Overcoming inequality: why governance matters. OXFORD University Press. University of Oxford. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0017/001776/177683e.pdf This seventh edition of the EFA Global Monitoring Report offers a warning to governments, donors and the international community. On current trends universal primary education will not be achieved by 2015. This Report persuasively argues

that equity must be at the centre of the EFA agenda, to offset rising inequalities. Financing and governance reforms have an important role to play. Developing countries are not spending enough on basic education and donors have not lived up to their commitments. The Report presents some of the public policy and governance reforms that can break the cycle of disadvantage, improve access, raise quality, and enhance participation and accountability. Key Literature Aslam, M., Kingdon, G. and Sderbom, M. Forthcoming. Is education a path to gender equality in the labor market? Evidence from Pakistan. World Bank (ed.), Education as a Path to Gender Equality. Washington, DC, World Bank. Booth, D. and Curran, Z. 2005. Developing the Empirical Evidence for DFIDs Strategy on Exclusion: Aid Instruments and Exclusion. London, Overseas Development Institute. Crouch, L. and Winkler, D. 2007. Governance, management and financing of Education for All: basic frameworks and case studies. Background paper for EFA Global Monitoring Report 2009 (through Research Triangle Institute). De Renzio, P., Booth, D., Rogerson, A. and Curran, Z. 2005. Incentives for Harmonisation and Alignment in Aid Agencies. London, Overseas Development Institute. DFID. 2006. Eliminating World Poverty. Making Governance Work for the Poor. London, UK Department for International Development. Kremer, M. and Miguel, E. 2007. The illusion of sustainability. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 122, No. 3, pp. 1007136. Malhotra, A. and Schuler, S. R. 2005. Women's empowerment as a variable in international development. Narayan, D. (ed.), Measuring Empowerment: Cross-disciplinary Perspectives. Washington, DC, World Bank, pp. 7188. Rose, P. and Brown, T. 2004. Political Will and Capacity for Attaining the Gender MDG. London, UK Department for International Development. _____________________________________________________________________

26) Annette Evertzen. April 2001. Gender and Governance SNV - Netherlands Development Organization

This handbook is an overview of the literature and web sites concerning gender and governance processes, underlining strategies and best practices. Special emphasis is given on local governance and the region West Africa, as it serves as a base for pilot projects concerning gender and local governance in Benin, Guinea-Bissau, Mali and Albania. The manual may be useful as well for SNV and its partner organizations in other regions, as it forms an practical introduction into SNVs focal points: local governance and gender. ___________________________________________________________________________ 27) IULA. 2001. LOCAL GOVERNMENTS WORKING FOR GENDER EQUALITY. A COLLECTION OF CASES.English/French/Spanish. International Union of Local Authorities. The Netherlands. ISBN 90 72044 08 8 The aims of this book are to illustrate the importance of equal representation of and by women in local government; and also to highlight the key role that women can and must play in local government policy development, service-provision and decision-making. The book supplies information about concrete initiatives taken by local governments and their associations to these ends and emphasizes the effective role being played by local government in the implementation of UN commitments at the grassroots level, especially the Beijing Platform for Action and the Habitat Agenda. ___________________________________________________________________________ 28) Lorraine Corner. 2005. Gender Sensitive and Pro-Poor Indicators of Good Governance. (paper prepared for the UNDP-ICSSR Technical Workshop on Governance Indicators for Pro-Poor and Gender sensitive Policy Reform, New Delhi, 20-22 April, 2005). www.undp.org/oslocentre/docs05/cross/2/Gender sensitive%20and%20propoor%20indicators%20for%20Democratic%20Governance.pdf This paper comprises four sections. Section I of this paper explores the extent to which existing indicators of governance are gender-sensitive and pro-poor. Section II considers how governance indicators could be made more gender-sensitive and propoor. Section III proposes some additional indicators that might better capture the gender and poverty dimensions of governance, some already available in existing datasets and others that need to be developed. Existing governance indicators are available and used primarily at the international level, where country and regional comparisons have proved to be powerful tools for advocacy and significant incentives for governments to improve their performance. At this level, governance indicators are also being used by some international donors to assist them in determining the allocation of development assistance.3 However, governance indicators that are comparable among countries tend to be both limited in number and rather general in nature. Most are neither gender-sensitive nor pro-poor. It is only at the national and sub-national levels that it is possible to focus on specific mechanisms and attributes of

governance and to develop new indicators that can reflect or capture the different experiences of, and impacts on, women and men in general and poor women and poor men in particular. Key Literature Tony Beck, Using Gender-Sensitive Indicators. A Reference Manual for Governments and Other Stakeholders, Commonwealth Secretariat, 1999: 7 Statistics Canada and Status of Women, Canada, Economic Gender Equality Indicators, Federal-Provincial/Territorial Ministers Responsible for the Status of Women, 1997: 8 UNIFEM, Margins to Mainstream From Gender Statistics to Engendering Statistical Systems http://www.unifem-ecogov-apas.org/ecogovapas/EEGKnowledgeBase/EngenderingNSS/margin2mstreamsynopsis.htm. Two notable exceptions to the gender blindness of conventional data collection exercises are the 2000 round of the Census in India and Nepal.Both included comprehensive efforts to incorporate gender considerations into every stage, from the identification and definition of variables and classification systems, through gender training of all staff from senior management to interviewers and field supervisors, up to development of tabulations and presentation and dissemination of data. UNDP Project Document, Governance Indicators Project, Bureau of Development Policy, Democratic Governance Group, Oslo Governance Centre, 20 August 2004. Sally Baden, Gender, Governance and the Feminization of Poverty, Chapter 4 in UNDP, Womens Political Participation and Good Governance. 21st Century Challenges, 2000: 27-40. Millennium Project Task Force on Education and Gender Equality, Taking Action: Achieving Gender Equality and Empowering Women, 2005. Sally Baden, Gender, Governance and the Feminization of Poverty, Chapter 4 in UNDP, Womens Political Participation and Good Governance. 21st Century Challenges, 2000: 29. Baden, 2000: 30.For a critical analysis of the concept of participation, see Caterina Ruggeri Laderchi, Participatory methods in the analysis of poverty: a critical review, QEH Working Paper Series Number 62. ____________________________________________________________________________

29) Sally Baden/UNDP. 1999. Background Paper Nol. 2 Gender, Governance and the Feminization of Poverty. Institute of Development Studies. Copyright reserved for the Management Development and Governance Division, United Nations Development Programme. VERY RELEVANT ******************* http://mirror.undp.org/magnet/events/gender/india/Badefeb2.htm Recent development policy literature has highlighted the importance of governance in poverty reduction efforts. It has also been argued recently that poverty reduction and sustainable human development should be the goal of governance. Links have been made between strong political representation of women and a high incidence of female poverty, suggesting that increasing womens political representation may be instrumental to reducing womens poverty. Here, the links between gender inequality and poverty and between governance and poverty reduction are traced and questioned. Governance efforts will not necessarily lead to poverty reduction and, further, poverty reduction efforts do not necessarily reduce gender inequalities. These synergies cannot be assumed. A win-win-win approach to gender, poverty and governance tends to obscure the gender-specific mechanisms, which create womens disadvantage. Re-examining governance debates from a gender perspective highlights constraints to poor womens effective participation in governance processes and, consequently, suggests how governance structures and processes can be made more accountable to poor women. Gender accountability, however, does not flow simply from increased participation of women in governance processes. The effectiveness of womens participation in terms of their ability to articulate gender interests, and the impact of this on actual resource allocation processes and decisions, are also critical. Understanding of the role of institutional rules, norms and practices in determining entitlements is key to understanding gendered experiences and processes of poverty. The feminization of poverty argument is not helpful if it is used to justify poverty reduction efforts which uncritically target female headed households or even women, but which do not challenge the underlying rules of the game. Gendered institutional analysis can provide an entry point for rethinking governance debates from the perspective of poor women. Development cooperation efforts to support governance raise issues of internal versus external accountability and potential ideological bias. These are heightened in the context of support to gender objectives, where accusations of cultural imperialism are easily raised. External aid programmes need to take into consideration internal political agendas and proceed with caution. At a more practical level, the small scale, fragmentary and often informal nature of womens organizing also poses problems for external support where bureaucratic application requirements and reporting procedures are in place .

Some broad principles for development cooperation to support increased accountability of institutions to poor women are set out below: The apparent gender neutrality of governance structures and processes should be questioned at all levels in order to identify constraints to the institutionalization of gender equitable outcomes; The different forms in which women organize, and varied issues around which they mobilize, particularly at local level, need to be recognized as political processes and institutional spaces created for womens gender interests to be articulated, for example in local government; Incorporating a gender perspective into governance analysis and policy should not be restricted to any one domain (e.g. civil society) but should cut across all domains, and make links between them; Higher priority should be given in governance debates to issues of family governance not as a separate womens domain, but in recognition of the ways that gender biases in this domain permeate wider social institutions. Key Literature Ashworth, G., (1996). Gendered governance: an agenda for change. UNDP Gender Monograph Series No. 3, UNDP, New York , March. Baden, Sally (1998a). Gender issues in financial liberalisation and financial sector reform, BRIDGE Report No. 39., IDS, Brighton. Baden, S (1998b). Gender issues in agricultural market liberalisation, BRIDGE Report No. 41, IDS, Brighton. Baden, S (1992). Gender and adjustment in Sub-Saharan Africa, BRIDGE Report, IDS, Sussex Baden, S and Goetz, A.M. (1997). Who needs [sex] when you can have [gender]: discourses on gender at Beijing in Feminist Review, No 57, Spring Baden, S., with Milward, K., (1995). Gender and poverty, BRIDGE Report No. 30, IDS, Sussex. Beall, J., (1996). Urban governance: why gender matters. UNDP Gender Monograph Series No. 1., UNDP, New York, March Byrne, B., Julie Koch Laier, Sally Baden, and Rachel Marcus (1996). National Machineries for Women in Development. experiences lessons and strategies for institutionalising gender in development policy and planning, BRIDGE Report No. 36, IDS, Brighton

Cagatay, N. (1998). Gender and poverty. UNDP Social Development and Poverty Elimination Division, Working Paper Series, No. 5. May. Chant, S. (1997). Women headed households: poorest of the poor? Perspectives from Mexico, Costa Rica and the Philippines, IDS Bulletin, Vol. 28, No. 3, IDS, Brighton Dahlerup, D. (1998). Using quotas to increase womens political representation, in Karam, A. (1998) (Ed.). Goetz, A.M. (1998). Mainstreaming gender equity to national development planning, in Miller, C and Razavi, S (1998). (eds.) Missionaries and Mandarins: Feminist Engagement with Development Institutions, ITDG, London Goetz, A.M., (1995). Institutionalizing womens interests and gender-sensitive accountability in development, Editorial in Getting institutions right for women in development IDS Bulletin, Vol. 26 No 3, July Institute of Development Studies (IDS) (1995). Can aid promote good government? IDS Policy Briefing, Issue 2, February, IDS, Brighton Jackson, C (1996). Rescuing gender from the poverty trap, World Development, Vol. 23 No. 4 Kabeer (1997).. Editorial in Tactics and trade offs: the links between gender and poverty revisited IDS Bulletin Vol. 28 No. 3, IDS, Brighton ______________________________________________________________________ 30) IDRC/UNDP. Regional Bureau for Arab States United Nations Development Programme. Women citizens too: The Laws of the State, the Lives of Women http://www.undp.org/governance/docs/Gender-Pubwomen%20are%20citizens%20too-EN.pdf The paper describes the Gender and Citizenship initiative and mentions it is based on the premise that a "Citizenship Framework" is a particularly powerful one, both conceptually and pragmatically, for empowering women and addressing their unequal access to public spaces in the Arab world. (See UNDP's concept note on www.undp-pogar.org). The concept of citizenship is a central and mandatory concept for the modern nation state and is thus essential for any discussion of governance and gender. The concept of citizenship entails a direct and legal relationship between the individual and the state, a relationship that carries with it obligations and enforceable rights as defined by juridical processes. As an area of study, citizenship has gained increased importance in recent years due to increasing challenges to the very viability and basis of current nation states as a result of pressures from both below (in the form of ethnic or religious movements at the sub-national level), as well as from above (in

the form of processes of regional integration and globalization). At a more pragmatic and policy oriented level, a conceptual framework based on the notion of citizenship can serve as a strong basis for mobilizing for changes to empower women. ____________________________________________________________________________ 31) FRANCESCA BIGNAMI. 2005. Civil Society and International Organizations: A Liberal Framework for Global Governance. Duke University. School of Law. This analysis of how civil society can contribute to a better system of global governance draws on the political philosophy of civil society and the comparative law of democracy. Its first part describes the civil society phenomenon in three different international organizations: the World Bank, the World Trade Organization, and the European Union. Part Two puts forward the moral principle upon which my argument rests: liberal democracy. The next part sets the stage for the discussion of contemporary liberal theories of civil society by reviewing the history of the concept. Part Four critically examines the four dominant theories of citizen associations and their contribution to the good life in democratic societies. These theories serve as the basis for evaluating the pro-civil society reforms that have been made to date in international organizations and for suggesting additional areas of improvement. Yet the review of the literature also demonstrates, somewhat surprisingly, that the political philosophers and the civil society activists are talking past one another: the theory does not address head-on the question whether associations should be represented in public decision-making. ________________________________________________________________________ 32) Waylen, Georgina. 2004. 'Putting Governance into the Gendered Political Economy of Globalization',International Feminist Journal of Politics,6:4,557 578 To link to this Article: DOI: 10.1080/1461674042000283354 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1461674042000283354 This article argues that the gendered analyses of governance and globalization should be integrated, because if we believe that globalization is not an immutable and irresistible force, our analyses of globalization can only be improved by a greater understanding of the gendered ways in which these processes are constructed and regulated. This understanding can also help to overcome the false dichotomy between structure and agency by helping to make clear the many ways in which actors interact with global structures and processes. Drawing on the diverse bodies of work on globalization and governance, this article focuses on four inter-related areas that are relevant to the development of a gendered political economy of governance and globalization. ___________________________________________________________________________

33) Haque, M. Shamsul(2003)'Citizen Participation in Governance Through Representation: Issue of Gender in East Asia'. International Journal of Public Administration,26:5,569 590 To link to this Article: DOI: 10.1081/PAD-120019236 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/PAD-120019236 In the modern age, although East Asia represents some of the most successful economies such as Japan, Taiwan, Hong Kong, South Korea, and (now) China, the level of political and administrative development in the region remains controversial. One of the major indicators of such politico-administrative development is the extent of citizen participation in governance through various democratic means, including the formation and expression of public opinion, people's involvement in government decisions and deliberations, and direct representation of citizens in governing institutions. However, the direct representation of citizens is considered one of the most effective modes of participation in institutions such as legislature, cabinet, and bureaucracy. In this regard, although the representation of women in these governing institutions has gained global significance, it still remains relatively weak in most East Asian cases. This article evaluates the extent of such women's participation in governance through representation in East Asia, examines the major factors constraining this representation, and suggests remedial alternatives to improve the situation. ___________________________________________________________________________ 34) Mukhopadhyay, Maitrayee(2003)'Creating citizens who demand just governance: gender and development in the twenty-first century',Gender & Development,11:3,45 56 To link to this Article: DOI: 10.1080/741954369 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/741954369 The issue of good governance assumed enormous significance in debates on global development in the 1990s. By and large, this translated into policies aimed at building accountability of public administration institutions to the broad public, but omitted to consider two key issues: first, the public consists of women and men, who have gender-differentiated needs and interests; second, civil-society institutions have a role to play in creating the demand for democratic, accountable, and just governance. To address these omissions, and to reinforce the importance of bringing a gender perspective to global debates and approaches to international development, KIT Gender, at the Royal Tropical Institute in Amsterdam, initiated a three-year programme in 1999. It is entitled Gender, Citizenship, and Governance. This article discusses the programme and its relevance to international development, and provides three case studies from the programme; from India, Bangladesh, and South Africa.

35) Schech, Susanne and Dev, Sanjugta Vas(2007)'Gender justice: the World Bank's new approach to the poor?',Development in Practice,17:1,14 26. To link to this Article: DOI: 10.1080/09614520601092451. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09614520601092451 Gender inequality is now widely acknowledged as an important factor in the spread and entrenchment of poverty. This article examines the World Development Report 2000/01 as the World Banks blueprint for addressing poverty in the twenty-first century, together with several more recent Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs), with a view to analyzing the manner in which gender is incorporated into the policy-making process and considering whether it constitutes a new approach to gender and poverty. It is argued that the World Banks approach to poverty is unlikely to deliver gender justice, because there remain large discrepancies between the economic and social policies that it prescribes. More specifically, the authors contend that the Bank employs an integrationist approach which encapsulates gender issues within existing development paradigms without attempting to transform an overall development agenda whose ultimate objective is economic growth as opposed to equity. Case studies from Cambodia and Vietnam are used to illustrate these arguments. ___________________________________________________________________________ 36) Orock, Rogers Tabe Egbe(2007)'Gender equality - whose agenda? Observations from Cameroon',Development in Practice,17:1,93 97 To link to this Article: DOI: 10.1080/09614520601092220 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09614520601092220 The political project of gender equality in Africa has gained momentum and made many achievements. However, these have been largely confined to the big women working in the public and private bureaucratic contexts in which there is a greater commitment to gender equality. It is argued that in the context of Cameroon, until these bigger women renew their commitment to their grassroots sisters, the experience of gender equality will remain largely unequal. Only strong links between white-collar workers and less privileged women will span this chasm. ___________________________________________________________________________ 37) Julia Preece. 2002. Feminist Perspectives on the Learning of Citizenship and Governance. A Journal of Comparative and International Education, Volume 32,1 March, pages 21 33. This paper offers a critical appraisal of citizenship and governance in relation to gender. It draws on poststructuralist themes which look at the relationship between power and discourse. This perspective provides an analytical tool for exploring how gender has been understood in the construction of citizenship and governance values in Europe. Whilst the focus of this discussion is gender, the implications of

this analysis for disability and race are also highlighted. The paper argues for a broader, more inclusive, ethical definition of active citizenship that, in turn, will influence how people learn to be citizens and take part in governance. A selected literature identifies different ways in which citizenship is portrayed and learned through texts, schooling, family and social behaviours and traditions. The changing European and globalization contexts provide additional commentary on the demands for new forms of citizenship and governance. Particular attention is paid to the notion of active citizenship with some recent interpretations of the dichotomy between private (family) and public (political) domains in relation to citizenship and gender. The final sections then analyse different attempts to re-defi ne a gender sensitive concept of citizenship, concluding with the argument for an ethical education which would empower women to play a more active, citizen role in governance. ___________________________________________________________________________ 38) Ilcan, Suzan, Oliver, Marcia and O'connor, Daniel(2007)'Spaces of Governance: Gender and public sector restructuring in Canada',Gender, Place & Culture,14:1,75 92. To link to this Article: DOI: 10.1080/09663690601122333 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09663690601122333 While the literature on economic restructuring tends to understand neoliberalism as a uniform governance ideology or economic-political reality, we suggest that it is more useful to understand neoliberalism as a loosely knit assemblage of programmatic efforts that consist of various political rationalities and practices of rule that aim to manage social conduct. The paper focuses on the various ways that these efforts are connected to complex state rescaling processes in Canada. Specifically, the first part of the paper examines the restructuring of nation-state responsibilities in social service and security provisions. It illustrates the shift toward a new citizenship regime that renders women as active agents who are responsible for solving problems in an individualized manner. The second part of the paper exemplifies how neoliberal programmatic efforts create new spaces of governance, particularly those of flexibility through non-standard work. The massive rescaling of the public sector, the decreasing demand for womens traditional occupations, and the increasing prevalence of women in non-standard work arrangements constitutes women as political-economic subjects in new ways. We analyze these processes using data drawn from in-depth interviews with personnel in the Canadian Federal Public Service. We outline some of the implications these initiatives have had on public service programmes and various public sector groups. Additionally, we provide a selection of individual accounts of public sector restructuring and gendered work by professionals and contract workers employed in the public service, and offer empirical illustrations of the contentions surrounding neoliberal restructuring initiatives. ___________________________________________________________________________

39) Sokhem, Pech and Sunada, Kengo(2006)'The Governance of the Tonle Sap Lake, Cambodia: Integration of Local, National and International Levels',International Journal of Water Resources Development,22:3,399 416. To link to this Article: DOI: 10.1080/07900620500482642 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07900620500482642 The Tonle Sap water-related crisis mainly concerns governance, and at both the local and cross-boundary levels the crisis requires a more integrated and comprehensive solution than is the case at present. This paper addresses the institutional challenges of this basin from three levels: international collaborative facilitation and resource mobilization toward sustainable development of the Mekong region; national and local institutional matters; and participatory issues. The results show that new governance principles such as a holistic institutional approach and upstream downstream relationship, transparency and accountability, public participation and decentralization, gender and equity, and separation of incompatible administrative functions, etc., are much needed in the Mekong and Tonle Sap Basins. The governance should have a greater emphasis on broader policy and planning, and more strategic approaches and attention to equity, sustainability and poverty alleviation. ___________________________________________________________________________ 40) Sheila Riddell; Jane Salisbury. Published in: Gender, Policy and Educational Change, Volume 1, Part 4 November 1999 , pages 191 - 207 Book Summary Gender equality has been a major educational theme for the past two decades and has become interwoven with other policy themes, including those of marketisation and managerialism. Contributors to this strong collection are key researchers in their fields and seek to address the following questions: * What patterns are discernible in the educational attainment of girls and boys over the past two decades? * To what extent are changes attributable to gender equality policies? * What form have gender equality policies taken in different parts of the UK? * What has been the impact of European equality policies? * How have gender equality policies been experienced by particular groups including pupils from ethnic minority and working-class backgrounds? This book aims to take an overall look at how significant have been the changes in experiences, aspirations and culture of girls and boys and male and female teachers. It explores how attempts to improve equal opportunities in education have fared and examines the tensions and contradications in recent policies. ___________________________________________________________________________

41) Jayal, Niraja Gopal(2006)'Engendering local democracy: The impact of quotas for women in India's panchayats',Democratization,13:1,15 35. To link to this Article: DOI: 10.1080/13510340500378225 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13510340500378225 In 1992, India's Parliament enacted two constitutional amendments that sought to democratize local governance and engender it through quota-based reservations for women. This article asks whether participation in these institutions has enabled women to articulate and advance their interests. To evaluate this, the article deploys the distinction in feminist literature between strategic and practical gender interests. Through a survey of a wide range of studies conducted in different parts of India it points to the constraints, both of institutional design as well as of social inequalities of gender and caste that inhibit a fuller and more effective participation by women. There is nevertheless evidence to suggest that the quotas have enabled women to address their practical gender needs and interests, even if the articulation and realization of strategic interests is moving at a somewhat slower pace. ___________________________________________________________________________ 42) Ofei-Aboagye, Esther(2004)'Promoting gender sensitivity in local governance in Ghana',Development in Practice,14:6,753 760. To link to this Article: DOI: 10.1080/0961452042000283987 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0961452042000283987 Decentralisation of political and administrative power to local authorities has gained considerable support over the last decade as a way of achieving participatory, accountable, and responsive development (Rondinelli and Nellis 1986; Hessling 1994; Crook and Manor 1998; De Jong et al. 1999; Moore 2001). Gender equity and gender sensitivity have also been regarded as prerequisites of sustainable development. Increasing the participation of women in political and public office as well as promoting routine attention to womens concerns alongside mens have therefore been advocated by multiple sectors of the development community since the late 1980s. Ghanas decentralisation process and local government system are intended to give ordinary people the opportunity to participate in decisions that affect their lives. Section 35 Clause 5 (d) of the Ghanaian Fourth Republican Constitution (ROG 1992) enjoins the state to make democracy a reality at all levels, through decentralisation. In Chapter 5 of the same section, the state is required to promote reasonable regional and gender balance in recruitment and appointment to public office. __________________________________________________________________________ 43) Kinsella, Jim and Brehony, Eamonn(2009)'Are current aid strategies marginalising the already marginalised? Cases from Tanzania',Development in Practice,19:1,51 60. To link to this Article: DOI: 10.1080/09614520802576377 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09614520802576377

Engaging with and assisting marginalised communities remains a major challenge for governments of developing countries, as many national development strategies tend in practice to further marginalise chronically poor communities. Development aid strategies, including poverty-reduction initiatives, have focused primarily on economic development. As a result they have contributed to the erosion of the asset base of these communities, and in particular their access to natural resources. While questioning the impact of aid arrangements on the poorest and most vulnerable communities in society, this article recognises that current aid arrangements, such as national poverty-reduction strategies, have created an environment in which chronic poverty can be addressed by national governments and other stakeholders. The authors emphasise the need for greater sensitivity in the processes of planning and managing national development strategies that seek to reduce poverty, as well as a commitment to institutional arrangements that include marginalised groups in the country's political economy. ___________________________________________________________________________ 44) Carole Rakodi. December 2001. Economic growth, wellbeing and governance in Africa's urban sector. Published in: Renewing Development in Sub-Saharan Africa, Volume 1, Part 5 December 2001 , pages 309 - 327 Renewing Development in Sub-Saharan Africa reviews the debates and brings together specialist contributions, to provide a clear guide to the major complexities of African development. They lay the foundation for designing a range of individual country-specific policy-sets, in which the strategic components are prioritized according to each country's constraints and opportunities. The emphasis of the book is on the identification of effective strategies that will enable individual countries to most effectively exploit their growth opportunities and to meet poverty-reducing and other key equity objectives ___________________________________________________________________________ 45) Vince Gardiner; Hugh Matthews Local government and governance. P. 503. Published in: The Changing Geography of the UK This fully revised edition of a widely-used introductory text, presents a full description and interpretation of the changes that have occurred during the 1990s. Within the last decade the UK has undergone major shifts in terms of its land, economy, society, politics and environment, all of which have had a profound effect on the geographical landscape. This highly illustrated third edition of The Changing Geography of the UK includes a great deal of new material from a revised team of contributors.

VII - GENDER AND CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT 1) United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM). September 2007. Capacity Development for Promoting Gender Equality in the Aid Effectiveness Agenda: Lessons from Sub-Regional Consultations in Africa (in English and French). Series Gender Equality and Aid Effectiveness Discussion Papers http://www.unifem.org/attachments/products/GenderEqualityInAidEffectiveness _AfricaLessons_eng.pdf In the context of discussions on financing for development and aid effectiveness, there has been growing recognition of the importance of integrating gender equality in national development planning and programming cycles. Drawing on the experiences and insights shared in a series of African regional and sub-regional consultations on gender equality and aid effectiveness, this discussion paper outlines a capacity development strategy for advancing development effectiveness and gender equality in the new aid agenda. It is recognized that a number of institutions need to build their capacities in several areas: - Government institutions, from Ministries of Finance and Planning to local authorities, need to strengthen capacity of technical staff to carry out gender-responsive budgeting which represents the priorities of poor women and men from the planning to the implementation stages of the process. Developing their capacity to engage effectively with women stakeholders in an inclusive way is also key. - National women's machineries should enhance their skills to participate effectively in national planning processes, monitor implementation and promote accountability mechanisms for gender equality; - Women's organizations need to strengthen understanding of national planning and budgeting processes in order to effectively engage in new aid modality policy and planning processes. Other papers from the website
Gender Equality for Development Effectiveness: National Development Planning in the Commonwealth of Independent States (2008) Promoting Gender Equality in the Aid Effectiveness Agenda in Asia Pacific: Engaging the Principles of the Paris Declaration (2007) Capacity Development for Promoting Gender Equality in the Aid Effectiveness Agenda: Lessons from Sub-Regional Consultations in Africa (2007) Promoting Gender Equality in New Aid Modalities and Partnerships: Experiences from Africa (2006)

Promoting Gender Equality in New Aid Modalities and Partnerships (2006)

__________________________________________________________________________ 2) Sustainable Capacity Building for Decentralization February 2004. Gender Action Plan (GAP). Introduction and Guidelines

VIII - GENDER EQUALITY - GENDER EQUITY: AID EFFECTIVENESS

GENERAL 1) UNIFEM Discussion Paper. November 2007. Promoting Gender Equality in the Aid Effectiveness Agenda in Asia Pacific Engaging the Principles of the Paris Declaration. United Nations Development Fund for Women www.unifem.org The paper summarizes a part of series of regional consultations on gender equality and aid effectiveness held on 22-24 August 2007. UNIFEM and the Government of Indonesia convened government and civil society representatives from 11 countries in the Asia Pacific region in Jakarta, Indonesia. Representatives from each of the Paris Declaration roll-out countries, namely, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Cambodia, Fiji, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Nepal, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Timor Leste and Viet Nam, together with donor agency representatives from Norway, the European Commission, Japan and the Asian Development Bank, shared experiences with implementation to date and their implications for development and gender equality. 2) Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA). 2005. CIDAs Framework for Assessing Gender Equality Results (2005).

The publication summarizes the framework for assessing gender equality results developed by CIDA. The framework was designed to provide a means to undertake a corporate level assessment of CIDAs of gender equality as a crosscutting theme and thus supporting continuing progress in this area. The implementation of the framework will support CIDAs result-based management approach by providing feedback related to CIDAs accountability for development results and by identifying lessons intended to strengthen management for gender equality results. ___________________________________________________________________________

3)

OECD. 2008. Gender and Sustainable Development. MAXIMISING THE ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ROLE OF WOMEN.

The paper centers on gender equality and policy implications that can be applied to any country. This report is a contribution by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) to the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development (UNCSD) and its cross-cutting work on gender. It aims to increase understanding of the role of women in maintaining the three pillars economic, social and environmental of sustainable development. The report has been prepared by the OECD Horizontal Programme on Sustainable Development and is based largely on OECD analyses. The data pertain primarily to the situation of women in OECD countries, but the insights and policy implications are applicable to all countries. The report illustrates how gender mainstreaming in statistics, studies and statutes can lead to more sustainable government policies and a better world economy. Key Literature Johnsson-Latham, G. (2007), A Study on Gender Equality as a Prerequisite for Sustainable Development, Report to the Environment Advisory Council, Sweden. Jutting, J. and C. Morrisson, J. Dayton-Johnson, and D. Dreschsler (2008), Measuring Gender (In) Equality: The OECD Gender, Institutions and Development Data Base, Journal of Human Development, 9:1 OECD (2000b), Gender Mainstreaming: Messages from the Conference, OECD/Nordic Council of Ministers Conference on Gender Mainstreaming: Competitiveness and Growth, 23-24 November 2000. OECD (2006a), Culture, Gender and Growth, OECD Development Centre Policy Insights. OECD (2007a), Aid in Support of Gender Equality and Womens Empowerment, Statistics based on DAC Members reporting on the Gender Equality Policy Marker, 2004-2005. OECD (2007c), Gender Equality and Aid Delivery: What has changed in Development Co-operation Agencies since 1999? Women and Work Commission (WWC) (2006), Shaping a Fairer Future, United Kingdom. World Bank (2001), Engendering Development through Gender Equality,

Rights Resources and Voice, World Bank. World Bank (2006), Gender Equality as Smart Economics, World Bank. World Economic Forum (WEF) (2007), The Global Gender Gap Report 2007 4) Cecilia Alemany, Nerea Craviotto, Fernanda Hopenhaym, Ana Lidia Fernndez-Layos, Cindy Clark and Sarah Rosenhek. January 2008. IMPLEMENTING THE PARIS DECLARATION: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PROMOTION OF WOMENS RIGHTS AND GENDER EQUALITY. Commissioned by the Canadian Council for International Cooperation (CCIC) and developed by AWID and WIDE. (VERY RELEVANT)

The paper stresses in the implementation of the Paris declaration and its implications on womens rights and gender equality. They argue that a more holistic approach is essential. One that integrates parallel efforts; such as those by several donors to analyze in depth the relationship between aid effectiveness and gender equality, as part of the monitoring of the impact of the Paris Declaration. As a result of the analysis they provide several recommendations to strengthen a gender equality dimension in the aid effectiveness agenda: Key Literature AWID (2007), Series of primers: Aid effectiveness and womens rights. CCIC (2007), Compilation of Case Studies on Civil Society and Aid Effectiveness, Africa-Canada Forum Symposium, September 2007. Collinson, Hellen et al. (2008), Womens Rights and Gender Equality, the new aid environment and Civil Society Organisations. UK Gender and Development Network (GADN): London, United Kingdom. Cruz, Carmen de la (2007), Quin se apropia del desarrollo? Contribuciones al debate sobre gnero y la nueva arquitectura de la ayuda. Instituto Hegoa: Bilbao, Spain. Floro, Maria et al (2004), Gender issues and concerns in financing for development. International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women (INSTRAW). GENDERNET (2007), Draft Issue Paper, Understanding the Connections between the Paris Declaration and Work on Gender Equality and Womens Empowerment, August 2007. GENDERNET (2007), Gaynor, C.; Using the Paris Declaration in work on Gender Equality and Womens empowerment, Draft version, August 2007.

GENDERNET (2007), Gaynor, C.; Understanding the connections between the Paris Declaration and work on Gender Equality and Womens empowerment, Draft version, August, 2007. GENDERNET (2007), Minutes of the Meeting of the Task Team on New Directions in Gender Equality and Womens Empowerment, Paris, 26-27 June 2007. GENDERNET (2007), Fifth Meeting of the DAC NETWORK ON GENDER EQUALITY, 27-29 June 2007, Summary Record. International Civil Society Steering Group (2007), Policy Paper From Paris 2005 to Accra 2008: Will Aid Be come more Accountable and Effective. Moghadam, Valentine (2005), The feminization of poverty and womens human rights, SHS papers in womens studies/gender research No. 2, UNESCO, July 2005 OECD DAC (2007), Workshop on development effectiveness in practice: applying the Paris Declaration to advancing gender equality, environmental sustainability and human rights, Dublin, Ireland, 26-27 April 2007. Summary Report of the Joint meeting of the Inter-Agency Network on Women and Gender Equality (IANWGE) and the OECD-DAC Network on Gender Equality, AID MODALITIES AND THE PROMOTION OF GENDER EQUALITY , January 30-31 2006, Safari Park Hotel, Nairobi, Kenya. UK Gender and Development Network GADN- (2007), Gender Equality, New Aid Modalities and Civil Society Organisations: Investigating the Implications. London: United Kingdom. United Nations, Division for the Advancement of Women (2007), Gaynor, C., The Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness and Gender Equality, Expert Group meeting on financing for gender equality and the empowerment of women, September 2007. United Nations Development Fund for Women (2006), Promoting Gender Equality in New Aid Modalities and Partnerships. UNIFEM Discussion Paper, March 2006. United Nations Development Fund for Women (2006), Promoting Gender Equality in New Aid Modalities and Partnerships: Experiences from Africa. Burundi consultation outcome report, July 2006.

United Nations Development Fund for Women (2007), Capacity Development for Promoting Gender Equality in the Aid Effectiveness Agenda, Lessons from Subregional consultations in Africa, Discussion Paper, September 2007. United Nations Commission on the Status of Women, Expert Group on Financing for Gender Equality, Recommendations from the Meeting in September 2007 Van Reisen, Mirjam (2005), Accountability Upside Down: Gender Equality in a partnership for poverty eradication. Eurostep / Social Watch: Brussels, Belgium. Were, Maureen and Kiringai, Jane, Gender Mainstreaming in Macroeconomic Policies and Poverty Reduction Strategy in Kenya. The African Womens Development and Communication Network (FEMNET): Nairobi, Kenya. Williams, Mariama (2007), Civil Society and the New Aid Modalities: Addressing the challenges for Gender Equality, Democracy and Participation. NGO Forum Commonwealth Foundation. Womankind World Wide (2008), Womens rights and gender equality-the new Aid Environment and Civil Society Organisations, January 2008 5) CIDA. 2005. CIDAs Framework for Assessing Gender Equality Results. Canadian International Development Agency. Canada. This paper summarizes a new developed framework that is an important advance for CIDA, given that there are few o none frameworks for assessing performance of gender equality as a crosscutting theme. It was designed to provide a means to undertake a corporate level assessment of CIDA s performance on gender equality and thus support continuing progress in this area.

6)

Sonja Wlte The International Human Rights of Women. An overview of the most significant international conventions and the instruments for their implementation. Eschborn, December 2003. Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH http://www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/en-international-womens-rights.pdf This publication offers an up-to-date and systematic overview of the most important conventions of the international community and discusses the existing instruments and agreements the international community can use to monitor and assert these

rights. In the meantime, many different initiatives now also exist at the national level to promote implementation of the standards stipulated in international conventions and thus make them a reality for women and girls. ___________________________________________________________________________ 7) Mayra Buvinic, Andrew R. Morrison, A. Waafas Ofosu-Amaah and Mirja Sjblom. Editors. 2008. Equality for Women: Where Do We Stand on Millennium Development Goal 3?. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. USA. Beyond tracking trends toward gender equality, the volume reviews different measures of gender equality and estimates the financial resources required to achieve this objective. While necessarily imprecise, such estimates can provide a rough guide as to whether the level of effort devoted by international donors and developing countries is adequate in the area of womens economic empowerment. Equality for Women also makes clear that adequate funding is necessary, but not sufficient: policies must also be appropriate, and execution of these policies must be reasonably efficientboth at the national level and within international agencies charged with supporting national governments. Only when these three elements funding, policy, and executionare aligned will progress toward gender equality be rapid. ___________________________________________________________________________ 8) M. Patricia Fernandez Kelly. 1989. Broadening the Scope: Gender and International Economic Development. Source: Sociological Forum, Vol. 4, No. 4, Special Issue: Comparative National Development: Theory and Facts for the 1990s (Dec., 1989), pp. 611-635 Published by: Springer Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/684427 The central claim of this essay is that gender is a key term for understanding economic development insofar as it reveals fundamental aspects in the organization of production and labor. Following a cursory review of influential approaches to development and their relationship to the parallel theorization of gender, I compare two recent modalities of industrial restructuring: the expansion of export-processing plants (maquiladoras) along the U.S.-Mexico border and the survival strategies of electronics firms in Southern California. The theoretical focus is on the specification of gender as a process that allows for the maintenance of a substratum of labor, predominantly female, outside of market exchanges. That labor is recurrently tapped by employers seeking competitive edges in domestic and international markets. The same mechanism enables the replication of patterns of un- equal exchange through the articulation of two interdependent models of production-one domestic and one market orientedby which capitalist accumulation is fulfilled.

_____________________________________________________________________ 9) UNIFEM. March 2006. Promoting Gender Equality in New Aid Modalities and Partnerships. United Nations Development for Women As efforts intensify to meet the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by 2015, developed and developing countries have committed to new partnerships and aid modalities, designed to align aid to nationallydetermined development priorities, to pool diverse aid sources into direct support to the national budget or to particular sectors, and to ensure greater stability and predictability in aid flows. The Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness1 summarizes the principles and indicators of progress agreed to by the OECD-DAC donor countries and the developing country partners. Linking gender equality to the aid effectiveness agenda Gender equality is central to achieving the MDGs and other development goals, making it important to ensure that aid structures target and monitor progress towards gender equality goals. Ultimately, gender equality outcomes will be important signs of the effectiveness of the new approach to aid delivery and partnership. To support gender equality, the new aid architecture should include: adequate financing for programmes that respond to womens needs; accountability systems for governments and donors to track and enhance their contributions to gender equality; and gender-sensitive progress assessments, performance monitoring and indicators for aid effectiveness. GENDER ANALYSIS 1) Salkeld, Annette(2008)'The value of gender analyses in humanitarian livelihoods programming: a case study from Nias Island, Indonesia',Gender & Development,16:1,117 131. OXFAM. GB URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13552070701876326 This article argues that in order for a rural livelihoods programme to respond to the differing needs of women and men, it is essential that a gender analysis is undertaken. A gender analysis will provide information on the livelihood strategies, needs, and aspirations of women and men. The article describes a gender analysis that was undertaken as part of Oxfam GBs humanitarian livelihoods programme on Nias Island, Indonesia, in 2007. Due to a range of issues, this analysis was undertaken over a year after the programme started, and highlights some challenges the programme faced as a result of not having this information from the outset. It ends by discussing the ways in which the programme has learnt from this experience.

___________________________________________________________________________

IX.- GENDER AND AID

1) Nerea Craviotto. December 2008. Member of WIDE (Women in Development Europe). Engendering aid: analysis of the Accra outcomes. Fundacin para las Relaciones Internacionales y el Dilogo Exterior (FRIDE) http://www.dpwg-lgd.org/cms/upload/pdf/Engendering_aid.pdf This comment paper is based on the article A gender analysis of the Accra Agenda for Action by Nerea Craviotto in Conditionalities undermine the Right to Development, by Alemany, C. y Dede, G. (2008) AWID: Mexico. It comments paper analyses the results of the Accra Agenda for Action (AAA), adopted in September in the capital of Ghana, from a gender perspective. On the basis of the AAA, both donors and developing country members have committed themselves to continuing to progress aid reform under the framework of the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness (2005). The present document argues that although progress has been made in gender equality and womens empowerment with respect to the 2005 Declaration, gains have been modest. In a similar vein, they briefly review the mobilization process of womens rights organizations in the lead up to Accra, going on to analyze the results obtained, and mentioning some of the challenges and opportunities which lie ahead in the lead up to the IV High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness which will take place in 2011. ___________________________________________________________________________

X.- ACCRA AND THE PARIS DECLARATION

1)

FRIDE. January 2009. Implementing Paris and Accra: Towards a Regional Agenda in Latin America and the Caribbean. Fundacion par las Relaciones Internacionales y el Dialogo Exterior. Spain http://www.dpwglgd.org/cms/upload/pdf/Latin_America_Implementing_Paris_Accra.pdf This document describes the challenges and opportunities of adapting the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness (PD) in Latin American and Caribbean states. It

thus intends to offer a regional perspective on aid effectiveness in an economic and political-institutional context that differs in numerous ways from the main PD targets, that is, countries with low levels of human development and a high degree of aid dependence. The following pages analyze the utility and adaptability of implementing the 5 principles and 12 indicators of the Paris Declaration. The main input comes from the results of the 2008 OECD-DAC Survey on Monitoring the Paris Declaration1 for the six participating countries: Bolivia, Colombia, Honduras, Nicaragua, Peru and the Dominican Republic. The analysis is further complemented by some references to the implementation of the Accra Agenda for Action (AAA) and the exchange of ideas with the Latin American delegations that participated in the III High level Forum held in Accra at the beginning of September 2008. ___________________________________________________________________________ 2) Working Party on Aid Effectiveness (WP-EFF). September 2008. AID EFFECTIVENESS A PROGRESS REPORT ON IMPLEMENTING THE PARIS DECLARATION. Third High Level Forum in Aid Effectiveness. Accra, Ghana http://www.dpwg-lgd.org/cms/upload/pdf/CRCProgressReportFinal.pdf This report, prepared by the Working Party on Aid Effectiveness (WP-EFF) for the Third High-Level Forum to be held in Accra in September 2008, is intended to underpin with evidence-based material the Accra Agenda for Action. It covers the commitments under the five Partnership Principles related to ownership, harmonization, alignment, results and mutual accountability, together with four subjects of critical relevance: sector perspectives, the role of civil society organizations, situations of fragility and conflict, and the changing aid architecture. This report draws on many sources, including the 2006 and 2008 Paris Declaration Monitoring Surveys (OECD), which focus on the set of 12 indicators of progress, and the 2008 Evaluation Synthesis Report (Wood et al., 2008). It uses findings from the many work streams that are carrying forward the partnership commitments within the Working Party on Aid Effectiveness (WP-EFF) and its Joint Ventures, in the OECD Development Co-operation Directorate and in a range of other national and international organizations including the World Bank, the United Nations Development Group, regional development banks and the International Monetary Fund. It also draws on DAC peer reviews; self-assessments by partners and donors; the regional consultations held during 2008 with partners in East, West, Central and South Asia, the Pacific, Latin America and the Caribbean, Africa and the Middle East in preparation for the Accra High-Level Forum; and work by the Partner Country Contact Group. ___________________________________________________________________________