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(2)
(5)
Take divergence => Which is problematic as the divergence of the current should be equal to the decrease in the density of the charge inside a closed surface.
Now if we take the divergence of the above equation we get the continuity equation.
So by introducing this term he also made the equation more symmetric with faradays equation.
Faradays law
And
No Monopoles!
(8)
(9)
Now if we take the derivative of equation (9) and use (8), we get
Where
And
and
do not vary
Which differ from the vacuum analog only in the replacement of 0 and 0 by and By using Maxwells equations in the above form we can study the behavior of electromagnetic waves or light in linear media, i.e., their reflection, transmission, absorption, etc.
We can that solve for EOR, EOT and EOI and calculate the reflection and transmission coefficient by using formula for the intensity I.
EM waves in conductors
If we are dealing with conductors than we cannot set
f and Jf
Where the free current density Jf has been placed equal to E in (iv). Now the continuity equation for the free charge is
EM waves in conductors
Now with ohms law and Gausss law above equation becomes
Which means that if we have free charge with in the conductor than that charge will dissipate in time =/. This also reflects the fact that any free charge placed on a conductor flows to the surface. This time constant in a way gives a definition of a good and a bad conductor. For a good conductor should be very small where as the opposite will be the case for a bad conductor.
EM waves in conductors
When the accumulated charge has disappeared the equations read;
Taking the curl (iii) and (iv) we obtain the wave equations for E and B.
EM waves in conductors
These equations admit plane wave solutions,
Plugging these solutions in the wave equations we see that the wave number in this case is complex
Taking the square root and writing the wave number as real and imaginary parts
EM waves in conductors
Where, the real and imaginary parts are
The imaginary part of k results in an attenuation of the wave, i.e. decreasing amplitude with z.
EM waves in conductors
The distance it takes to reduce the amplitude by a factor of 1/e( about one third) is called the skin depth
It is a measure of how far a wave penetrates into a conductor. Meanwhile the real part of k determines the wavelength , propagation speed, and the index of refraction, in the usual way:
Wave guides
A waveguide is a structure used to guide waves like the EM waves. Lets see how we can study these waves by using the Maxwells Equation. So far we have considered waves of infinite extent; now lets consider EM waves confined in a hollow pipe. We will assume that the waveguide is a perfect conductor so that E and B are zero inside the material. So that
(i) and (ii) are BC at the inner wall. Free charge will be induced on the surface as to impose these constraints.
Wave guides
We are interested in monochromatic waves that propagate down the tube so that E and B are of the form;
E and B should satisfy the Maxwells Equations in the interior of the wave guide
Wave guides
We can write E and B as
Where each component is a function of x and y. Putting this in Maxwell equations (iii) and (iv), we get
Wave guides
Equation (ii), (iii), (v) and (vi) can be solved for Ex, Ey, Bx and By
Wave guides
Inserting these equations in the remaining Maxwell equations (i) and (ii) we get uncoupled equations for Ez and Bz
The boundary conditions can be used to solve the above equations. If Ez=0 we call these trasnsverse electric TE waves and if Bz=0 they are called transverse magnetic TM waves. And if both are zero we call them TEM waves.
References
Lectures on Physics by R. P. Feynman. Introduction to Electrodynamics by D. J. Griffiths
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