OneSteel Composite Structures Design Booklet Db3.1

Design of Composite Slabs for Strength
Design Booklet DB3.1
OneSteel Market Mills
Composite Structures Design Manual
February 2001
OneSteel Market Mills Composite Structures Design Manual
Published by
OneSteel Manufacturing Pty Limited

ABN 42 004 651 325 Produced by the
Centre for Construction Technology & Research

University of Western Sydney
Contributors
Dr. Mark Patrick *

Dr. Chong Chee Goh * Mr. David Proe * Mr. Rodney Wilkie *
* Formerly BHP Melbourne Research Laboratories Reviewed by
Prof. Russell Bridge

Mr. Rennie Darmanin

Scott Wilson Irwin Johnston Pty Ltd Endorsed by
BHP Building Products Stramit Industries Woodroffe Industries Pty Ltd

Edition 1.0 - May 1998
Edition 2.0 - February 2001 Disclaimer

While every effort has been made and all reasonable care taken to ensure the accuracy of the material contained herein, the contributors, editors and publishers of this booklet shall not be held liable or responsible in any way whatsoever, and expressly disclaim any liability or responsibility for any loss or damage, cost or expenses, howsoever incurred by any person whether the user of the booklet or otherwise including without limitation, loss or damage, costs or expenses incurred as a result of or in connection with the reliance, whether whole or partial by any person as a foresaid upon any part of the contents of this booklet. Should expert assistance be required, the services of a competent person should be sought.
DB3.1ii
Composite Slabs Design of Composite Slabs for Strength
Edition 2.0 - February 2001
Foreword
OneSteel is a leading manufacturer of steel long products in Australia after its spin-off from BHP Pty Ltd on the 1st November 2000. It manufactures a wide range of steel products, including structural, rail, rod, bar, wire, pipe and tube products and markets welded beams. OneSteel is committed to providing to design engineers, technical information and design tools to assist with the use, design and specification of its products. This design booklet Design of Composite Slabs for Strength was one of the first two design booklets of the Composite Structures Design Manual, which is now being completed and maintained by OneSteel. The initial development work required to produce the design booklets was carried out at BHP Melbourne Research Laboratories before its closure in May 1998. OneSteel Market Mills is funding the University of Western Sydneys Centre for Construction Technology and Research in continuing the research and development work to publish this and future booklets. The Composite Structures Design Manual refers specifically to the range of long products that are manufactured by OneSteel and plate products that continue to be manufactured by BHP. It is strongly recommended that OneSteel sections and reinforcement and BHP plate products are specified for construction when any of the design models in the design booklets are used, as the models and design formulae including product tolerances, mechanical properties and chemical composition have been validated by detailed structural testing using only OneSteel and BHP products. To ensure that the Designers intent is met, it is recommended that a note to this effect be included in the design documentation.
DB3.1iii
Contents
Preface ........................................................................................................ v 1. SCOPE AND GENERAL 1.1 1.2 2. 3. Scope ................................................................................................ 1 General.............................................................................................. 1
TERMINOLOGY............................................................................................... 3 DESIGN CONCEPTS 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Shear Connection.............................................................................. 5 Slab in Bending ................................................................................. 7 Vertical Shear .................................................................................... 10 Sheeting Support Conditions............................................................. 10 Curtailment of Positive Tensile Reinforcement ................................. 11 Preventing Sudden Collapse ............................................................. 12 Effects of Propping ............................................................................ 13 General.............................................................................................. 14 Positive Moment Capacity ................................................................. 14 Positive Vertical Shear Capacity ....................................................... 17 Negative Moment Regions ................................................................ 18 Effective Span ................................................................................... 18 General.............................................................................................. 20 Definition of Design Situation ............................................................ 20 Identification of Potentially Critical Cross-Sections ........................... 20 Calculation of Design Action Effects ................................................. 22 Design of Negative-Moment Regions................................................ 23 Design of Positive-Moment Regions ................................................. 26 Design Objectives ............................................................................. 28 Limit State Requirements for Strength .............................................. 28 Application ......................................................................................... 28 Design Loads..................................................................................... 29 Methods of Structural Analysis .......................................................... 30 Moment Redistribution ...................................................................... 30 Negative-Moment Regions ................................................................ 30 Positive-Moment Regions ................................................................. 31 General.............................................................................................. 33 Definition of Design Situation ............................................................ 33 Identification of Potentially Critical Cross-Sections ........................... 34 Design of Negative-Moment Regions................................................ 35 Design of Positive-Moment Regions ................................................. 37
4.
DESIGN MODELS 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5
5.
DESIGN APPROACH 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6
6.
DESIGN RULES 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8
7.
WORKED EXAMPLES 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5
8.
REFERENCES ................................................................................................ 43 A B C D E Referenced Australian Standards ..................................................... 44 Notation ............................................................................................. 45 Strength Design Information for Proprietary Profiled Steel Sheeting Products....................................................... 48 Design Positive Moment Capacity Tables for Proprietary Profiled Steel Sheeting Products .................................... 50 Design Positive Vertical Shear Capacity Tables for Proprietary Profiled Steel Sheeting Products .................................... 55
APPENDICES
DB3.1iv
Preface
This design booklet forms part of a suite of booklets covering the design of simply-supported and continuous composite beams, composite slabs, composite columns, steel and composite connections and related topics. The booklets are part of the OneSteel Market Mills Composite Structures Design Manual which has been produced to foster composite steel-frame building construction in Australia to ensure cost-competitive building solutions for specifiers, builders and developers. Composite slabs have a long history of use in Australia dating back to the mid-1960s when John Lysaght (Australia) was promoting Bondek as a new release composite slab structural floor decking. Local bond stress was calculated using the SAA Code for Concrete Buildings AS CA21963 and was not to exceed 40 psi (0.27 MPa). It was understood at the time that bond between the galvanised sheeting and the concrete was achieved by virtue of chemical adhesion of the cement paste to the zinc coating. The maximum span that could be used in practice was determined from uniformly-loaded slab tests, with the aim of ensuring that sufficient safety remained against bond failure, noting that load-carrying capacity, and therefore the bond stress at failure, reduced as span increased. Considerable research into the behaviour of composite slabs has been performed at BHP Melbourne Research Laboratories in subsequent years. New types of profiled steel sheeting have been developed which no longer depend on adhesion bond for their anchorage. Mechanical and frictional resistance have now been identified as the major contributors to the bond developed by these products, similar to deformed reinforcing bars. Estimates of these resistances can be derived from a newly-developed Australian test called the Slip-Block Test, for which an Australian Standard is being prepared. Alternatively, slab tests can be used to estimate the strength of the mechanical resistance. This research has allowed this design booklet covering the design of composite slabs for strength to be written. A unified approach is presented, whereby, for the first time in Australia, all the major types of profiled steel sheeting currently produced in this country can be designed by the same methods. A method of design for bending strength is presented. The method is based on partial shear connection strength theory, and is very similar to that used to design simply-supported composite beams for bending strength (see Design Booklet DB1.1). Data about the shear connection performance of proprietary sheeting products must be obtained from either slab tests or the SlipBlock Test. The mechanical resistance must at least by assumption be ductile. A method of design for vertical shear is also presented. For products which develop ductile mechanical resistance of sufficient magnitude, use of the design rules contained in this booklet can lead to very significant improvements in economy compared with the designs obtained currently. Owing to the high tensile capacity of the sheeting in positive-moment regions, a major saving can result by allowing moment redistribution from negative to positive moment regions in continuous composite slabs, leading to a significant reduction in the amount of top-face reinforcing steel. The design rules presented in this booklet are being used as a basis for one of the strength design methods in a new Australian Standard on composite slabs currently being prepared, noting that a method will also be provided for products with either weak or non-ductile mechanical resistance. The slabs may be either simply-supported or continuous, while the loading must be essentially static in nature and uniformly-distributed. Partial shear connection strength theory can be used to design slabs with line loads perpendicular to the span, and this feature is used in the method of design for vertical shear. The rules are presented entirely in limit state format, and the design principles on which they are based are in harmony with the latest European design provisions. Design for other limit states such as serviceability (e.g. deflection and cracking), durability and fire resistance will be covered in later design booklets. Edition 1.0 was published by BHP in May 1998. Edition 2.0 contains changes as a result of the move to 500 MPa reinforcing steels, some minor corrections to the first edition, and is published by OneSteel.
DB3.1v
1. SCOPE AND GENERAL

1.1 Scope
The design for strength of composite slabs incorporating profiled steel sheeting that can develop ductile mechanical resistance with the concrete is covered in this booklet. The type of construction envisaged is shown in Fig. 1.1. For profiled steel sheeting that can develop ductile longitudinal slip resistance of sufficient magnitude, the sheeting can provide a very efficient design solution by performing multiple functions. Prior to placing the concrete, the sheeting acts as a platform for construction activities (Construction Stages 1 and 2 in AS 2327.1, Simply Supported Beams). It then acts as formwork for the wet concrete (Construction Stage 3), and must also support the concrete immediately after it has set (Construction Stage 4). After the concrete has hardened sufficiently and composite action is attained (Construction Stages 5 and 6, and the in-service condition), the sheeting acts as effective bottomface tensile reinforcement in the direction of the sheeting ribs, with the composite slab being treated in design as a member spanning in one direction. The composite slab may be supported on steel beams, masonry walls or similar narrow supports. These permanent types of supports should extend across the full width of the slab, and the ends of the sheets should pass onto them. Live loads are assumed to be predominantly static in nature, uniformly-distributed and applied to the top surface of the slab. The design rules given in Section 6 of this booklet are deemed to be appropriate design information which satisfies all the requirements of Clause 3.1.3.2 of AS 2327.1 (see Appendix A for referenced Australian Standards).
In-situ concrete Negative tensile reinforcement for flexure and crack control
Uniformly-distributed load (UDL) One-way slab spanning direction
Profiled steel sheeting Longitudinal shear reinforcement in vicinity of shear connectors
Shear connector Steel beam Positive tensile reinforcement for flexure
Transverse reinforcement for shrinkage and temperature control, and to control longitudinal splitting at ultimate load
Masonry wall, lintel, or steel perimeter beam
Figure 1.1 Typical Composite Slab Construction Reference should be made to Section 4 of AS 2327.1 concerning loads and other actions that must be considered when designing a composite slab during Construction Stages 5 and 6 and the inservice condition. The notation used in this booklet is described in Appendix B. Information relating to Australian proprietary sheeting products is contained in Appendices C, D and E of this booklet.
1.2
General
A composite slab comprises profiled steel sheeting, OneSteel reinforcement in the form of either welded-bar mesh or deformed bars, and cast in-situ concrete, as shown in Fig. 1.1. It is common practice in Australia to construct continuous composite slabs with negative tensile reinforcement provided over supports for flexure and crack control. Positive tensile reinforcement may be provided
DB3.11
OneSteel Market Mills Composite Structures Design Manual to add flexural strength to the slab under room-temperature or fire conditions. Transverse reinforcement must be provided for shrinkage and temperature control, while longitudinal shear reinforcement is also required in the vicinity of shear connectors attached to the steel beams. The coating, design properties and cleanliness of the profiled steel sheeting must satisfy Clause 2.1.5 of AS 2327.1. The design properties of the reinforcement and concrete are specified in Section 6 of AS 3600, Concrete Structures. For profiled steel sheeting used in simply-supported composite beam construction, its geometry must comply with Clause 1.2.4 of AS 2327.1 (see Fig. 1.2). The requirement in Fig. 1.2 for a minimum cover slab thickness of 65 mm determines the minimum value of overall slab thickness, D c , that may be used with any particular proprietary profiled steel sheeting product (see Appendix C). It is a requirement of AS 2327.1 that the area of the voids formed by the steel ribs in the concrete is not greater than 20 percent of the area of the concrete within the depth of the steel ribs, i.e. the steel ribs must be relatively small. A major reason for this restriction was to avoid the problems associated with designing the shear connection when a profile with wide steel ribs is used, noting that composite slabs used in accordance with AS 2327.1 are close to being solid concrete slabs. Several aspects of composite slab design can be significantly affected by a large reduction in concrete due to the presence of profiled steel sheeting with wide steel ribs. These are: (a) the moment capacity of support regions in negative bending, whereby the compressive capacity of the concrete may be significantly diminished; and (b) the vertical shear capacity of both positive and negative moment regions. Although item (a) can be handled in a straightforward manner by calculation, this is not considered to be the case for item (b). It will be explained herein that a method of design for vertical shear has been developed from testing. The tests were all performed on composite slabs that were effectively solid concrete slabs. It follows that, similar to the situation with simply-supported composite beams designed in accordance with AS 2327.1, the design rules contained in this design booklet must be restricted in their application to composite slabs incorporating profiled steel sheeting with geometry that satisfies Fig. 1.2.
(Dc-hr) =65 hr 80 Longitudinal stiffeners bb 20 bsr bcr =150 sr hr/2 Dc
(a) Steel rib

Steel rib Longitudinal stiffeners hs 10
(b) Longitudinal stiffeners

Figure 1.2 Profiled Steel Sheeting Geometry Restrictions Consideration should also be given to the minimum top cover to shear connectors given in Table 8.5 of AS 2327.1. Other issues which might affect the minimum value of slab thickness, D c , such as thermal insulation in fire, durability and serviceability will be dealt with in other booklets.
DB3.12
2. TERMINOLOGY
Composite slab A cast in-situ concrete slab that incorporates profiled steel sheeting as permanent soffit formwork. Complete shear connection Where the moment capacity at a cross-section is not limited by the strength of the shear connection between the sheeting and the concrete. Construction Stages The following Construction Stages defined in AS 2327.1 (see Clause 4.2 and Appendix F) are relevant to the design of a composite slab: Stage 1: Stage 2: Stage 3: Stage 4: Period between when the steelwork is erected, and the formwork is placed and, if appropriate, fixed to the steel beams. Period between the end of Construction Stage 1 and immediately prior to the commencement of casting the slab concrete. Period between commencement of casting the slab concrete and its initial set under the prevailing site conditions.
' Period after initial set of the concrete until its compressive strength f cj reaches 15 MPa,
which corresponds to the development of composite action. No additional loads should be placed on the concrete to ensure that the shear connection is not damaged during this sensitive period, which may require back-propping of beams and/or slabs. Stage 5:
' ' Period until the concrete compressive strength f cj reaches f c' (i.e. 15 f cj < f c' ). Removal
of slab formwork/falsework or props to the steel beams or slabs may occur during this stage. With composite action initially developed, the strength of the beam may be assessed using appropriate values for the compressive strength of the concrete (see Clause 6.4.2 of AS 2327.1) and the design shear capacity of the shear connectors. Stage 6: The remaining period of construction until the structure goes into service. The design strength of the composite beams has been reached. The in-service loads are yet to be applied, but appropriate construction loads should be considered.
In-service condition: The structure is occupied.

Conventional reinforcement
Steel reinforcement other than the sheeting, which can take the form of deformed bars (OneSteels 500PLUS Rebar or BAMTEC ) or welded mesh (OneSteels OneMesh500).
Cover slab
The part of the slab above the plane passing through the tops of the sheeting ribs.
Critical cross-section
A cross-section at which the ratio of either the design bending moment, M * , to the design moment capacity, M uo , or the design vertical shear force, V * , to the design vertical shear capacity, Vuc , is a maximum.
Degree of shear connection,
The ratio of the resultant tensile force in the sheeting at a cross-section, Tsh , at the strength limit state, to the resultant tensile force in the sheeting for the same cross-section with complete shear connection, Tcsc .
DB3.13
OneSteel Market Mills Composite Structures Design Manual Effective slab depth, d
The distance from the centroid of the tensile reinforcing steel (including sheeting and conventional reinforcement) to the compressive face of the slab.
Frictional resistance
The component of longitudinal slip resistance which develops at supports where sheeting passes over, and is affected by a change in the magnitude of the support reaction.
Longitudinal slip
The slip that occurs in the direction of the steel ribs at the interface between the concrete and the profiled steel sheeting.
Longitudinal slip resistance
The property of a profiled steel sheeting product to resist longitudinal slip by a combination of mechanical and frictional resistance.
Mechanical resistance
The component of longitudinal slip resistance which develops along the member between the sheeting and concrete, and is unaffected by a change in the magnitude of the support reaction.
Negative-moment region (hogging bending)
Region in which tension occurs at the top of the slab under the loading relevant to the aspect of design under consideration.
Partial shear connection
Where the moment capacity at a cross-section is limited by the strength of the shear connection between the sheeting and the concrete.
Positive-moment region (sagging bending)
Region in which tension occurs at the bottom of the slab under the loading relevant to the aspect of design under consideration.
Potentially critical cross-section
A cross-section that is likely to be critical.

Shear connection
The interconnection between the profiled steel sheeting and concrete of a composite slab which enables the two components to act together as a single structural member to resist longitudinal slip.
Shear span
Distance from a critical cross-section in the positive moment region to the nearer end of the span.
Steel proportion, p
The cross-sectional area of conventional reinforcement in tension, Ast , divided by the width of slab being considered, b , and the effective slab depth, d , i.e. p = Ast / (bd ) .
DB3.14
3. DESIGN CONCEPTS
3.1 Shear Connection
The shear connection of a composite slab is the interconnection between the sheeting and concrete which resists longitudinal slip, and is represented by the values of the shear connection parameters H r and . Design values for these shear connection parameters corresponding to a proprietary profiled steel sheeting product must be determined from tests. The mechanical resistance H r can be estimated from full-scale slab tests [1], or alternatively from a small-scale test called the SlipTM Block Test [2, 3]. The Slip-Block Test, developed in Australia and being prepared as an Australian Standard, has received international recognition [4, 5, 6]. Estimates of the coefficient of friction can be obtained from Slip-Block Test data, and can be used to give better estimates of H r obtained from slab tests [6, 12].
Longitudinal Slip Longitudinal slip initially occurs between the steel sheeting and the concrete in regions of positive bending wherever the concrete is cracked. Cracking might occur due to a combination of flexure and restraint due to shrinkage. Adhesion or chemical bond is broken in the region of cracks immediately they form, and is never regained. The case of a simply-supported composite slab which is at the point of failure in bending is illustrated in Fig. 3.1. Slip has extended the full length of the shear span resulting in end slip. Adhesion bond is lost over the entire shear span. Correspondingly, the crack at the critical cross-section can become quite large as loading continues, if this cross-section exhibits partial shear connection. The amount of end slip which occurs depends on a number of factors, viz.: the magnitude of the applied load; the magnitude of the longitudinal slip resistance developed between the sheeting and the concrete; and, the geometry of the slab. End slip under service loads should be avoided since this can reduce the flexural stiffness of a slab significantly, which will be considered in a future booklet covering design for deflection.
UDL Slip occurs along full length of shear span. Wide crack may develop at critical cross-section
End slip
C Tsh
Support reaction Profiled steel sheeting
Figure 3.1 Longitudinal Slip in a Simply-Supported Composite Slab in Flexure Mechanical Resistance Along Member Under positive bending, the sheeting in the soffit of a simply-supported composite slab develops a resultant tensile force, Tsh . Bending of the sheeting also normally occurs due to curvature of the slab. The magnitude of the tensile force is increased if the concrete is cracked. At the strength limit state, the tensile force Tsh developed at a critical cross-section is assumed to be resisted in part by mechanical resistance. This mechanical resistance, H r , is assumed to develop uniformly with slip over the entire length of the shear span and across the full width of the slab, and is expressed as a force per unit plan area of sheeting with units of kPa. (Frictional resistance may also develop at the slab supports, which also contributes to resisting Tsh - see below.) The resultant tensile force in the sheeting therefore develops at a uniform rate along the length of the slab due to mechanical resistance. The maximum or limiting value of Tsh (equal to Tcsc ) is reached when either the tensile capacity of the sheeting or the compressive capacity of the concrete is attained. This is illustrated in Fig. 3.2(a).
The variation of mechanical resistance, H r , once slip is initiated, as measured in the Slip-Block Test, is shown diagrammatically in Fig. 3.2(b). As in a slab, adhesion bond must be broken to initiate slip, which causes the block to jump about half a milli-metre, depending on various parameters, which explains why the initial portion of the curve in Fig. 3.2(b) is shown dashed. Readings are not normally
DB3.15
taken at slips above 10 mm, since experience shows that slabs usually attain their maximum strength at slips much less than this amount. The magnitude of H r depends on the profile geometry including the influence of such features as embossments, and may also depend on the sheeting thickness, t bm , and the compressive strength of the concrete. While the variation of H r with slip is shown to be reasonably constant in Fig. 3.2(b), i.e. the mechanical resistance is ductile, this is not always so, in which case one of a number of procedures can be adopted to calculate a representative value of H r for design.
UDL
Mechanical resistance, Hr (kPa)
Mechanical resistance Hr
C Tsh x
Profiled steel sheeting Tsh = Tcsc Tsh = H rx
0.5
Slip, s (mm)
10.0
(a) Development of tensile force in sheeting through mechanical resistance
(b) Variation of mechanical resistance with slip
Figure 3.2 Mechanical Resistance Developed along the Sheeting Frictional Resistance At Supports
For sheeting which is continuous over a support, frictional resistance develops at the interface between the sheeting and the concrete due to the clamping effect of the support reaction (see Fig. 3.3(a)) [2, 3, 7]. It is because of this effect that the strength of a composite slab can increase as load is applied to it and has lead to the concept of a limiting moment capacity [2].
UDL Sheeting continues over support
C
Frictional resistance, R* Profiled steel sheeting
Tsh
Reaction at support, R*
Coefficient of friction,
0.5
Slip, s (mm)
10.0
(a) Development of tensile force in sheeting through frictional resistance
(b) Variation of coefficient of friction with slip
Figure 3.3 Frictional Resistance at Support
The frictional resistance is proportional to the magnitude of the support reaction acting through the pans of the sheeting, R * , and the coefficient of friction, . The variation of the coefficient of friction, , with slip, as measured in the Slip-Block Test, is shown diagrammatically in Fig. 3.3(b).
Ductile Shear Connection The method of design for bending strength described in this booklet is based on the assumption that the shear connection between the sheeting and the concrete is ductile, i.e. both the mechanical resistance, H r , and the coefficient of friction, , are assumed to be constant in magnitude, irrespective of the amount of slip. Typical Slip-Block Test results and the idealised ductile behaviour are shown in Fig. 3.4.
DB3.16
Mechanical resistance Coefficient of friction
Mechanical resistance Coefficient of friction
0.5
Slip, s (mm)
10.0
0.5
Slip, s (mm)
10.0
(a) Actual
(b) Assumed behaviour
Figure 3.4 Shear Connection Behaviour of Profiled Steel Sheeting
3.2
Slab in Bending
The strength model for the positive-moment region of a composite slab in bending will be discussed in this section with reference to the simply-supported slab shown in Fig. 3.5. Partial shear connection strength theory has been developed to calculate the ultimate strength of such a slab on the basis that it will fail by either flexure or longitudinal slip. This theory can also be used to calculate the bending strength of positive-moment regions of continuous slabs.
UDL Conventional reinforcement Slab
Profiled steel sheeting
Figure 3.5 Simply-Supported Composite Slab Slab End Segment A free-body diagram of an end segment of the slab in Fig. 3.5 is shown in Fig. 3.6. It is assumed that the slab is subjected to a uniformly-distributed load, and that it has reached its ultimate strength and will fail either by flexure or longitudinal slip. The end segment is bounded by the critical cross-section where the design bending moment, M * , equals the moment capacity of the cross-section, M uo , in either complete or partial shear connection.
UDL Conventional reinforcement V* M*
R*
Critical cross-section
Figure 3.6 Free-body Diagram of Slab End Segment Simple-Plastic Rectangular Stress Block Theory
The positive moment capacity at any cross-section of a composite slab in either complete or partial shear connection can be calculated using simple-plastic rectangular stress block theory. This same theory is used to calculate the positive moment capacity of simply-supported composite beams in AS
DB3.17
2327.1 (Appendix D). The moment capacity is obtained by solving equations of equilibrium, while ignoring strain compatibility over the depth of the cross-section. The presence of any conventional reinforcement in the slab can be readily taken into account. The calculation principles assumed are as follows: (a) the concrete has zero tensile strength; (b) a uniform compressive stress of 0.85f c' develops in the concrete directly below the top surface of the slab;
(c) the elements of the sheeting (flanges, webs, pans) are stressed uniformly to their yield stress, f sy.sh , whether in tension or compression (whereby bending in the sheeting can develop); (d) the conventional tensile reinforcement is stressed uniformly to its yield stress, f sy , whether in tension or compression; (e) the resultant tensile force in the sheeting, Tsh , is defined as the difference between the total tensile force and total compressive force which develop in the elements of the sheeting, such that 0 Tsh Ty.sh , i.e. when Tsh = 0 the sheeting is in pure bending (non-composite), and
when Tsh = Ty.sh it is in pure tension (a complete shear connection case); (f) the resultant tensile force in the sheeting, Tsh , cannot exceed the total longitudinal shear force that can be transferred by the shear connection between the sheeting and the concrete; (g) the sum of the compressive forces in the concrete and any conventional reinforcement in compression equals the sum of the resultant tensile force in the sheeting and the force in any conventional reinforcement in tension; and (h) the effect of vertical shear on the distribution of longitudinal stresses in either the concrete or the steel is ignored. The end segment of a slab is shown in Fig. 3.7. Rectangular stress blocks are used to calculate the moment capacity of the internal end cross-section. For the case shown no compressive reinforcement is present.
Conventional reinforcement V* M* Ty.st Tsh R* Profiled steel sheeting fsy.sh 2fsy.sh 0.85f'c
C =Ty.st+Tsh C
+ Muo
ysh
(a) Slab end segment
(b) Cross-section
(c) Assumed stress distribution
Figure 3.7 Representation of Slab End Segment and Rectangular Stress Block Theory Moment Capacity at a Cross-Section
In order to calculate the moment capacity at a cross-section, it is necessary to know the total longitudinal shear force that can be transferred by the shear connection between the sheeting and the concrete, i.e. the strength of the shear connection. As one moves in from the end of the sheeting, this strength increases due to increased anchorage of the sheeting in the concrete. The form of the + relationship between positive moment capacity, M uo , and the distance from the end of sheeting, x , is shown in Fig. 3.8 for a slab with a small overhang. At the end of the slab, only the bare sheeting is + + assumed to contribute to the bending strength, i.e. M uo = M u.sh . The moment capacity, M uo , then rises progressively, and is assumed to take a step jump at the support due to friction. The moment capacity continues to build up within the span moving closer towards the critical cross-section, and may reach a peak corresponding to complete shear connection.
DB3.18
UDL
R* Mu.sh
x (increasing)
Critical cross-section (can be either complete or partial shear connection)
+ Muo
Step jump due to R*
Muc
Figure 3.8 Moment Capacity of Slab Cross-Sections Complete Shear Connection
Complete shear connection corresponds to when flexural failure rather than longitudinal slip failure would occur at a cross-section, i.e. the strength of the shear connection between the end of the sheeting and the cross-section concerned is not the limiting factor which determines the moment capacity of the cross-section. In this case, the sheeting can be considered to be fully anchored. This is possible even though some slip must occur for the mechanical resistance to develop, which might also register at the end of the slab as end slip if adhesion bond is broken along the full length of the shear span. When the distance x from an end of the sheeting is sufficiently large for the magnitude of Tsh to reach either the tensile capacity of the sheeting, i.e. Tsh = Ash f sy.sh , or the maximum possible compressive force that can develop in the concrete above the sheeting ribs, i.e. Tsh = 0.85 f c' (D c h r )b , then it is assumed that no further increase in Tsh is possible, and the crosssection is considered to be in complete shear connection. The limiting value of resultant tensile force in the sheeting under the condition of complete shear connection is termed, Tcsc .
Partial Shear Connection
Partial shear connection exists at a cross-section when the cross-section moment capacity is determined by longitudinal slip failure rather than by flexural failure. Hence, the strength of the shear connection between an end of the slab and the cross-section of concern limits its moment capacity. As a consequence of slip, the moment capacity of the cross-section is less than the theoretical flexural capacity. The region of a composite slab with partial shear connection, where anchorage of the sheeting is not fully developed, is analogous to regions in a reinforced-concrete member in the vicinity of where bars are terminated. Partial shear connection is accounted for when calculating positive moment capacity, + M uo , by limiting the resultant tensile force in the sheeting, Tsh , to that which corresponds to the strength of the shear connection being reached.
Degree of Shear Connection
The degree of shear connection, , at a cross-section is defined as the ratio of the resultant tensile force in the sheeting, Tsh , to the tensile force in the sheeting at complete shear connection, Tcsc , i.e.:
Tsh , Tcsc
0 1
3.2(1)
Cross-sections of a slab end segment with complete and partial shear connection are shown in + Fig. 3.9. The positive moment capacity, M uo , of a composite slab cross-section is affected by the value of , which increases with the distance x from the end of the sheeting.
DB3.19
UDL
Positive moment capacity, Muo

+
Muc
Partial shear connection < 1.0 x
R*
Complete shear connection = 1.0
Partial shear connection
Complete shear connection

1.0 Complete
Partial
Figure 3.9 Relationship between Positive Moment Capacity and Degree of Shear Connection
3.3
Vertical Shear
Extensive testing has been conducted on simply-supported composite slabs subjected to a perpendicular line load placed at various distances from the support, with the minimum distance being 15 D c [8]. All of the slabs incorporated a profiled steel sheeting product (Bondek II), the . geometry of which satisfied Fig. 1.2 and therefore AS 2327.1. Therefore, as explained in Section 1.2, all the slabs were effectively solid concrete slabs. The applied vertical shear force is highest when the distance from the support is the least. This testing showed that no slab failed in vertical shear before reaching the load corresponding to its moment capacity under partial shear connection strength theory. This result may be used to obtain a safe estimate of the nominal positive vertical + shear capacity (Vuc ) of a composite slab subjected to uniformly-distributed loading, since it shows that a composite slab can at least withstand the vertical shear force applied when a line load is placed at a distance of 15 D c from the support and the applied moment equals the moment capacity . of the loaded cross-section. This method of calculating vertical shear capacity can account for the presence of positive conventional tensile reinforcement acting in conjunction with the sheeting, since the moment capacity calculation method described in Section 3.2 enables the contribution of this reinforcement to be included. Such cases were included in the testing program, and the above conclusion was also true for these test specimens. This method can also be applied to the positive-moment regions of continuous slabs. For this purpose, a hypothetical support can be placed at each point of contraflexure (under uniform loading on all spans), and the portion of the slab between these supports can be treated as being simplysupported. At hypothetical support points, the end of the sheeting will extend past the support, and its contribution to the mechanical resistance can be included in the calculation of moment capacity. No frictional resistance should be assumed to exist at hypothetical supports (see Fig. 4.3). The method is restricted to composite slabs incorporating profiled steel sheeting products with a geometry that satisfies Fig. 1.2. All three Australian products described in Appendix C are suitable. No consideration is given herein to including shear reinforcement in composite slabs.
3.4
Sheeting Support Conditions
It follows from Section 3.1 that the resultant tensile force in the sheeting, Tsh , at a cross-section is resisted by mechanical resistance developed along the length of the sheeting, and possibly frictional resistance developed at the supports. The amount of frictional resistance developed is affected by the way the sheeting is supported, which is explained as follows. If the sheeting is terminated at a support but does not extend over the full width of the support (see support B in Fig. 3.10), it is conservatively assumed in design that the frictional resistance equals zero.
DB3.110
If the sheeting is continuous over the full width of a support (see supports A and C in Fig. 3.10) then the frictional resistance equals R* (i.e. R*A and R*C at supports A and C, respectively).
Figure 3.10 illustrates the sheeting support conditions for a typical continuous slab and the calculation of the resultant tensile force Tsh at various potentially critical cross-sections (PCCs), noting that at any of these cross-sections Tsh = min.(Tsh.L ,Tsh.R ,Tcsc ) . The terms Tsh.L and Tsh.R are the maximum tensile forces that can develop in the sheeting to the Left and Right of the potentially critical cross-section. Examples of how to calculate these terms are given in Fig. 3.10. If the sheeting is continuous over the full width of support B, i.e. not at as shown in Fig. 3.10, it is theoretically possible that the concrete may not have sufficient compressive capacity to transmit the full tensile force in the sheeting across the support. However, this situation is normally not critical and will be ignored in design.
Positive tensile reinforcement Negative tensile reinforcement
R*A
Profiled steel sheeting 1 A x1 At PCC-1 Tsh.L = Hrx1+ R*A Tsh.R = Hrx2
hr R*B
Sheeting terminates on support 2 B C x3 At PCC-2 Tsh.L = Hrx3 x4
R*C
x2
Tsh.R = Hrx4+ R*C
Figure 3.10 Sheeting Support Conditions and Terms for Calculation of Tsh
3.5
Curtailment of Positive Tensile Reinforcement
Clause 9.1.3.1 of AS 3600 has the following requirements. (i) The termination and anchorage of flexural reinforcement is based on a hypothetical bending moment diagram formed by displacing the calculated positive moment envelope a distance Dc along the slab from each side of the relevant cross-sections of maximum moment. This rule accounts for the influence of diagonal cracking which produces a free-body diagram similar to that for a truss. (ii) Certain proportions of the total positive moment reinforcement required at mid-span must be extended past the near face of the supports. The supports may be at a simply-supported discontinuous end of a slab, or where the slab is continuous or flexurally restrained. With respect to item (i):
+ the calculation of the design moment capacity M uo of a composite slab at cross-sections sufficiently far away from supports is considered conservative enough to ignore this effect; and
it is recommended when designing the conventional bottom-face reinforcement that the termination locations of this reinforcement are extended by distance Dc + Lsy.t .
With respect to item (ii), it is recommended that:
the sheeting extends fully onto the support at a simply-supported discontinuous end of a slab (see supports A and C in Fig. 3.10); the sheeting extends to the centre of the support where a slab is continuous but the support is designed as simply-supported for strength; and the sheeting may extend partially onto the support where a slab is continuous and the support is designed as continuous for strength (see support B in Fig. 3.10).
DB3.111
These latter three recommendations are intended to ensure that the composite slab has sufficient positive moment capacity in the vicinity of the supports.
3.6
Preventing Sudden Collapse
It is desirable that when loaded to failure, concrete members do not collapse suddenly exhibiting brittle failure [9]. As a general rule, unless it can be demonstrated that the onset of cracking at any cross-section will not lead to sudden collapse of the member, the nominal moment capacity, M uo , at each cross-section should not be less than the minimum value given by, (M uo ) min where Z = section modulus of the uncracked section, referred to the extreme fibre at which flexural cracking occurs; and characteristic flexural tensile strength of concrete.
' = 12Zf cf .
3.6(1)
' f cf =
The nominal moment capacity, M uo , is calculated assuming a fully-cracked section. If the nominal moment capacity is too small, M uo could be less than the moment required to cause first cracking of the concrete. If such a member was statically determinate, e.g. a simply-supported slab or a cantilever, cracking would result in a sudden failure. To prevent such a failure, M uo must be greater than the cracking moment at the critical cross-section, and a minimum value (M uo ) min that is twenty
' per cent higher than the moment required to produce an extreme fibre tensile stress of f cf is ' recommended. It is sufficiently accurate to calculate (M uo ) min = 12Zf c' = 0.2bD c 2 f cf , while from .
Clause 6.1.1.2 of AS 3600 it follows that (M uo ) min = 0.12bD c 2 f c' . In the case of a simply-supported composite slab, it follows that Eq. 3.6(1) should be satisfied at the critical cross-sections. In the case of a continuous composite slab, the onset of cracking due to negative bending at an interior support (where M uo < (M uo ) min ) will not result in sudden failure in an adjacent span, if the
+ positive moment capacity, M uo , at the critical cross-section within the span is sufficient to safely carry the additional positive moments after redistribution. The requirement of Eq. 3.6(1) can be waived at an internal support in this case. This is consistent with the common overseas practice of designing continuous composite slabs as simply-supported at the strength limit state [1].
The design information given in this booklet will allow the designer to check that Eq. 3.6(1) is satisfied at a critical cross-section in the positive moment region of a simply-supported or continuous + composite slab. In the context of this design booklet, the nominal moment capacity M uo must be
+ determined using partial shear connection strength theory, and therefore M uo is determined assuming a fully-cracked section. A critical parameter affecting the result of this assessment is the value of mechanical resistance, H r , applicable to the profiled steel sheeting product being used. Other factors affecting the result are whether the span is simply-supported or an end or internal span, the design loads, the sheeting support conditions, the slab span, L , and overall depth, D c , etc. A parametric investigation has been conducted, which shows that Eq. 3.6(1) is satisfied in the positive moment regions of simply-supported or continuous slabs not containing any bottom-face reinforcement, provided all of the following conditions are met, viz.:
mechanical resistance H r 100 kPa; the slabs are uniformly loaded; and the slabs are practically proportioned to meet normal deflection limits and have a span-todepth ratio L / D c 15 .
DB3.112
The implications of this study are that: designers will not have to check that Eq. 3.6(1) is satisfied in positive-moment regions when designing uniformly-loaded composite slabs incorporating any of the proprietary profiled steel sheeting products described in Appendix C, provided that L / D c 15 ; and it has been decided to limit use of the design rules in Section 6 to products with H r 100 kPa.
3.7
Effects of Propping
In unpropped construction, before the concrete hardens the profiled steel sheeting must support its own weight, that of the concrete, reinforcing steel and any construction loads. The steel sheeting is thus stressed and deflected before the concrete is stressed under the action of service loads. Composite action is assumed to be developed between the sheeting and the concrete when the ' concrete compressive strength, f cj , reaches 15 MPa (see Clause 4.2.3 of AS 2327.1). In propped construction, the steel sheeting spans are chosen to avoid excessive deflection or ponding and prevent collapse. The props may possibly be removed as soon as composite action ' develops (i.e. f cj = 15 MPa), and the prop loads are then effectively transferred onto the composite slab as line loads. At ultimate load, the longitudinal stresses in the sheeting and the concrete redistribute themselves + internally such that the positive moment capacity, M uo , corresponding to either partial or complete shear connection, is the same whether the slab was constructed propped or unpropped. This is consistent with the assumption that simple-plastic rectangular stress block theory (see Section 3.2) can be used to calculate the moment capacity of critical cross-sections for profiled steel sheeting products with ductile shear connection. Therefore, with this latter proviso applying, the sequence of construction does not have to be considered during the strength design of a composite slab. Thus, line loads induced when the props are removed can be ignored, and all of the slab dead load can be treated as a uniformly-distributed load at the strength limit state.
DB3.113
4. DESIGN MODELS
4.1 General
The design models used to represent the physical behaviour of a simply-supported or continuous composite slab at the strength limit state are summarised in this section.
4.2
Positive Moment Capacity
The strength model for a simply-supported or continuous composite slab has been described in + Section 3.2. In order to calculate the nominal positive moment capacity, M uo , at each cross-section, the compact portion of the sheeting cross-section is assumed to be effective. In general, in positive moment regions the sheeting will be under a combination of bending and tension. The magnitude of the resultant tensile force, Tsh , that can develop in the sheeting depends on the degree of shear connection, , at the particular cross-section of concern. Properly-anchored conventional longitudinal tensile reinforcement can contribute to the positive moment capacity at a cross-section. More detailed aspects of the design approach [2, 3] are discussed below.
Compactness of Sheeting
Compactness of the sheeting is affected by the longitudinal stresses in the sheeting and the slenderness of the sheeting plate elements. The concrete can provide a very significant confining effect to the sheeting ribs, which is too conservative to ignore when assessing compactness. On the other hand, embossments can reduce the effectiveness of the steel to support longitudinal compressive or tensile stresses, since in this regard they are in effect gross imperfections. This effect can, however, normally be ignored in design. It is not necessary to cover this subject in detail in this booklet, since, as will be mentioned in Appendix C, slab tests have shown that for all three Australian profiled steel sheeting products addressed therein, the sheeting cross-section may be assumed to be compact for the current range of base metal thicknesses. Therefore, the full cross-section is assumed effective. This statement only applies to the composite state, and is certainly not the case when the sheeting acts as formwork prior to the concrete hardening.
Equilibrium Strength Model The equilibrium of longitudinal forces acting on the steel sheeting in the critical end region of a simply-supported slab is shown in Fig. 4.1 at the point the maximum bending moment is reached. The sheeting is assumed to pass over the support such that the entire support reaction R * is transmitted through the pans of the sheeting. The resultant tensile force in the sheeting, Tsh , is balanced by the mechanical resistance force, H r x , and the frictional resistance force, R * . Since Tsh cannot exceed Tcsc , it can be written that (per unit width of slab):
Tsh
Bending moment diagram
= min.(H r x + R *,Tcsc )
4.2(1)
M*
+
+ Muo
Hr Tsh
R* Support
R*
Figure 4.1 Equilibrium Strength Model with Sheeting passing over Entire Support
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Since the value of Tsh can be affected by the magnitude of the support reaction, R * , the nominal
+ positive moment capacity, M uo , of a cross-section can be affected by the distribution and magnitude of the applied loads. This leads to the concept of a limiting moment capacity, which is useful for calculating the maximum load-carrying capacity of a composite slab when its strength increases with load [2]. However, this is beyond the scope of this booklet which is intended for situations when the design loads are known.
A more accurate representation of a composite slab failing in longitudinal slip is to account for diagonal cracking adjacent to the critical cross-section [2, 3, 11]. It is important to account for a reduced shear span due to this effect, in cases when concentrated loads are placed near supports. In this case, the term x in Eq. 4.2(1) must be reduced. This issue was also discussed in Section 3.5. However, for the purposes of this design booklet, the application of which is limited to the design of uniformly-loaded slabs, Eq. 4.2(1) is considered sufficiently accurate.
Magnitude of Force Transmitted across Interface
If the sheeting passes over the entire support, it can be assumed in design that the whole of the design support reaction R * is transmitted across the interface between the sheeting and the concrete, and contributes to the frictional resistance that is developed. Therefore, the interfacial pressure is concentrated at the supports and equal to zero elsewhere. Testing and analysis have confirmed that this assumption is valid [7, 11]. When the sheeting passes onto only part of the support, the conservative approach is to assume that no frictional resistance is developed.
Cross-sections with Complete Shear Connection
The resultant tensile force in the sheeting at a cross-section with complete shear connection, Tcsc , can be calculated using rectangular stress block theory as discussed in Section 3.2. Alternatively, for + a slab with conventional reinforcement of cross-sectional area, Ast , in the bottom face, the following equation can be shown to be conservative: Tcsc where Ty.sh Ty.st = min. (0.85fc' (Dc hr )b Ty.st ,Ty.sh ) = = Ashfsy.sh
+ Ast f sy
4.2(2) 4.2(3) 4.2(4)
Ignoring any frictional resistance, i.e. R* = 0 , it follows from Eq. 4.2(1) that a distance measured from an end of the sheeting, x csc , which guarantees the attainment of complete shear connection, can be calculated as follows: x csc =
Ty.sh Hr b
4.2(5)
For cross-sections located further than distance x csc from the nearer end of the sheeting, the
+ nominal positive moment capacity, M uo , can in all cases be calculated assuming complete shear
connection between the sheeting and the concrete. For situations where R * is not zero, there will be some cross-sections closer than this distance from the end of the sheeting which will also have attained complete shear connection, which may in any case be confirmed by calculation.
Cross-sections with Partial Shear Connection Cross-sections located closer than distance x csc from the nearer end of the sheeting should be designed on the basis of partial shear connection. For these cross-sections, the resultant tensile force in the sheeting, Tsh , can be obtained from Eqs 4.2(1) and 4.2(2). The distance x in Eq. 4.2(1) should be measured from whichever of the adjacent ends of the sheeting that gives the lesser value of Tsh . Moment Capacity of Cross-Sections
Calculations of nominal positive moment capacity have been performed for composite slabs incorporating a particular profiled steel sheeting product (Bondek II) and different amounts of
DB3.115
conventional reinforcement in the bottom face [10]. Three levels of cross-section analysis have been used, with the first being the most rigorous and the third being the most simplified: (a) moment-curvature analysis, in which the stress in the concrete is obtained from the CEB-FIP stress-strain curve and account is taken of strain compatibility over the depth of the crosssection [3]; (b) simple-plastic rectangular stress block theory as described in Section 3.2, in which the stress in the concrete is obtained from the Whitney rectangular stress block, strain compatibility is ignored and conventional reinforcement is always assumed to be at its yield stress when it lies on the tensile side of the plastic neutral axis in the steel, and is ignored otherwise; and (c) rectangular stress-block theory as above, except the sheeting is lumped at the height of its centroid above the soffit, y sh , which varies with the degree of shear connection
+ Figure 4.2 shows typical curves of nominal positive moment capacity, M uo , versus resultant tensile
force in the sheeting, Tsh , for the three methods described above. Two slab situations are considered covering under-reinforced and over-reinforced cases.
60 50
Muo (kNm/m)
Including reinforcement
180 160
Muo (kNm/m)
Including reinforcement
40 30 20
(Mu.sh+Mu.st)
120 80 40
Excluding reinforcement
(Mu.sh+Mu.st)
Excluding reinforcement
Slab 1 0 600 800

Mu.sh
Slab 2 800
10
Mu.sh
200
400 Tsh (kN/m)

Method
200
400 600 Tsh (kN/m)

yst fsy
Slab
tbm
Dc
f'c
A+ st
(a) (b) (c) 1 2
(mm) 1.0 1.0
(mm) 90 200
(MPa) 25 25
(mm2/m) 300 240
(mm) 30 60
(MPa) 400 500 400 500
400 500
Figure 4.2 Comparison of Calculation Methods
It can be seen that these three approaches have been found to be in excellent agreement for the typical range of parameters used in composite slabs, and the third method is therefore proposed for design purposes. The design equations are given in Section 5.6.
Over-Reinforced Cross-sections
An over-reinforced cross-section is defined as one at which the moment capacity is controlled by the compressive strength of the concrete rather than the tensile strength of the reinforcing steel. This situation can occur in the positive moment region of shallow composite slabs, and is more likely to occur in unpropped construction when the thickness of the steel sheeting is dictated by the formwork stage (Construction Stages 1 to 3 in AS 2327.1). In cases when k u > 0.4 , Clause 8.1.3 of AS 3600 requires compressive reinforcement to be placed in the member and a lower value of to be used when calculating M uo . However, the following issues need to be considered concerning the applicability of this clause to the design of over-reinforced cross-sections in the positive moment region of a normally-proportioned composite slab:
DB3.116
+ the design positive moment capacity, M uo , of the critical cross-section will normally be well in
excess of the applied bending moment, M * + , on account of the large tensile capacity of the sheeting;
although the ductility of these cross-sections may be limited, this is unlikely to reduce the loadcarrying capacity of the slab to any significant extent on account of their significant overcapacity; and in any case, partial shear connection will tend to reduce the degree to which cross-sections are over-reinforced as they move towards the sheeting ends.
In light of these significant differences compared with normal reinforced-concrete slabs, it is recommended that the requirements of Clause 8.1.3 of AS 3600 concerning when k u > 0.4 are not applicable to the design of the positive moment regions of over-reinforced composite slabs, viz.: (i) top-face compressive reinforcement is not required; and, (ii) = 0.8 irrespective of the value of
+ + k u when calculating M uo .
4.3
Positive Vertical Shear Capacity
The design model representing when the positive vertical shear capacity of a composite slab is reached is shown in Fig. 4.3. As explained in Section 3.3, partial shear connection strength theory is + used to calculate the nominal positive vertical shear capacity, Vuc . The possibility of diagonal splitting failure is not considered, despite being exhibited in tests on slabs with concentrated loads [8], because the design rules in Section 6 are restricted to the design of uniformly-loaded composite slabs.
UDL M*
ACTUAL
Shear Force Dc
V*
Bending Moment P M* 1.5Dc Shear Force Bending Moment

+ Vuc
HYPOTHETICAL
Moment
+ Nominal moment capacity curve, Muo
Figure 4.3 Vertical Shear Failure of a Positive Moment Region
DB3.117
4.4
Negative Moment Regions
It is normal to design the negative moment regions of composite slabs as reinforced-concrete slabs, conservatively ignoring the presence of the profiled steel sheeting acting as compressive reinforcement, but possibly accounting for the loss in cross-sectional area of the concrete in the bottom face due to the sheeting rib voids (see Section 1.2). In the case of profiled steel sheeting products which satisfy the geometric restrictions in Fig. 1.2, the loss of concrete area is insignificant for design purposes. Therefore, the negative moment regions of slabs incorporating any of the three profiled steel sheeting products listed in Appendix C (viz. Bondek II, Comform and Condeck HP) can be treated as solid concrete slabs, both with respect to design for bending strength and vertical shear. The design rules of Section 9 of AS 3600 are therefore applicable.
4.5
Effective Span
For the purpose of determining the effective span, Lef , of a composite slab, the support reaction R * may be assumed to act in one of the following positions, as deemed appropriate. (a) When the composite slab is supported on steel beams, the end reactions should be assumed to be applied through the centre of the steel beams, and the effective span taken as the distance between the centreline of adjacent beams (see Fig. 4.4(a)). (b) When the composite slab is supported on masonry walls, the end reactions should be assumed to be at the lesser of D c / 2 or bs / 2 in from the front face of the support, and the effective span taken as the distance between the end reactions (see Fig. 4.4(b)). (c) Where the sheeting ribs are not orientated perpendicular to the support lines, the slab should be designed as a series of parallel one-way strips with individual spans taken along the centreline of each strip. The number of strips should be selected such that the difference in length of the two longitudinal sides of any strip does not exceed 10% (see Fig. 4.4(c)). The effective span of each strip should then be determined in accordance with item (a) or (b), as appropriate.
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UDL Dc
End reaction
Lef
(a) Composite slab supported on steel beams

UDL Dc
End reaction
Lef bs (bs <Dc) bs 2 Dc 2 bs (bs=Dc)
(b) Composite slab supported on masonry walls

Support line Support line Strip 1 Strip 2 Strip 3 Strip 4 Lef4 Lef3 Lef2 Lef1 Lef1 =1.1, etc. Lef2
Sheeting ribs
(c) Effective span where sheeting ribs are not orientated perpendicular to support lines
Figure 4.4 Assumed Position of End Support Reactions and Determination of Effective Span of a Composite Slab
DB3.119
5. DESIGN APPROACH
5.1 General
The purpose of this section is to explain the design approach adopted in this booklet. The actual design rules are presented in Section 6, and cover design for bending and vertical shear of simplysupported and continuous composite slabs. Restrictions applying to the application of the design rules are clearly stated in Section 6.3. A flowchart summarising the normal procedure followed when designing for strength is given in Fig. 5.1. The flowchart is explained in the remainder of this section. Design for bending and vertical shear are both addressed.
5.2
Definition of Design Situation
The framing layout and general design criteria must be known at the outset of design. Criteria concerning design for serviceability, durability and fire will normally have a significant influence on the initial choice of the spans of the slab, L , and its overall depth, D c , as will the design of the sheeting for the formwork stage. The formwork design also often governs the choice of the base metal thickness, t bm , and a decision whether to use propped or unpropped construction is critical in this regard. The concrete cover appropriate to the design exposure condition will determine the maximum height of the top-face reinforcement. Depending on various factors such as the spans involved and the magnitude of the design loads, it might be decided to design the slab as simply-supported for strength. This is possible because a composite slab normally has a substantial intrinsic positive moment capacity. Reinforcement might still be required over the supports, however, in order to ensure continuity to limit deflections, and to control cracking, which are design issues that will be covered in future booklets. The ductility of the conventional reinforcement to be used, as defined for Class N and Class L reinforcing steel in AS 4671, can also have an impact on the strength design. In this regard, Amendment Nos 1 and 2 of AS 3600 have placed restrictions on the use of Class L (Low ductility) reinforcement compared with Class N (Normal ductility) reinforcement (see Section 5.4).
5.3
Identification of Potentially Critical Cross-Sections
A potentially critical cross-section (PCC) is defined as a cross-section that may be a critical or governing cross-section with regard to the strength of the slab. This concept is useful for design purposes, since identification of these cross-sections at the outset of design enables strength checks to be made at these cross-sections only. Design for both bending and shear strength, in positive and negative moment regions, can be approached in this manner. The following examples of potentially critical cross-sections are given for bending or shear: (a) sections of maximum design positive or negative design bending moments, M * max ; (b) sections of maximum design vertical shear force, V * max (but not closer than D c to the face of any support); (c) sections in positive or negative bending where conventional reinforcement is effectively terminated, which should conservatively be assumed to occur at a distance equal to the tensile development length, L sy.t , away from the physical end of the reinforcement; and (d) for a slab with a uniformly-distributed load, additional potentially critical cross-sections shall be taken at one-third and two-thirds of the distance from the peak positive moment position/s to the ends of the span or adjacent contraflexure points, as appropriate, depending on whether the support is simply-supported or continuous, measured from the peak positive moment position/s (see Fig. 5.2).
Note: In many situations it will be immediately obvious which side of the maximum moment cross-section is more critical, avoiding having to check both.
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Start Strength Design Define design situation Identify all potentially critical cross-sections (i.e. PCC's) Calculate design action effects M* and V* at each PCC Calculate R* at supports where sheeting is continuous
Section 6
Section 5.2
Section 5.3
Section 5.4
Section 5.4
Yes
Positive-moment region (Section 5.6)
Simply-supported slab, or continuous slab designed as simply-supported for strength ?
No
Negative-moment region (Section 5.5)
Initially ignore presence of any conventional reinforcement, i.e. A + = 0 st Obtain strength design information for proprietary profiled steel sheeting from Appendix C (Hr, , tbm , Ash, ysh, Mu.sh, ) Increase tbm or add positive tensile reinforcement Calculate xcsc
Class L reinforcement or cantilever

Calculate ku for no moment redistribution Check ku for (Muo)min
Class N reinforcement
Calculate ku for maximum amount of moment redistribution
Calculate Tsh at each PCC: Tsh = Tcsc, if x xcsc, otherwise Tsh = min.(Tsh.L, Tsh.R, Tcsc) Calculate 1 at each PCC: 1 = Tsh/Ty.sh
+ Calculate Muo at each PCC + (If Ast= 0 use Appendix D, linearly
Select larger of two ku values above

Calculate Ast corresponding to ku value
Detail negative reinforcement

Check V* - =Vuc
interpolating with 1) No
+ Check M* +=Muo at each PCC
Yes
+ Calculate Vuc at PCC for shear, from Appendix E
No
+ Check V* +=Vuc at PCC for shear
Yes Detail conventional positive + tensile reinforcement Ast, if any. Design for strength is complete
Figure 5.1 Flowchart showing Normal Procedure for Strength Design
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UDL
1/3 (L1)
1/3 (L1)
1/3 (L1)
1/3 (L1)
L1
+ M*max
UDL
(a) Simple span
1/3 (L1)
1/3 (L1)
1/3 (L1)
1/3 (L1)
L1
+ M*max
L1
(b) End span

UDL
1/3 (L1) 1/3 (L1) 1/3 (L1)
1/3 (L1)
L1
+ M*max
(c) Interior span

Figure 5.2 Additional Potentially Critical Cross-Sections
It should be noted that cross-sections at which concentrated line loads are applied perpendicular to the span at the strength limit state would be PCCs. However, for reasons explained herein, this loading case is beyond the scope of this design booklet. As mentioned in Section 3.7, line loads can arise when props supporting part of the slab dead load are removed during construction. These loads can be considered to act on a composite slab at the serviceability limit state during the inservice condition. However, at the strength limit state, internal redistribution of stresses occurs and the dead load of the slab can be considered to be uniformly distributed irrespective of the construction sequence.
5.4
Calculation of Design Action Effects
General A composite slab shall be considered to be either simply-supported or continuous, with each span having an effective span, Lef , as defined in Section 4.5. The design bending moment, M * , and design shear force, V * , at each potentially critical cross-section should normally be calculated using linear elastic analysis. Reference should be made to Clause 7.6 of AS 3600 for this purpose. The design support reactions R * are also required at locations where the sheeting is continuous. The design loads should be calculated in accordance with Section 6.4 of this booklet. Moment Redistribution
Because the steel sheeting typically has a large cross-sectional area and a high design yield stress, the resulting composite slab generally has substantial intrinsic positive moment capacity. For efficient
DB3.122
use of this capacity in continuous slabs, adoption of the maximum permissible amount of redistribution of moments from negative-moment regions to positive-moment regions is desirable. An alternative approach to designing for redistribution in accordance with Clause 7.6.8 of AS 3600 is to design a continuous slab as a series of simply-supported spans, corresponding to 100% redistribution. Steel ductility is not an issue when taking this design approach, since the contribution of any support reinforcement to the load-carrying capacity of the slab is ignored. Redistribution by an intermediate amount is allowed using plastic analysis in accordance with Clause 7.9 of AS 3600. However, a designer should confirm in this case that the PCCs have sufficient rotation capacity for a plastic mechanism to form, noting that this normally necessitates Class N steel to be used over the supports. The 100% redistribution case would be expected to produce large crack widths under service loads, but this can be overcome by providing sufficient top-face reinforcement (i.e. reducing the amount of redistribution), and will be discussed in a later booklet in this series. Several matters should be clarified when applying Clause 7.6.8 of AS 3600, viz.:
redistribution is normally only allowed if Class N (as opposed to Class L) reinforcement is used over the supports; the elastic bending moment distribution before redistribution is determined assuming uncracked cross-sections; and the amount of redistribution is measured by the percentage of the moment before redistribution.
Design for moment redistribution is discussed further in the next section.
5.5
Design of Negative-Moment Regions
This section has application to composite slabs considered continuous, which develop negative support moments at the strength limit state. Slabs with cantilevers must naturally be designed for negative support moments. The right-hand branch of the lower part of the flowchart in Fig. 5.1 is applicable to this discussion. It is assumed that if a span of a continuous slab does not require negative reinforcement for strength, then it will be designed as simply-supported at the strength limit state, i.e. the left-hand branch of the flowchart in Fig. 5.1 will be taken, in which case Section 5.6 should be referred to.
Design Incorporating Moment Redistribution
Simplified sets of equations are presented below to enable reinforcement quantities to be directly calculated from design bending moment values. These equations are derived from rectangular stress block equations and equations for the redistribution limits in AS 3600 [10]. In accordance with Amendment Nos 1 and 2 of AS 3600, in the absence of more detailed calculation, Class N conventional reinforcement must be used as negative moment reinforcement if redistribution is allowed. It will be assumed that any moment redistribution is from negative- to positive-moment regions. The moment redistribution parameter at a support, , will be defined as follows:
M *
*e = (1 )M * e
5.5(1)
is the elastically-determined design negative bending moment and M * is the design where M negative bending moment after redistribution. Clause 7.6.8 of AS 3600 limits the maximum value of which reduces with increasing values of the
neutral axis parameter, k u . The parameter k u is directly proportional to the tensile capacity of the negative tensile reinforcement and is defined as: ku
= =
pf sy
0.85 f c'
Ast
5.5(2) 5.5(3)
where
bd
DB3.123

and Ast is the area of top-face reinforcement over the interior support, d is the effective depth of this reinforcement, and is the stress block parameter for concrete as defined in Clause 8.1.2.2 of AS 3600. It can be noted from Eqs 5.5(2) and 5.5(3) that the value of k u is calculated for a crosssection designed using the redistributed bending moment.
According to Clause 7.6.8 of AS 3600, the amount of moment redistribution allowed at a support depends on the maximum value of k u at any peak moment region in the adjacent spans. These peak moment regions include the peak positive moment locations in the two adjoining spans and the negative moment location being considered. This rule is considered to be more restrictive than necessary. It is anticipated that in any span of a composite slab designed with redistribution, the positive moment hinge will always be the last to form, since all redistribution is from negative + moment regions to positive moment regions, and also, the design positive moment capacity, M uo , is normally well in excess of the design positive moment, M * + . Hence, the value of k u in positive moment regions need not normally be considered, and the redistribution permitted at any support cross-section becomes simply a function of the value of k u at that cross-section, i.e.:
0.3 0.3 0.75k u
for k u 0.2 for 0.2 < k u 0.4
5.5(4)
Moment redistribution
0.35
parameter,
0.30 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 Neutral axis parameter, ku 0.4
Figure 5.3 Moment Redistribution Parameter
Based on the rectangular stress block approximation for a singly-reinforced concrete cross-section with k u 0.4 , the nominal negative moment capacity, M uo , is given by Eq. 5.5(5). The design
equation relating the design negative moment capacity, M uo , and the elastic negative design moment, M * e , is given as Eq. 5.5(6). M uo M uo
= =
0.85 k u (1 0.5 k u )f c' b(d ) 2
5.5(5) 5.5(6)
(1 )M
*e
For design incorporating redistribution to the limit specified in Clause 7.6.8 of AS 3600 and for k u values not exceeding 0.4, the required minimum value of k u (and hence the minimum quantity of conventional top-face reinforcement) can be obtained by use of the following relationship: ku
(a
a12 a 2 / for 0.75 0.85

m *e f c' ku
5.5(7) 0.20 5.5(8) 5.5(9) 5.5(10) 5.5(11)
where
a1 = 1 = 1 a2 = =
for 0.20 < k u 0.40
14 m * e . 0.85 f c' M *e
and
m *e
b(d ) 2
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where is the strength or capacity reduction factor as given in Table 2.3 of AS 3600 for bending
without axial tension or compression, and equals 0.8 for k u 0.4 .
Design Not Incorporating Moment Redistribution

For design not incorporating redistribution and for k u values not exceeding 0.4, the required minimum value of k u can be obtained by use of the following relationship: ku
where
(a
a12 a 2 /
m *e f c'
5.5(12) 5.5(13) 5.5(14) 5.5(15)
a1 = 1 a2 = = 2 0.85
M *e
and
m *e
b(d ) 2
Either Class L (OneMesh500) or Class N (500PLUS Rebar or BAMTEC) reinforcement may be used in this case, although it would normally be assumed that the possibility of moment redistribution (cantilevers excepted) would at least be investigated if Class N steel is going to be used (see Fig. 5.1).
Minimum Strength Requirement
The issue of preventing sudden collapse was discussed in Section 3.6. In view of that discussion, and the concern in AS 3600 with the ductility of Class L steel reinforcement, it is recommended that the minimum strength requirement M uo (M uo ) min should be satisfied in the following situations: the negative moment region is part of a cantilever; or Class L reinforcement is used to provide negative moment capacity.
Concern about using Class L reinforcement if M uo < (M uo ) min arises because in this case only one
crack will form in each support region, and accordingly, the rotation capacity of these regions will be relatively limited.
It follows that the minimum strength requirement M uo (M uo ) min may be waived when the negative
moment region is not part of a cantilever provided Class N reinforcement is used (see Fig. 5.1).
In order to satisfy M uo (M uo ) min , it follows from Section 3.6 that (M uo ) min = 0.12bD c 2 f c' , and substituting this for (M uo ) min in Eq. 5.5(5) gives:
ku
0.24 / 1 1 2 ' 0.85 f c (1 d ct / D c )
5.5(16)
The larger of the values of k u given by Eqs 5.5(12) and 5.5(16) should be used to calculate Ast .
Design for Vertical Shear
The design of negative-moment regions for vertical shear can be carried out in accordance with Section 9 of AS 3600. This follows from the discussion in Section 4.4 where it was explained that the composite slab negative-moment regions can be treated as solid reinforced-concrete sections for profiled steel sheeting products conforming with Fig. 1.2.
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5.6
Design of Positive-Moment Regions
Initial Parameter Values
The parameters which define the properties of the profiled steel sheeting must be known and can be taken from Appendix C, viz.: f sy.sh = 550 MPa for BHP Zinc-Hi-Ten Ash and M u.sh which depend on t bm ; y sh and which depend on 1 ; steel up to 1.0 mm thick;
= 0.5; and
' H r , which for Bondek II is a function of t bm and concrete compressive strength f c' or f cj .
+ If conventional reinforcement is present in the bottom face of the slab, its cross-sectional area, Ast ,
and design yield stress f sy need to be known. However, it is conservative to ignore its presence, and initially this can be assumed to simplify the design calculations.
Calculation of Resultant Tensile Force in Sheeting The resultant tensile force, Tsh , at each PCC can be calculated taking into account the position of the cross-section relative to the ends of the sheeting and the sheeting support conditions, as explained by the design model in Section 4.2. Calculation of Design Positive Moment Capacity
The following simplified equations may be used to calculate the design positive moment capacity, + M uo , at a PCC. These equations apply to both partial shear or complete shear connection regions, with or without conventional reinforcement.
+ M uo
T D c y c
0.5T 0.85f c' b
+ M u.sh
5.6(1) 5.6(2) 5.6(3) 5.6(4)
where
T yc
= Tsh + Ty.st =
Tsh y sh + Ty.st y st T Tsh Ty.sh
1 =
Tsh and Ty.st are given in Eqs 4.2(1) to 4.2(4). M u.sh is the nominal moment capacity of the sheeting
alone (see Table C3.1), y st is the centroidal height above the slab soffit of the conventional bottomface reinforcement, y sh is the height at which Tsh acts above the slab soffit (see Table C3.1), and is a profiled steel sheeting bending factor which is a function of 1 (see Table C3.1). In this formulation, the conventional reinforcement is assumed to be at its design yield stress. Equation 5.6(5) must be satisfied to ensure that this assumption is valid, otherwise the contribution of the conventional reinforcement should be ignored. 5.6(5) 0.85 f c' b In order to use the equations above, proprietary values of four parameters are required, viz. Ash , y sh , M u.sh and (see Appendix C).
+ If Appendix C is used to calculate M uo rather than Eq 5.6(1), it is first necessary to calculate 1 (see Eq. 5.6(4)), and to then use linear interpolation in the tables.
y st
Dc
(1 + f sy / 600)(Ty.sh + Ty.st )
DB3.126
OneSteel Market Mills Composite Structures Design Manual Moment Capacity Check If at any PCC there is insufficient moment capacity, the normal approach to be taken will be to either increase t bm or add conventional tensile reinforcement to the bottom face. Alternatively, the overall depth, D c , may be increased, span, L , reduced, etc. Minimum Strength Requirement
The issue of preventing sudden collapse was discussed in Section 3.6. It was explained that the + + minimum strength requirement M uo (M uo ) min will be satisfied at any PCC in positive bending provided the slabs are uniformly loaded, practically proportioned to meet normal deflection limits, and have a span-to-depth ratio L / D c 15 . It is also a requirement that H r 100 kPa, a condition always satisfied for the profiled steel sheeting products given in Appendix C used within their range of applicability.
Design for Vertical Shear
The design of positive-moment regions for vertical shear can be carried out using the information + given in Section 3.3 for the calculation of nominal positive vertical shear capacity Vuc , and Section 4.3 showing the design model. The design equations are given in Section 6.8.
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6. DESIGN RULES
6.1 Design Objectives
The composite slab shall be designed for strength, serviceability, durability and fire, as appropriate to its intended use.
Note : This booklet covers design for strength only. Major aspects of the design rules have been explained in preceding sections. The normal design procedure to follow is described in Section 5.
6.2
Limit State Requirements for Strength
The composite slab shall be designed so that during Construction Stages 5 and 6, and the in-service condition defined in AS 2327.1: (a) at every transverse cross-section, the design moment capacity, M uo , is not less than the design bending moment, M * , i.e. M uo M * , and (b) at every transverse cross-section located a distance of at least D c from the face of any support, the design vertical shear capacity, Vuc , is not less than the design vertical shear force, V * , i.e. Vuc V * . The above requirements shall be deemed to be satisfied at every cross-section, if they are shown to be satisfied at each relevant potentially critical cross-section (PCC) for bending or shear as defined in Section 5.3. The capacity reduction factor, , shall equal 0.8 in all cases concerning positive bending and shear, both during construction and the in-service condition. In negative-moment regions, the normal requirements of Table 2.3 of AS 3600 shall apply.
6.3
Application
In the application of the design rules, the following conditions shall be satisfied: (a) The shear connection performance of the sheeting shall have been verified by adequate testing and determined by an independent assessment using a procedure similar to that given in Reference 12. (b) The shear connection performance of the sheeting shall be deemed ductile, whereby its mechanical resistance H r and coefficient of friction can be treated in design as independent of the amount of slip between the sheeting and the concrete. The value of H r shall not be less than 100 kPa.
Note: Design values for H r and can be found in Appendix C for Bondek II, Comform and Condeck HP. Composite slabs must incorporate sufficient transverse shrinkage and temperature control reinforcement to control any longitudinal splitting of the concrete over the sheeting ribs at the strength limit state. In this regard, the requirement of Clause 9.4.3.4 of AS 3600 for minor degree of control over cracking is sufficient.
(c) The steel strip from which the sheeting is roll-formed shall be BHP Zinc-Hi-Ten , which is hotdipped, zinc-coated steel to AS 1397 with a design yield stress, f sy.sh , of 550 MPa for base metal thickness, t bm , up to 1.00 mm. (d) The geometry of the steel sheeting profile shall conform to the dimensions and tolerances shown on the manufacturers production drawing. Sheeting with embossments less than the specified lower characteristic value shall not be used compositely unless the value of H r is revised.
Note: Design values for Ash , y sh , M u.sh and for Bondek II, Comform and Condeck HP are given in Appendix C, as are acceptable values of base metal thickness, t bm . Lower characteristic values of embossment height can be found in Appendix C for Bondek II and Comform.
DB3.128
(e) Material and construction requirements for conventional reinforcing steel shall be in accordance with Clause 19.2 of AS 3600, and the design yield stress, f sy , shall be taken from Table 6.2.1 of AS 3600 for the appropriate type and grade of reinforcement. The ductility class shall be L (OneMesh500) or N (500PLUS Rebar or BAMTEC ). (f) The concrete compressive strength grade, f c' , and density, c , shall be in accordance with Clause 1.1.2 of AS 3600, and any other restrictions that result from the limited range of tests performed under item (a). In composite beam construction, the requirement of Clause 8.1 of AS 2327.1 shall also be satisfied, viz. f c' shall not exceed 40 MPa.
Note: The restrictions which apply to concrete compressive strength and density for composite slabs incorporating Bondek II, Comform and Condeck HP are specified in Appendix C.
(g) Material and construction requirements for concrete shall be in accordance with Clause 19.1 of AS 3600. (h) The profiled steel sheeting shall not be spliced, lapped or joined longitudinally in any way. (i) The permanent support lines shall extend across the full width of the slab. (j) Similar to the requirement in Clause 4.2.3 of AS 2327.1, composite action shall be assumed to exist between the steel sheeting and the concrete once the concrete in the slab has attained a ' compressive strength of 15 MPa, i.e. f cj 15 MPa. Prior to the development of composite action during Construction Stage 4 defined in AS 2327.1, potential damage to the shear connection shall be avoided. Note: Damage to the shear connection can be avoided by preventing either the imposition of significant live loads on the slab, or the removal of any falsework or props supporting the slab or steel beams; or alternatively by back-propping the slab, or the steel beams, or both. (k) Props to either the composite slab or steel beams supporting the slab may be removed during Construction Stage 5 provided: (i) the strength of the composite slab and any other relevant ' design criteria are checked; and (ii) the compressive strength of the concrete, f cj , is at least as great as the minimum value allowed for a particular profiled steel sheeting product according to item (f). (l) All design loads acting on the slab during construction and the in-service condition shall be uniformly-distributed. Minimum design loads are specified in Section 6.4. Note: Concentrated line loads arising from the removal of temporary construction props can be ignored in accordance with Section 3.7. (m) Holing of the sheeting due to the provision of vertical building services or installation of fasteners through the soffit of the sheeting should be minimised and should not lead to premature yielding and fracture of the steel sheeting at the strength limit state. Self-drilling screws may be used at lap joints.
Note: BHP Zinc-Hi-Ten steel does not exhibit strain-hardening. Therefore, yielding of the steel at even a small hole can cause the steel to fracture at this location. Full-scale slab tests have shown that self-drilling screws used at lap joints have not unduly affected the ductility of the slabs. Design rules for holing have yet to be developed. In the interim, it is recommended that a conservative approach be adopted, viz.: (i) proprietary hanging systems should be used whenever possible in preference to systems requiring masonry fasteners to support services; (ii) holes for vertical services should be cut neatly and not over-cut; (iii) if a hole is placed in a positive moment region, depending on its exact location, size and the level of tensile force that might need to develop in the sheeting, consideration should be given to ignoring the presence of the steel sheeting altogether, which may require additional conventional reinforcement to be provided in the bottom-face of the slab.
6.4
Design Loads
Minimum dead and live loads for both propped and unpropped construction of composite slabs shall be determined in accordance with AS 2327.1 and AS 1170.1. These nominal loads should be appropriately factored and combined in accordance with AS 1170.1 to give the design loads.
DB3.129
Composite slabs are designed assuming one-way action, and therefore reduction of uniformlydistributed live load is not appropriate.
6.5
Methods of Structural Analysis
The Linear Elastic Analysis method of Clause 7.6 of AS 3600 shall be used to determine the design bending moments, M * , vertical shear forces, V * , and support reactions, R * , of indeterminate, continuous composite slabs. The effective span, Lef , shall be calculated in accordance with Section 4.5.
6.6
Moment Redistribution
Redistribution of moments shall be permissible up to the limit defined in Clause 7.6.8 of AS 3600, with the following qualifications: (a) the elastic bending moment distribution before redistribution shall be determined assuming uncracked cross-sections; (b) the redistribution limit in each negative-moment region shall be based on the value of k u in that particular negative-moment region only; (c) the amount of redistribution is measured by the percentage of the moment before redistribution; (d) redistribution of moments is permitted from negative-moment regions to positive-moment regions but not from positive-moment regions to negative-moment regions; and (e) no redistribution of moments is permissible where the contribution of Class L reinforcement has been included in the calculation of the design negative moment capacity, M uo . Alternatively, it shall be permissible to design slabs which are continuous over any support as simplysupported at that support, with the exception that cantilevers shall be treated as continuous.
6.7
Negative-Moment Regions
Bending Strength For the strength design of negative-moment regions, the presence of the sheeting in the slab shall be ignored and the slab designed as an equivalent solid reinforced-concrete member. For this purpose, the provisions of AS 3600 as they relate to the design of one-way slabs shall be used. For a slab which is continuous over any support but treated as simply-supported for strength at that support, the design negative bending moment, M * , at the support shall be taken equal to zero.
In calculating the design negative bending moment, M * , an allowance for negative-to-positive moment redistribution up to the limit specified in Clause 7.6.8 of AS 3600 may be made. Thus, the elastic design bending moment before redistribution, M * e , may be reduced in magnitude to obtain the design negative bending moment after redistribution, M * .
The design negative moment capacity, M uo , shall be calculated by multiplying the nominal negative moment capacity, M uo , by a capacity reduction factor, , as given in Table 2.3 of AS 3600. The nominal negative moment capacity, M uo , shall be calculated based on the principles of rectangular stress block theory as defined in Clause 8.1.2 of AS 3600. For potential hinge locations at which the neutral axis parameter, k u , as defined in AS 3600, exceeds 0.4, the requirements of Clause 8.1.3 of AS 3600 shall be satisfied. In the application of this clause, it may be assumed that the minimum compressive reinforcement requirement is satisfied by the presence of the steel sheeting in the negative moment region.
DB3.130
OneSteel Market Mills Composite Structures Design Manual Minimum Bending Strength
The minimum strength requirement M uo (M uo ) min shall be satisfied when either the negative
moment region is part of a cantilever, or Class L reinforcement is used to provide negative moment capacity. The minimum value of k u corresponding to M uo = (M uo ) min is given by Eq. 5.5(16).
Detailing of Conventional Tensile Reinforcement
Conventional tensile reinforcement in negative-moment regions shall be detailed in accordance with the relevant requirements for one-way slabs in Clause 9.1.3 of AS 3600.
Shear Strength
Negative-moment regions shall be designed for shear strength such that the requirements of Clause 8.2, and therefore Clause 9.2.2(a), of AS 3600 are satisfied.
6.8
Positive-Moment Regions
Bending Strength
+ The design positive moment capacity, M uo , shall be calculated by multiplying the nominal positive + moment capacity, M uo , by a strength reduction factor, , which shall be taken as 0.8, irrespective of the degree of shear connection at the particular cross-section. + The nominal positive moment capacity, M uo , shall be calculated taking into account the degree of shear connection which exists between the sheeting and the concrete. The simplified equation, Eq. 5.6(1) in Section 5.6, may be used for this purpose. In calculating the design positive moment capacity at any cross-section, the entire cross-section of the profiled steel sheeting products in Appendix C shall be assumed to be effective. Conventional longitudinal tensile and compressive reinforcement may be considered to contribute to the positive moment capacity at a cross-section, provided due allowance is made for the tensile development length, L sy.t , for anchorage of the
reinforcement in accordance with Section 13 of AS 3600. As explained in Section 4.2, the requirements of Clause 8.1.3 of AS 3600 which apply when + k u > 0.4 are not required to be satisfied when designing the positive moment regions of overreinforced composite slabs, viz.: (i) top-face compressive reinforcement is not required; and + + (ii) = 0.8 irrespective of the value of k u when calculating M uo .
Minimum Bending Strength
The minimum bending strength requirement of Clause 8.1.4.1 of AS 3600 shall be satisfied at all critical cross-sections in positive-moment regions, where the critical cross-section within each span + is defined as the cross-section with the maximum value of M * + /( M uo ) . If necessary, conventional
+ + tensile reinforcement shall be provided to ensure that M uo (M uo ) min . The contribution of the + sheeting and any conventional reinforcement shall be included in the calculation of M uo (see Eq. + 5.6(1)), but excluded in the calculation of (M uo ) min . + The value of (M uo ) min shall be calculated as follows: + (M uo ) min
0.1 f c' bD c 2
6.8(1)
It was explained in Section 3.6 that: Eq. 6.8(1) will be satisfied when designing uniformly-loaded composite slabs incorporating any of the proprietary profiled steel sheeting products described in Appendix C, provided L / D c 15 ; and
H r 100 kPa.
DB3.131
OneSteel Market Mills Composite Structures Design Manual Sheeting End Support The ends of the sheeting (see Fig. 3.10):
shall extend fully onto the support at a simply-supported discontinuous end of a slab; shall extend to the centre of the support where a slab is continuous but the support is designed as simply-supported for strength; and may extend partially onto the support where a slab is continuous and the support is designed as continuous for strength.
Note: It is acceptable to terminate the sheeting just before the discontinuous end of a slab to provide any necessary cover to the end of the sheeting.
Detailing of Conventional Tensile Reinforcement
The termination locations of any conventional tensile reinforcement in positive-moment regions shall be determined by extending the reinforcement a distance D c + Lsy.t past the point at which it is no longer required for strength. The requirements of Clause 9.1.3 of AS 3600 shall not apply.
Shear Strength
Positive-moment regions shall be designed for vertical shear strength, such that at every crosssection located a distance of at least D c from the face of a support, the design positive vertical
+ shear capacity, Vuc , is not less than the design positive vertical shear force, V * + . + The design positive vertical shear capacity, Vuc , shall be calculated as follows including the contribution of the sheeting and any fully-anchored conventional reinforcement (see Fig. 4.3). (a) The positive-moment region of a continuous member shall be idealised as a simply-supported member, with the hypothetical supports placed at the points of contraflexure in the elastic bending moment diagram resulting from uniform loading on all spans.
(b) At one end of the equivalent simply-supported member, a hypothetical line load shall be placed at a distance of 15 D c from the face of the hypothetical support. . (c) The value of the line load at which the bending moment reaches the nominal positive moment + capacity, M uo , at the loaded cross-section shall be determined using the equations in Section 5.6. (d) For the calculated value of line load, the value of the vertical shear force at the end of the + member being considered shall be taken as the nominal positive vertical shear capacity, Vuc , which shall be multiplied by the normal value of for bending equal to 0.8 to give the design
+ positive vertical shear capacity, Vuc . This gives the following approximate equation: + Vuc
+ M uo 1.5Dc
6.8(2)
+ where M uo (see Eq. 5.6(1)) is calculated at the location of application of the hypothetical line load.
As a simplification, for simple spans and the outer-edge support regions of end spans, the design vertical shear capacity (including the contribution of the sheeting but ignoring any contribution from conventional reinforcement) may be calculated from the following equation:
+ Vuc [15H r + M u.sh / (bD c 2 )] . = 6.8(3) bD c (15 ) . where is the value for bending equal to 0.8. This simplification comes about by assuming that both yc and the half-depth of the compressive stress block (=0.5T/(0.85fcb)) in Eq. 5.6(1) are zero, which is a reasonably accurate approximation for cross-sections with a low degree of shear connection such as those being considered. Design for types of shear failure that occur locally around a support or concentrated load (i.e. punching shear) is outside the scope of these rules.
DB3.132
7. WORKED EXAMPLES
7.1 General
The worked examples are used to explain the design approach given in Section 5 and the design rules given in Section 6. The examples are of an unpropped simply-supported slab and a continuous slab. In unpropped construction, the base metal thickness, t bm , is dictated by the formwork condition and the range of thicknesses made available by the manufacturer. The slab span is also limited to about 2-3 metres for the Australian profiled steel sheeting products Bondek II, Comform and Condeck HP mentioned in this booklet. On account of the short spans involved, the nominal overall slab depth, D c , in a steel-frame building is normally 120 mm, the minimum required by AS 2327.1. Using normal-weight concrete, this is also the minimum thickness for a 120 minute fire resistance period with respect to thermal insulation (see Table G1 of AS 2327.1). It will be seen from the examples that all three profiled steel sheeting products give similar solutions, despite having different H r values as given in Table C2.1. The index to the worked examples is given in Table 7.1.
Table 7.1 Index to Worked Examples Example Page number Title
7.2-1 7.3-1 7.3-2 7.4-1 7.4-2 7.4-3 7.5-1 7.5-2 7.5-3
33 34 34 35 36 37 37 40 41
Define Design Situation for Two-Span Continuous Slab PCCs in a Simply-Supported Slab PCCs in a Continuous Slab Design not incorporating Moment Redistribution Design incorporating Moment Redistribution Design for Negative Vertical Shear Calculation of Design Positive Moment Capacity using Appendix D Calculation of Design Positive Vertical Shear Capacity using Appendix E Calculation of Design Positive Moment Capacity using Equations
7.2
Definition of Design Situation
Issues concerning the definition of the design situation for a continuous composite slab are briefly discussed in Section 5.2. Consideration will be given in the following example to the different options available for modelling the slab.
Example 7.2-1 Define Design Situation for Two-Span Continuous Slab
Identify the three design options available to model the interior support B shown in Fig. 7.1 that are within the scope of this booklet.
UDL
Interior support
Transverse reinforcement
Figure 7.1 Definition of Design Situation - Example 7.2-1
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Solution
Option 1: Design interior support B as continuous without moment redistribution. Option 2: Design interior support B as continuous with moment redistribution up to the limit defined in Clause 7.6.8 of AS 3600. Option 3: Design as two simply-supported spans, where the design negative bending moment at the interior support B is taken as zero, i.e. 100 percent redistribution.
7.3
Identification of Potentially Critical Cross-Sections
The rules for identifying of potentially critical cross-sections (PCCs) are given in Section 5.3. Application of the rules is demonstrated using the examples given below.
Example 7.3-1 PCCs in a Simply-Supported Slab
Determine the positions of PCCs in the simply-supported slab shown in Fig. 7.2.
Dc UDL
Dc Profiled steel sheeting
Figure 7.2 Identification of Potentially Critical Cross-Sections - Example 7.3-1
Solution
The PCCs are shown in Fig. 7.2 and explained below: PCC1: PCC2: PCC3: PCC4: Cross-section of maximum positive design vertical shear force. Cross-section two-thirds of the distance from the maximum positive moment position to the nearer end of the sheeting, measured from the maximum positive moment position. Cross-section one-third of the distance from the maximum positive moment position to the nearer end of the sheeting, measured from the maximum positive moment position. Cross-section of maximum positive design bending moment (mid-span).
From symmetry, only one side of the slab needs to be considered.

Example 7.3-2 PCCs in a Continuous Slab
Determine the positions of PCCs in the two-span slab shown in Fig. 7.3.
+ Positive tensile reinforcement, Ast
UDL
Negative tensile reinforcement, Ast
Development length, Lsy.t
6 7
Figure 7.3 Identification of Potentially Critical Cross-Sections - Example 7.3-2
Solution
The PCCs are shown in Fig. 7.3 and explained below: PCC1 - 4: See solution to Example 7.3-1. PCC5: PCC6: Cross-section where reinforcement is terminated, taken at a distance equal to the development length away from physical end of the reinforcement. Cross-section of maximum negative design vertical shear force.
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PCC7:
Cross-section of maximum negative design bending moment.
From symmetry, only one side of the slab needs to be considered.
7.4
Design of Negative-Moment Regions
The simplified equations given in Section 5.5 will be used to calculate the quantity of negative tensile reinforcement, Ast , required at the interior support for the cases where no redistribution of moment is used, and where redistribution is up to the limit defined in Clause 7.6.8 of AS 3600.
Example 7.4-1 Design not incorporating Moment Redistribution
Determine the amount of negative tensile reinforcement, Ast , required at support B for design not incorporating moment redistribution. The design parameters are given in Fig. 7.4.
Ast
dct
Gsup,Q
Profiled steel sheeting Lef Slab span, Lef Slab depth, Dc Slab width, b Live load, Q Superimposed dead load, Gsup Design yield stress of reinforcement, fsy Cover, c Top reinforcement depth, dct Concrete density, c Concrete strength, f'c
Transverse reinforcement Lef = = = = = = = = = = =
Dc
5200 mm 190 mm 1000 mm 7.5 kPa 1.0 kPa 500 MPa (Class N), or 400 MPa (Class N) 500 MPa (Class L) 450 MPa (Class L) 25 mm 30 mm 2400 kg/m3 ( g =25kN/m3) 32 MPa
Figure 7.4 Two-Span Continuous Slabs - Example 7.4-1
Solution
Nominal Loads
= = = =
gD c + G sup
25 0.19 + 10 . 5.75 kPa 7.5 kPa
[ includes allowance for steel reinforcement and sheeting weight]
Design Action Effects
Design elastic bending moment:

M *e
= = =
0.125 (125 G + 15 Q) Lef 2 . . 0.125 (125 5.75 + 15 7.5) 5.2 2 . . 62.3 kNm/m
M *e
m *e
= =
b(d ) 2
62.3 1000 160 2 2.43 MPa
10 6
[ d = D c d ct = 190 - 30 = 160 mm]
DB3.135
From Eqs 5.5(12) to 5.5(15):

a1 a2
= = = =
1
2 m *e 0.85 f c'
2 2.43 0.85 0.8 32 0.223

2 a1 a1 a 2 /
ku
= = =
[ = 0.85 0.007(f c' 28 ) = 0.822]
1 12 0.223 / 0.822
0.144 < 0.4

0.85 bd fc' ku fsy
Rearranging Eqs 5.5(2) and 5.5(3):

Ast
= =
=
0.85 0.822 1000 160 32 0.144 500 2 1030 mm /m for Class N or Class L steel
Example 7.4-2 Design incorporating Moment Redistribution

Determine the amount of negative tensile reinforcement, Ast , required at support B for design incorporating moment redistribution to the limit defined in AS 3600. The design parameters are given in Fig. 7.4.
Solution
From Eqs 5.5(7) to 5.5(11):

Assume that k u < 0.2,
a1 a2
= = = =
1
14 m * e . 0.85 f c'
ku
= = =
14 2.43 . 0.85 0.8 32 0.156 a a 2 a / 1 1 2
1 12 0.156 / 0.822
0.099 < 0.2 (and 0.4)
0.85 bd fc' ku fsy
Ast
= = =
0.85 0.822 1000 160 32 0.099 500 2 708 mm /m only for Class N steel (Class L steel may not be used)
This is a saving of 31% in the amount of steel required at the interior support compared with design not incorporating moment redistribution.
DB3.136

From Fig.5.3 for k u < 0.2, the amount of moment redistribution is 30%, i.e. = 0.3.
Note: In accordance with Fig. 5.1, there is no minimum strength requirement when Class N steel is used.
Example 7.4-3 Design for Negative Vertical Shear
Check negative vertical shear capacity for reinforcement given in Example 7.4-2.
Solution
From elastic analysis with moment redistribution, the design negative vertical shear force at distance D c away for support B is:
V *
= = =
52.8 kN/m
d = 160 mm
From Clause 8.2.7.1 of AS 3600:

do
11 16 . . 11 16 . .
do 1000
= = = = = = =
160 1000
2 , 3
bv
Vuc
1.584 > 1.1 1 1000 mm
f ' A v 1 2 3 b v d o c st b d v o
1/ 3
32 708 0.7 1.584 1 1 1000 160 1000 160

92.5 kN/m
1/ 3
10 3
> V * = 52.8 kN/m
7.5
Design of Positive-Moment Regions
Use of the simplified equations given in Sections 5.6 and 6.8 for designing the positive-moment regions of composite slabs for flexure and vertical shear will be illustrated here.
Example 7.5-1 Calculation of Design Positive Moment Capacity using Appendix D
Figure 7.5 shows a simply-supported composite slab subjected to a uniformly distributed load. No conventional longitudinal reinforcement is included. The three proprietary products, Bondek II, Comform and Condeck HP, are designed in turn to demonstrate the use of the design positive moment capacity tables given in Appendix D. The sheeting thickness has been determined at the formwork stage. The additional design parameters assumed are given in Fig. 7.6.
DB3.137

Dc
325
325 3 x2 = 735 x1 = 1060 2

PCC for shear, see Example 7.5-2
325 1 M*max
Profiled steel sheeting Transverse reinforcement
Dc
x3 = 410
85
Lef = 1950 mm Slab span, Lef Slab depth, Dc Slab width, b Live load, Q Superimposed dead load, Gsup Concrete density, c Concrete strength, f'c = = = = = = = 1950 mm 120 mm 1000 mm 10.0 kPa 1.0 kPa 2400 kg/m3 (g =25kN/m3) 25 MPa
85
Figure 7.5 Simply-Supported Slab - Example 7.5-1
Solution
From symmetry, the PCCs for bending are shown in Fig. 7.6 as cross-sections 1, 2 and 3. The distance x of cross-sections 1, 2 and 3 from the nearer end of the sheeting are:
x1 x2 x3 G
= = =
1.060 m (mid-span) 0.735 m (i.e. Lef / 3 + 0.085 ) 0.410 m (i.e. L ef / 6 + 0.085 )
Nominal Loads
= = = =
gD c + G sup
25 0.12 + 10 . 4.0 kPa 10.0 kPa
[ includes allowance for steel reinforcement and sheeting weight]
Design Action Effects
The design elastic bending moments for the PCCs are:

+ M * (1)
= = = = =
9.5 kNm/m 8.5 kNm/m 5.3 kNm/m
+ * (2)
+ M * (3)
The design support reactions at supports A and B are:
R *A
R *B
19.5 kN/m
The distance from the end of the sheeting, x csc , which guarantees the attainment of complete shear connection regardless of the support conditions, is calculated as:
x csc
Ty.sh Hr b
[Eq. 4.2(5)]
DB3.138
Tcsc
= min. ( 0.85f c' (D c h r )b Ty.st , Ty.sh ) = min. ( 0.85f c' (D c h r )b 0 , Ash f sy.sh )
[Eq. 4.2(2)]
Table 7.2 Design information for Bondek II, Comform and Condeck HP (see Appendix C)
t bm
(mm) Bondek II Comform Condeck HP 0.75 0.75 0.75
hr
(mm) 54 58 55
Ash
(mm /m) 1259 1172 1215
2
Hr
(kPa) 381 235 210
0.5 0.5 0.5
Table 7.3 Tcsc for Bondek II, Comform and Condeck HP
x csc
(m) Bondek II Comform Condeck HP 1.82 2.74 3.17
Ty.sh
(kN/m) 692.5 644.6 668.3
0.85fc' (Dc hr )b
Tcsc
(kN/m)
692.5 644.6 668.3
(kN/m) 1402.5 1381.3 1317.5
Since x 1 , x 2 and x 3 are all significantly less than x csc for each proprietary product, these crosssections are all likely to exibit partial shear connection.
Calculation of Resultant Tensile Force in Sheeting

From Section 3.4, Eq. 4.2(1) and from symmetry:
Tsh Tsh.L
= = =
min(Tsh.L ,Tsh.R ,Tcsc )
Tsh.R H r bx + R * A
Table 7.4 Tsh for Bondek II, Comform and Condeck HP
At PCC-1, x 1 = 106 m .
At PCC-2, x 2 = 0.74 m
At PCC-3, x 3 = 0.41m
Tsh.L = Tsh.R
(kN/m) Bondek II Comform Condeck HP 413.6 258.9 232.4
Tsh
(kN/m)
413.6 258.9 232.4
Tsh.L = Tsh.R
(kN/m) 291.7 183.7 165.2
Tsh
(kN/m)
291.7 183.7 165.2
Tsh.L = Tsh.R
(kN/m) 166.0 106.1 95.9
Tsh
(kN/m)
166.0 106.1 95.9
Calculation of Design Positive Moment Capacity

+ From the tables in Appendix D, values of M uo may be obtained by linear interpolation. Values of + M uo for Bondek II, Comform and Condeck HP are given in Tables D2.2, D3.2 and D4.3, respectively.
DB3.139

+ Table 7.5 M uo for Bondek II, Comform and Condeck HP
At PCC-1, x 1 = 106 m .
At PCC-2, x 2 = 0.74 m
At PCC-3, x 3 = 0.41m
1 =
Tsh Ty.sh
+ M uo
1 =
Tsh Ty.sh
+ M uo
1 =
Tsh Ty.sh
+ M uo
(kNm/m) Bondek II Comform Condeck HP

+ +
(kNm/m) 0.42 0.28 0.25

32.3 22.8 22.1
(kNm/m) 0.24 0.16 0.14

22.9 16.3 16.1
0.60 0.40 0.35

uo
39.8 29.3 27.7
Check M * M
at each PCC
+ Check design positive moment capacity, M uo , is not less than the design positive bending moment,
M * + , at each PCC:
+ Table 7.6 Check M * + M uo at each PCC
At PCC-1, x 1 = 106 m .
+ M * (1) + M uo
At PCC-2, x 2 = 0.74 m
+ M * (2) + M uo
At PCC-3, x 3 = 0.41m
+ M * (3) + M uo
(kNm/m) Bondek II Comform Condeck HP 9.5 9.5 9.5
(kNm/m)
(kNm/m) 8.5 8.5 8.5
(kNm/m)
(kNm/m) 5.3 5.3 5.3
(kNm/m)
39.8 29.3 27.7
32.3 22.8 22.1
22.9 16.3 16.1
Design for flexure OK.
Note: In this example, the overall depth, D c , has been assumed to be 120 mm. The overall depth, D c , of a composite slab used in composite beam design in accordance with Clause 1.2.4 of AS 2327.1, must not be less than the minimum value given in Table C1.1 corresponding to each proprietary product.
Example 7.5-2 Calculation of Design Positive Vertical Shear Capacity using Appendix E Check the design positive vertical shear capacity for the simply-supported slab shown in Fig. 7.5.
Solution
From symmetry, PCC-4 is the critical cross-section for vertical shear. This cross-section is located a distance D c from support A [Note: Beam flange width is ignored in this example].
+ V * (4)
= = =
19.5 (125 G + 15 Q) D c / 1000 . .

19.5 (125 4.0 + 15 10.0) 120 / 1000 . . 17.1 kN/m
+ uc
Check V * V
at PCC-4
From Appendix E, Table E2.1 for Bondek II with t bm = 0.75 mm, f c' = 25 MPa, D c = 120 mm and = 0.5;
+ Vuc
123.9 kN/m
+ > V * (4)
From Appendix E, Table E3.1 for Comform with t bm = 0.75 mm, D c = 120 mm and = 0.5;
+ Vuc
87.3 kN/m
+ > V * (4)
From Appendix E, Table E4.1 for Condeck HP with t bm = 0.75 mm, D c = 120 mm and = 0.5;
+ Vuc
88.2 kN/m
+ > V * (4)
DB3.140
OneSteel Market Mills Composite Structures Design Manual Example 7.5-3 Calculation of Design Positive Moment Capacity using Equations
Calculate the design positive moment capacity of cross-section 1 (see Fig. 7.6) which incorporates conventional tensile reinforcement, for proprietary products Bondek II, Comform and Condeck HP.
+ Positive tensile reinforcement, Ast Negative tensile reinforcement, Ast
Dc=190
x1L = 3200 1 5200
x1R = 7372 5200 = = = =
+ Cross-sectional area of bottom-face reinforcement, Ast + Centroid height Ast from slab soffit, yst Design yield stress of reinforcement, fsy Concrete strength, f'c
480 mm2/m 600 mm2 60 mm 400 500 MPa 32 MPa
Figure 7.6 Two-Span Continuous Slab Configuration - Example 7.5-3

Solution
For simplicity, assume that the design loads are such that R * A = 18.0 kN/m.

The distance from the end of the sheeting, x csc , which guarantees the attainment of complete shear connection regardless of the sheeting support conditions, is calculated as:
x csc
Ty.sh Hr b Ash f sy.sh

+ Ast f sy
[Eq. 4.2(5)]
From Eqs 4.2(3) and 4.2(4):
Ty.sh Ty.st
= =
[see Table 7.8 for values, noting that f sy.sh = 550 MPa]
= 480 500 10 3 = 240 kN/m Check contribution of bottom-face reinforcement at its yield stress [Eq. 5.6(5)]: ( y st ) max =
Dc
(1 + f sy / 600)(Ty.sh + Ty.st ) 0.85 f c' b
[ = 0.822 for f c' = 32 MPa] [Eq. 4.2(2)]
Tcsc
= min. ( 0.85f c' (D c h r )b Ty.st , Ty.sh ) = min. ( 0.85 32 (190 h r ) 1000 / 1000 240 , Ash f sy.sh )
Table 7.7 Design information for Bondek II, Comform and Condeck HP (see Appendix C)
t bm
(mm) Bondek II Comform Condeck HP 0.75 0.75 0.75
hr
(mm) 54 58 55
Ash
(mm /m) 1259 1172 1215
2
Hr
(kPa) 431 235 210
0.5 0.5 0.5
DB3.141
OneSteel Market Mills Composite Structures Design Manual Table 7.8 Tcsc for Bondek II, Comform and Condeck HP
( y st ) max (mm) Bondek II Comform Condeck HP 120.5 124.1 122.5
x csc
(m) 1.61 2.74 3.17
Ty.sh
(kN/m) 692.5 644.6 668.3
0.85fc' (Dc hr )b
Tcsc
(kN/m)
(kN/m) 3459 3350 3432
692.5 644.6 668.3
Since x 1 (= 3.2m) is greater than x csc for each proprietary product, cross-section 1 is in complete shear connection in all cases. Also, since y st (= 60 mm) ( y st ) max , the conventional reinforcement is at its yield stress.
Calculation of Design Positive Moment Capacity

At cross-section 1, since x 1L (= 3200 mm) < x 1R (= 7372 mm), Tsh.L < Tsh.R . Therefore, the resultant tensile force in the sheeting, Tsh is given as:
Tsh Tsh.L
= =
min(Tsh.L ,Tcsc )
H r bx + R * A
[where R * A = 18.0 kN/m] [Eq. 5.6(2)] [Eq. 5.6(4)]
From Eqs 5.6(1) to 5.6(4): T = Tsh + Ty.st
Tsh Ty.sh Tsh y sh + Ty.st y st T T D c y c

0.5T 0.85f c' b
y sh [see Table C3.1] yc

+ M uo(1)
= =
[Eq. 5.6(3)]
+ M u.sh
[Eq. 5.6(1)]
+ Table 7.9 M uo for Bondek II, Comform and Condeck HP (Complete Shear Connection)
Tsh
(kN/m) Bondek II Comform 692.5 644.6
T
(kN/m) 932.5 884.6
1
1.0 1.0
y sh
(mm) 15.5 13.4
yc
(mm) 27.0 26.0 25.3
+ M uo(1)
(kNm/m)
Condeck HP 668.3 906.1 1.0 12.8 Note: Since 1 = 10 , the term = 0 , and therefore M u.sh = 0 . .
108.8 104.6 107.3
DB3.142
8. REFERENCES
1. 2. European Committee for Standardization (CEN), Eurocode 4: Design of Composite Steel and Concrete Structures, Part 1.1: General Rules and Rules for Buildings, ENV 1994-1-1: 1992. Patrick, M., A New Partial Shear Connection Strength Model for Composite Slabs, Steel Construction Journal, Australian Institute of Steel Construction, Vol. 24, No. 3, August, 1990, pp. 2-17. Patrick, M. and Bridge, R.Q., Partial Shear Connection Design of Composite Slabs, Journal of Engineering Structures, Vol. 16, No. 5, 1994, pp. 348-362. Johnson, R.P. and Anderson, D., Designers Handbook to Eurocode 4, Part 1.1: Design of Composite Steel and Concrete Structures, Thomas Telford, London, 1993. Johnson, R.P, Composite Structures of Steel and Concrete, Volume 1: Beams, Slabs, Columns, and Frames for Buildings, Second Edition, Blackwall Scientific Publications, 1994. Bode, H. and Minas, F., Composite Slabs with and without End Anchorage under Static and Dynamic Loading, International Conference on Composite Construction, Innsbruck, 1997. Veljkovic, M., Behaviour and Resistance of Composite Slabs - Experiments and Finite Element Analysis, Doctoral Thesis, Dept. Civil and Mining Engng, Division of Steel Structures, Lulea University of Technology, Sweden, 1996. Patrick, M., Testing and Design of Bondek II Composite Slabs for Vertical Shear, Steel Construction Journal, Australian Institute of Steel Construction, Vol. 27, No. 2, May, 1993, pp. 2-26. Beeby, A.W. and Narayanan, R.S., Designers Handbook to Eurocode 2, Part 1.1: Design of Concrete Structures, Thomas Telford, London, 1995. Proe, D.J., Patrick, M. and Goh. C.C., Simplified Design of Continuous Composite Slabs including Moment Redistribution and Crack Control, Fifteenth Australasian Conference on the Mechanics of Structures and Materials, Melbourne, December, 1997, pp. 147-152. Patrick, M., Shear Connection Performance of Profiled Steel Sheeting in Composite Slabs, Ph. D. Thesis, Department of Civil and Mining Engineering, University of Sydney, February, 1994. Bridge, R.Q., Shear Connection Parameters for Bondek II, Comform and Condeck HP, University of Western Sydney - Nepean, May, 1998. Wilkie, R. and Patrick, M., Embossment Measurement Procedures for Bondek II and Comform Profiled Steel Sheeting Products, BHP Research - Melbourne Laboratories, May, 1998.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
8.
9. 10.
11. 12. 13.
DB3.143
APPENDIX A
REFERENCED AUSTRALIAN STANDARDS
REFERENCE NO.
AS 1170.1-1989 AS 1397-1993 AS 2327.1-1996 AS 3600-1994 AS 3600, Amt 1-1996 DR 99193 CP
TITLE
Minimum design loads on structures, Part 1: Dead and live loads and load combinations. Steel sheet and strip Hot-dipped, zinc-coated or aluminium/zinccoated Composite structures, Part 1: Simply supported beams Concrete structures Amendment No. 1 to AS 3600-1994 Combined Postal Ballot/Draft for Public Comment Australian Standard, Amendment 2 to AS 3600-1994 Concrete Structures, Issued 1 May, 1999 Concrete structures - Commentary (Supplement to AS 3600-1994)
AS 3600 Supp1-1994 AS 3600 Supp1-1994, Amt 1-1996 Doc. BD/32/4/96-2 AS 4671
Amendment No. 1 Methods of test for elements of composite construction, Method 1: SlipTM Block Test, Committee Draft. Steel reinforcing materials (to be published 2001)
DB3.144
APPENDIX B
NOTATION
Parameters affected by the direction of applied moment are shown in this report with a minus sign (-) or plus sign (+) superscript to indicate negative-moment or positive-moment regions respectively.
Latin letters
Ast Ash a1 , a 2 b bb bcr bs bsr bv c C d d ct do
Cross-sectional area of tensile reinforcement Cross-sectional area of base metal of profiled steel sheeting within width of slab b Parameters used to calculate ku Width of slab considered Width of opening at base of steel rib in a composite slab (see Fig. 1.2) Width of the concrete rib in a composite slab at mid-height of the steel ribs (= sr b sr ) Support width Width of steel rib in a composite slab at its mid-height (see Fig. 1.2) Effective width of a web for shear Cover to conventional reinforcement Compressive force in concrete Effective slab depth in negative-moment regions, measured from bottom compressive face to centroid of conventional tensile reinforcement Top reinforcement depth, measured from the top face of the slab to the centroid of the reinforcement Effective slab depth for shear in accordance with AS 3600, measured from compressive face to centroid of outermost layer of tensile reinforcement, being either sheeting or conventional reinforcement Overall depth of composite slab including sheeting Characteristic compressive cylinder strength of concrete at 28 days Characteristic compressive cylinder strength of concrete at j days (see AS 2327.1) Characteristic flexural tensile strength of concrete Design yield stress of conventional reinforcement Design yield stress of sheeting measured in the spanning direction Nominal dead load Superimposed uniform dead load Height of rib of sheeting (maximum if height of rib types varies) Height of longitudinal stiffener in profiled steel sheeting (see Fig. 1.2) Mechanical resistance of sheeting per unit width and length of slab Neutral axis parameter, being the ratio at ultimate load of the depth to the neutral axis from the extreme compressive fibre, to d , as defined in AS 3600
Dc f c'
' f cj ' f cf
f sy f sy.sh G G sup hr hs Hr ku
DB3.145

L L ef L sy.t L1 m* m *e M* M *e M * max M uc
+ M uo M uo
Slab span Effective span of a composite slab, i.e. span of slab assumed in design Development length for tension, being the length of embedment required to develop the yield strength of a bar in tension Half-length of positive-moment region Normalised design bending moment, m * = M * /(bd 2 ) Normalised elastic design bending moment, m * e = M * e /(bd 2 ) Design bending moment at a cross-section, calculated using the load combination for strength, after allowing for any redistribution as permitted under Section 5.4 Elastic design bending moment at a cross-section, calculated using the load combination for strength and making no allowance for redistribution Maximum design bending moment Nominal positive moment capacity of a slab cross-section with complete shear connection Nominal positive moment capacity of a slab cross-section with complete or partial shear connection Nominal negative moment capacity of a slab cross-section Minimum nominal moment capacity of a slab cross-section Nominal moment capacity of bare profiled steel sheeting Nominal moment capacity of a slab cross-section due to conventional tensile reinforcement only Applied load Steel proportion Nominal live load Design support reaction Longitudinal slip measured in direction of sheeting ribs Base metal thickness of sheeting (nominal value) Total resultant tensile force at a cross-section Resultant tensile force in sheeting with complete shear connection Resultant tensile force in sheeting at a cross-section Maximum tensile force that can develop in the sheeting to the Left of a cross-section Maximum tensile force that can develop in the sheeting to the Right of a cross-section Yield force in sheeting at a cross-section Yield force in conventional reinforcement at a cross-section Design vertical shear force at a cross-section Maximum design vertical shear force Nominal vertical shear capacity of a cross-section of a composite slab without shear reinforcement Horizontal distance from a slab cross-section to either adjacent end of the sheeting
(M uo ) min
M u.sh M u.st P p Q R* s t bm T Tcsc Tsh Tsh.L Tsh.R Ty.sh Ty.st V* V * max Vuc x
DB3.146

x csc y sh y st Z
Distance from an end of the sheeting which guarantees the attainment of complete shear connection Height at which Tsh acts above slab soffit, which depends on the degree of shear connection Centroidal height of conventional reinforcement above slab soffit Section modulus of the uncracked section, referred to the extreme fibre at which flexural cracking occurs
Greek letters
1
Degree of shear connection, = Tsh / Tcsc Ratio of Tsh to Ty.sh , i.e. 1 = Tsh / Ty.sh Capacity reduction factor for flexure Capacity reduction factor for shear The ratio at the strength limit state of the depth of the assumed rectangular compressive stress block to k u d , as defined in Clause 8.1.2.2 of AS 3600 Moment redistribution parameter Profiled steel sheeting bending factor Coefficient of friction between sheeting and concrete Overall density of slab including an allowance for the weight of steel reinforcement and steel sheeting Density of concrete
v c
DB3.147
APPENDIX C
STRENGTH DESIGN INFORMATION FOR PROPRIETARY PROFILED STEEL SHEETING PRODUCTS
C1 General
Bondek
II, manufactured by BHP Building Products; The following Australian products may currently be designed in accordance with this booklet:
Comform, manufactured by Woodroffe Industries Pty Ltd; and Condeck HPTM, manufactured by Stramit Industries.
The geometry of each of these products, as given in the section of this manual Products Manufactured from OneSteel and BHP Steel (Profiled Steel Sheeting From BHP Zinc-Hi-Ten ), conforms with the requirements of Clause 1.2.4 of AS 2327.1 (see Section 1.2). Therefore, they may all be used in composite beam construction in accordance with this Standard. It follows from Fig. 1.2, that the overall depth, D c , of a composite slab used in composite beam design must not be less than the minimum value given in Table C1.1 corresponding to each proprietary product.
Table C1.1 Minimum Overall Depth of Composite Slab to AS 2327.1

Proprietary product Bondek II Comform Condeck HP Height of sheeting rib Minimum overall depth of composite slab, D c (mm) 120 125 120
h r (mm)
54 58 55
All of these proprietary products must be manufactured from BHP Zinc-Hi-Ten , G550 galvanised steel for the information given in this appendix to be valid.
C2
Shear Connection Parameters
An independent assessment of test data available for each product has been made to determine the design values for the shear connection parameters H r and [12]. In the case of Bondek II, information about the value of H r was gained from a combination of slab and Slip-Block Test data, while slab data was only used in the assessment for Comform and Condeck HP. For all products, a common design value of was derived from Slip-Block Test data. Design values of the shear connection parameters, H r and , are given in Table C2.1, and in the case of the more critical parameter H r , represent lower characteristic values of the test data with a 95% probability of exceedance.
Table C2.1 Values of Hr and for Design

Profiled steel sheeting product Bondek II Comform Condeck HP Mechanical resistance
H r (kPa)
88 t bm f c' 235 210
Coefficient of friction 0.5 0.5 0.5
Note: Differences in the H r values will affect the strength predictions. However, other factors such as the availability of different sheeting thicknesses, the formwork condition, serviceability, fire
DB3.148

resistance, and restrictions applying to composite beam construction can impact on the design of a composite slab. This is illustrated in the worked examples in Section 7. The following restrictions apply to the use of the values of H r given in Table C2.1: (a) Bondek II 1. The equation is valid for 0.60 t bm 1.00 mm.
' 2. The equation is valid for 20 f c' 40 MPa and 15 f cj f c' MPa.
3. The lower characteristic embossment height is 2.5 mm with a 95% probability of exceedance. Embossment height is to be measured using a standard procedure [13]. (b) Comform 1. The value is valid for 0.75 t bm 0.95 mm. 2. The value is valid for 20 f c' 40 MPa. 3. The lower characteristic embossment height is 1.0 mm with a 95% probability of exceedance. Embossment height is to be measured using a standard procedure [13]. (c) Condeck HP 1. The value is valid for 0.75 t bm 1.00 mm. 2. The value is valid for 20 fc 40 MPa. Normal-weight concrete as defined in AS 3600 is to be used in all cases. Transverse reinforcement is also to be provided.
C3
Sheeting Cross-Section Parameters
Values of sheeting cross-section parameters ( Ash , y sh , M u.sh and ) required for strength design are given below for each of the Australian products, and are applicable provided BHP Zinc-Hi-Ten, G550 galvanised steel is used. The values of base metal thickness, t bm , chosen for each product correspond to those given in the section of this manual Products Manufactured from OneSteel and BHP Steel (Profiled Steel Sheeting From BHP Zinc-Hi-Ten ). When determining the values of these parameters, it has been assumed that for each product the sheeting cross-section is compact for the range of base metal thicknesses addressed. Slab tests have confirmed that this assumption is reasonable for the composite state. Therefore, Ash equals the gross cross-sectional area of the steel sheeting base metal, y sh is the height at which Tsh acts above slab soffit, M u.sh is the nominal moment capacity calculated using simple-plastic theory and also based on the gross cross-section, and variable is a profiled steel sheeting bending factor which defines the amount of moment carried by the sheeting.
Table C3.1 Values of Ash , y sh , M u.sh and based on f sy.sh = 550 MPa
Profiled steel sheeting product Crosssectional area of steel sheeting Height at which Tsh acts above slab soffit Nominal moment capacity of bare steel sheeting Profiled steel sheeting bending factor
y sh (mm)
Ash (mm /m)

Bondek II 1678t bm 18 12 for 0 < 1 0.75 . . 216 1 6.1 for 0.75 < 1 10 18 13 for 0 < 1 0.75 . 23.1 1 9.7 for 0.75 < 1 10 16 13 for 0 < 1 0.75 . . 24.1 1 113 for 0.75 < 1 10
M u.sh (kNm/m)
13.8t bm (1 12 ) (1 13 ) (1 13 )
Comform
1563t bm
10.7t bm
Condeck HP
1620t bm
116t bm .
DB3.149
APPENDIX D
DESIGN POSITIVE MOMENT CAPACITY TABLES FOR PROPRIETARY PROFILED STEEL SHEETING PRODUCTS
D1 General
The tables presented in this appendix include no contribution from conventional reinforcement in the bottom of the slab, and are applicable provided BHP Zinc-Hi-Ten , G550 galvanised steel is used. The values of base metal thickness, t bm , chosen for each product correspond to those given in the section of this manual Products Manufactured from OneSteel and BHP Steel (Profiled Steel Sheeting From BHP Zinc-Hi-Ten ).
D2
Bondek II Slabs
+ Table D2.1 Bondek II Design Positive Moment Capacity, M uo (kNm/m)
t bm = 100 mm; f c' = 25 MPa . Dc

(mm) 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 0.2 24.6 26.1 27.6 29.0 30.5 32.0 33.5 35.0 36.4 37.9 39.4 40.9 42.3 43.8 45.3 46.8
+ Values of M uo for 1 =
t bm = 100 mm; f c' = 32 MPa .

0.4 35.4 38.3 41.3 44.3 47.2 50.2 53.1 56.1 59.0 62.0 64.9 67.9 70.8 73.8 76.7 79.7
+ M uo
0.6 42.7 47.2 51.6 56.0 60.4 64.9 69.3 73.7 78.2 82.6 87.0 91.5 95.9 100.3 104.7 109.2
0.8 46.2 52.1 58.0 63.9 69.8 75.7 81.6 87.5 93.4 99.3 105.2 111.1 117.1 123.0 128.9 134.8
1.0 46.4 53.7 61.1 68.5 75.9 83.3 90.7 98.0 105.4 112.8 120.2 127.6 135.0 142.3 149.7 157.1
0.2 24.8 26.2 27.7 29.2 30.7 32.1 33.6 35.1 36.6 38.0 39.5 41.0 42.5 44.0 45.4 46.9
0.4 36.0 38.9 41.9 44.8 47.8 50.7 53.7 56.6 59.6 62.5 65.5 68.4 71.4 74.3 77.3 80.3
0.6 44.0 48.4 52.8 57.3 61.7 66.1 70.6 75.0 79.4 83.9 88.3 92.7 97.1 101.6 106.0 110.4
0.8 48.4 54.3 60.2 66.1 72.0 78.0 83.9 89.8 95.7 101.6 107.5 113.4 119.3 125.2 131.1 137.0
1.0 49.9 57.2 64.6 72.0 79.4 86.8 94.2 101.5 108.9 116.3 123.7 131.1 138.5 145.8 153.2 160.6
Note: For 1 = 0,
= 11.0 kNm/m
DB3.150

t bm = 0.75 mm; f c' = 25 MPa Dc

(mm) 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 0.2 18.6 19.7 20.8 21.9 23.0 24.1 25.2 26.3 27.4 28.6 29.7 30.8 31.9 33.0 34.1 35.2
t bm = 0.75 mm; f c' = 32 MPa

0.4 27.0 29.2 31.5 33.7 35.9 38.1 40.3 42.5 44.7 47.0 49.2 51.4 53.6 55.8 58.0 60.2
+ M uo
0.6 33.1 36.4 39.8 43.1 46.4 49.7 53.1 56.4 59.7 63.0 66.3 69.7 73.0 76.3 79.6 83.0
0.8 36.6 41.0 45.4 49.8 54.3 58.7 63.1 67.6 72.0 76.4 80.9 85.3 89.7 94.1 98.6 103.0
1.0 37.8 43.3 48.8 54.4 59.9 65.5 71.0 76.5 82.1 87.6 93.1 98.7 104.2 109.8 115.3 120.8
0.2 18.7 19.8 20.9 22.0 23.1 24.2 25.3 26.4 27.5 28.6 29.7 30.8 32.0 33.1 34.2 35.3
0.4 27.3 29.6 31.8 34.0 36.2 38.4 40.6 42.8 45.1 47.3 49.5 51.7 53.9 56.1 58.3 60.6
0.6 33.8 37.2 40.5 43.8 47.1 50.4 53.8 57.1 60.4 63.7 67.1 70.4 73.7 77.0 80.3 83.7
0.8 37.8 42.2 46.7 51.1 55.5 60.0 64.4 68.8 73.3 77.7 82.1 86.5 91.0 95.4 99.8 104.3
1.0 39.7 45.3 50.8 56.4 61.9 67.4 73.0 78.5 84.0 89.6 95.1 100.7 106.2 111.7 117.3 122.8
Note: For 1 = 0,
= 8.3 kNm/m
t bm = 0.60 mm; f c' = 25 MPa Dc

(mm) 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 0.2 14.9 15.8 16.7 17.6 18.5 19.4 20.2 21.1 22.0 22.9 23.8 24.7 25.6 26.4 27.3 28.2
t bm = 0.60 mm; f c' = 32 MPa

0.4 21.9 23.6 25.4 27.2 28.9 30.7 32.5 34.3 36.0 37.8 39.6 41.3 43.1 44.9 46.7 48.4
+ M uo
0.6 27.0 29.7 32.3 35.0 37.7 40.3 43.0 45.6 48.3 50.9 53.6 56.3 58.9 61.6 64.2 66.9
0.8 30.2 33.7 37.3 40.8 44.3 47.9 51.4 55.0 58.5 62.1 65.6 69.2 72.7 76.2 79.8 83.3
1.0 31.7 36.1 40.5 45.0 49.4 53.8 58.2 62.7 67.1 71.5 76.0 80.4 84.8 89.2 93.7 98.1
0.2 15.0 15.9 16.7 17.6 18.5 19.4 20.3 21.2 22.1 22.9 23.8 24.7 25.6 26.5 27.4 28.3
0.4 22.1 23.8 25.6 27.4 29.1 30.9 32.7 34.5 36.2 38.0 39.8 41.5 43.3 45.1 46.9 48.6
0.6 27.5 30.1 32.8 35.4 38.1 40.8 43.4 46.1 48.7 51.4 54.1 56.7 59.4 62.0 64.7 67.3
0.8 31.0 34.5 38.1 41.6 45.2 48.7 52.2 55.8 59.3 62.9 66.4 70.0 73.5 77.0 80.6 84.1
1.0 32.9 37.4 41.8 46.2 50.6 55.1 59.5 63.9 68.4 72.8 77.2 81.7 86.1 90.5 94.9 99.4
Note: For 1 = 0,
= 6.6 kNm/m
DB3.151
D3
Comform Slabs
+ Table D3.1 Comform Design Positive Moment Capacity, M uo (kNm/m)
t bm = 0.95 mm; f c' = 25 MPa Dc

(mm) 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 0.2 20.6 21.9 23.2 24.5 25.8 27.1 28.5 29.8 31.1 32.4 33.7 35.0 36.3 37.6 38.9 40.2
t bm = 0.95 mm; f c' = 32 MPa

0.4 31.5 34.1 36.7 39.3 41.9 44.5 47.2 49.8 52.4 55.0 57.6 60.2 62.8 65.4 68.1 70.7
0.6 39.7 43.6 47.5 51.5 55.4 59.3 63.2 67.1 71.1 75.0 78.9 82.8 86.7 90.7 94.6 98.5
0.8 44.0 49.3 54.5 59.7 64.9 70.2 75.4 80.6 85.9 91.1 96.3 101.5 106.8 112.0 117.2 122.4
1.0 44.4 51.0 57.5 64.0 70.6 77.1 83.6 90.2 96.7 103.2 109.8 116.3 122.8 129.4 135.9 142.4
0.2 20.7 22.0 23.3 24.6 26.0 27.3 28.6 29.9 31.2 32.5 33.8 35.1 36.4 37.7 39.0 40.3
0.4 31.9 34.5 37.1 39.8 42.4 45.0 47.6 50.2 52.8 55.4 58.0 60.7 63.3 65.9 68.5 71.1
0.6 40.7 44.6 48.5 52.5 56.4 60.3 64.2 68.1 72.1 76.0 79.9 83.8 87.7 91.7 95.6 99.5
0.8 45.8 51.0 56.2 61.5 66.7 71.9 77.2 82.4 87.6 92.8 98.1 103.3 108.5 113.7 119.0 124.2
1.0 47.2 53.7 60.2 66.8 73.3 79.8 86.4 92.9 99.4 106.0 112.5 119.0 125.6 132.1 138.6 145.2
+ Note: For 1 = 0, M uo = 8.1 kNm/m + Table D3.2 Comform Design Positive Moment Capacity, M uo (kNm/m)
t bm = 0.75 mm; f c' = 25 MPa Dc

(mm) 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 0.2 16.4 17.4 18.4 19.5 20.5 21.5 22.5 23.6 24.6 25.6 26.7 27.7 28.7 29.8 30.8 31.8
t bm = 0.75 mm; f c' = 32 MPa

0.4 25.2 27.2 29.3 31.4 33.4 35.5 37.6 39.6 41.7 43.7 45.8 47.9 49.9 52.0 54.1 56.1
0.6 32.1 35.2 38.3 41.4 44.5 47.6 50.7 53.7 56.8 59.9 63.0 66.1 69.2 72.3 75.4 78.5
0.8 36.1 40.2 44.3 48.5 52.6 56.7 60.8 65.0 69.1 73.2 77.3 81.5 85.6 89.7 93.8 98.0
1.0 37.1 42.3 47.5 52.6 57.8 62.9 68.1 73.2 78.4 83.6 88.7 93.9 99.0 104.2 109.3 114.5
0.2 16.4 17.5 18.5 19.5 20.6 21.6 22.6 23.6 24.7 25.7 26.7 27.8 28.8 29.8 30.9 31.9
0.4 25.4 27.5 29.6 31.6 33.7 35.8 37.8 39.9 41.9 44.0 46.1 48.1 50.2 52.3 54.3 56.4
0.6 32.7 35.8 38.9 42.0 45.1 48.2 51.3 54.4 57.5 60.6 63.6 66.7 69.8 72.9 76.0 79.1
0.8 37.2 41.3 45.4 49.6 53.7 57.8 61.9 66.1 70.2 74.3 78.4 82.6 86.7 90.8 94.9 99.1
1.0 38.9 44.0 49.2 54.3 59.5 64.6 69.8 75.0 80.1 85.3 90.4 95.6 100.7 105.9 111.1 116.2
+ Note: For 1 = 0, M uo = 6.4 kNm/m
DB3.152
D4
Condeck HP Slabs
+ Table D4.1 Condeck HP Design Positive Moment Capacity, M uo (kNm/m)
t bm = 100 mm; f c' = 25 MPa . Dc

(mm) 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 0.2 22.8 24.3 25.7 27.1 28.5 30.0 31.4 32.8 34.2 35.7 37.1 38.5 40.0 41.4 42.8 44.2
t bm = 100 mm; f c' = 32 MPa .

0.4 34.5 37.3 40.2 43.0 45.9 48.7 51.6 54.4 57.3 60.1 63.0 65.8 68.7 71.5 74.4 77.2
0.6 43.0 47.3 51.6 55.8 60.1 64.4 68.7 72.9 77.2 81.5 85.8 90.0 94.3 98.6 102.9 107.2
0.8 47.0 52.7 58.4 64.1 69.8 75.5 81.2 86.9 92.6 98.3 104.0 109.7 115.4 121.1 126.8 132.5
1.0 46.8 53.9 61.0 68.2 75.3 82.4 89.6 96.7 103.8 110.9 118.1 125.2 132.3 139.4 146.6 153.7
0.2 23.0 24.4 25.8 27.3 28.7 30.1 31.5 33.0 34.4 35.8 37.2 38.7 40.1 41.5 42.9 44.4
0.4 35.0 37.9 40.7 43.6 46.4 49.3 52.1 55.0 57.8 60.7 63.5 66.4 69.2 72.1 74.9 77.8
0.6 44.2 48.5 52.7 57.0 61.3 65.6 69.8 74.1 78.4 82.7 86.9 91.2 95.5 99.8 104.1 108.3
0.8 49.1 54.8 60.5 66.2 71.9 77.6 83.3 89.0 94.7 100.4 106.1 111.8 117.5 123.2 128.9 134.6
1.0 50.1 57.2 64.3 71.4 78.6 85.7 92.8 99.9 107.1 114.2 121.3 128.5 135.6 142.7 149.8 157.0
+ Note: For 1 = 0, M uo = 9.3 kNm/m + Table D4.2 Condeck HP Design Positive Moment Capacity, M uo (kNm/m)
t bm = 0.90 mm; f c' = 25 MPa Dc

(mm) 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 0.2 20.6 21.9 23.2 24.4 25.7 27.0 28.3 29.6 30.8 32.1 33.4 34.7 36.0 37.3 38.5 39.8
t bm = 0.90 mm; f c' = 32 MPa

0.4 31.2 33.8 36.3 38.9 41.5 44.0 46.6 49.2 51.7 54.3 56.8 59.4 62.0 64.5 67.1 69.7
0.6 39.1 43.0 46.8 50.7 54.5 58.4 62.2 66.1 69.9 73.7 77.6 81.4 85.3 89.1 93.0 96.8
0.8 43.1 48.2 53.4 58.5 63.6 68.7 73.9 79.0 84.1 89.2 94.4 99.5 104.6 109.7 114.9 120.0
1.0 43.4 49.8 56.2 62.6 69.0 75.4 81.8 88.3 94.7 101.1 107.5 113.9 120.3 126.7 133.1 139.5
0.2 20.7 22.0 23.3 24.5 25.8 27.1 28.4 29.7 31.0 32.2 33.5 34.8 36.1 37.4 38.6 39.9
0.4 31.6 34.2 36.8 39.3 41.9 44.5 47.0 49.6 52.1 54.7 57.3 59.8 62.4 65.0 67.5 70.1
0.6 40.1 43.9 47.8 51.6 55.5 59.3 63.2 67.0 70.8 74.7 78.5 82.4 86.2 90.1 93.9 97.8
0.8 44.8 49.9 55.0 60.2 65.3 70.4 75.5 80.7 85.8 90.9 96.0 101.2 106.3 111.4 116.5 121.7
1.0 46.0 52.5 58.9 65.3 71.7 78.1 84.5 90.9 97.3 103.7 110.1 116.5 122.9 129.3 135.7 142.1
DB3.153

+ Table D4.3 Condeck HP Design Positive Moment Capacity, M uo (kNm/m)
t bm = 0.75 mm; f c' = 25 MPa Dc

(mm) 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 0.2 17.2 18.3 19.3 20.4 21.5 22.5 23.6 24.7 25.7 26.8 27.9 28.9 30.0 31.1 32.1 33.2
t bm = 0.75 mm; f c' = 32 MPa

0.4 26.2 28.4 30.5 32.6 34.8 36.9 39.0 41.2 43.3 45.4 47.6 49.7 51.8 54.0 56.1 58.2
0.6 33.2 36.4 39.6 42.8 46.0 49.2 52.4 55.6 58.8 62.0 65.1 68.3 71.5 74.7 77.9 81.1
0.8 36.9 41.2 45.5 49.7 54.0 58.3 62.5 66.8 71.0 75.3 79.6 83.8 88.1 92.4 96.6 100.9
1.0 37.8 43.1 48.5 53.8 59.1 64.4 69.8 75.1 80.4 85.7 91.1 96.4 101.7 107.1 112.4 117.7
0.2 17.3 18.4 19.4 20.5 21.5 22.6 23.7 24.7 25.8 26.9 27.9 29.0 30.1 31.1 32.2 33.3
0.4 26.5 28.7 30.8 32.9 35.1 37.2 39.3 41.5 43.6 45.7 47.9 50.0 52.1 54.2 56.4 58.5
0.6 33.8 37.0 40.2 43.4 46.6 49.8 53.0 56.2 59.4 62.6 65.8 69.0 72.2 75.4 78.6 81.8
0.8 38.1 42.4 46.6 50.9 55.2 59.4 63.7 67.9 72.2 76.5 80.7 85.0 89.3 93.5 97.8 102.0
1.0 39.6 44.9 50.3 55.6 60.9 66.3 71.6 76.9 82.2 87.6 92.9 98.2 103.6 108.9 114.2 119.5
DB3.154
APPENDIX E
DESIGN POSITIVE VERTICAL SHEAR CAPACITY TABLES FOR PROPRIETARY PROFILED STEEL SHEETING PRODUCTS
E1 General
The tables presented in this appendix include no contribution from conventional reinforcement in the bottom of the slab, and are applicable provided BHP Zinc-Hi-Ten , G550 galvanised steel is used. The values of base metal thickness, t bm , chosen for each product correspond to those given in the section of this manual Products Manufactured from OneSteel and BHP Steel (Profiled Steel Sheeting From BHP Zinc-Hi-Ten ).
E2
Bondek II Slabs
+ Table E2.1 Bondek II Design Positive Vertical Shear Capacity, Vuc (kN/m)
t bm = 100 mm . f c' = 25 MPa Dc

(mm)
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250
tbm = 0.75 mm f c' = 25 MPa

0
85.7 83.7 82.6 82.1 82.1 82.5 83.3 84.3 85.5 87.0 88.6 90.3 92.2 94.1 96.2 98.3
t bm = 0.60 mm f c' = 25 MPa

0
71.4 70.1 69.5 69.4 69.7 70.3 71.2 72.3 73.6 75.0 76.6 78.3 80.1 81.9 83.8 85.8
f c' = 32 MPa
0
113.4 110.7 109.1 108.4 108.3 108.8 109.7 111.0 112.6 114.4 116.4 118.7 121.1 123.6 126.2 129.0
f c' = 32 MPa
0
89.7 88.1 87.4 87.3 87.7 88.5 89.7 91.1 92.7 94.6 96.6 98.7 101.0 103.3 105.8 108.3
f c' = 32 MPa
0
75.0 74.1 73.8 74.1 74.7 75.7 77.0 78.4 80.1 81.9 83.8 85.8 87.9 90.1 92.4 94.8
+ Values of Vuc for =
0
108.8 105.6 103.6 102.4 101.9 101.9 102.3 103.1 104.2 105.6 107.2 109.0 110.9 113.0 115.1 117.4
0.5
163.2 158.4 155.4 153.6 152.8 152.8 153.5 154.7 156.4 158.4 160.8 163.5 166.3 169.4 172.7 176.2
0.5
170.1 166.1 163.7 162.6 162.5 163.2 164.6 166.5 168.9 171.6 174.7 178.0 181.6 185.4 189.4 193.5
0.5
128.5 125.6 123.9 123.1 123.2 123.8 124.9 126.4 128.3 130.5 132.9 135.5 138.2 141.2 144.2 147.4
0.5
134.5 132.2 131.1 130.9 131.6 132.8 134.5 136.7 139.1 141.9 144.9 148.1 151.4 155.0 158.7 162.5
0.5
107.1 105.2 104.3 104.1 104.6 105.5 106.8 108.5 110.4 112.6 114.9 117.4 120.1 122.9 125.8 128.7
0.5
112.5 111.1 110.7 111.1 112.1 113.6 115.4 117.6 120.1 122.8 125.7 128.7 131.9 135.2 138.7 142.2
DB3.155
E3
Comform Slabs
+ Table E3.1 Comform Design Positive Vertical Shear Capacity, Vuc (kN/m)
t bm = 0.95 mm Dc
(mm) 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250
t bm = 0.75 mm
0 73.0 70.0 67.7 66.1 65.0 64.3 64.0 63.9 64.0 64.3 64.7 65.3 66.0 66.8 67.7 68.7
0.5 109.5 104.9 101.6 99.2 97.6 96.5 95.9 95.8 95.9 96.4 97.1 97.9 99.0 100.2 101.6 103.0
0 61.6 59.6 58.2 57.4 56.9 56.7 56.8 57.1 57.6 58.2 59.0 59.9 60.8 61.8 63.0 64.1
0.5 92.4 89.4 87.3 86.0 85.3 85.1 85.2 85.7 86.4 87.4 88.5 89.8 91.2 92.8 94.4 96.2
Note: This table covers f c' = 25 and 32 MPa.
E4
Condeck HP Slabs
+ Table E4.1 Condeck HP Design Positive Vertical Shear Capacity, Vuc (kN/m)
t bm = 100 mm . Dc
(mm) 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250
t bm = 0.90 mm
t bm = 0.75 mm
0 78.7 74.7 71.7 69.4 67.7 66.4 65.5 65.0 64.6 64.5 64.5 64.7 65.1 65.5 66.1 66.7
0.5 118.0 112.1 107.6 104.1 101.6 99.7 98.3 97.4 96.9 96.7 96.8 97.1 97.6 98.3 99.1 100.1
0 72.5 69.1 66.6 64.7 63.3 62.3 61.7 61.3 61.2 61.2 61.4 61.8 62.3 62.8 63.5 64.3
0.5 108.7 103.6 99.8 97.0 94.9 93.5 92.5 92.0 91.8 91.8 92.2 92.7 93.4 94.3 95.3 96.4
0 63.2 60.7 58.8 57.5 56.7 56.1 55.9 55.9 56.0 56.3 56.8 57.4 58.1 58.8 59.7 60.6
0.5 94.8 91.0 88.2 86.3 85.0 84.2 83.8 83.8 84.0 84.5 85.2 86.1 87.1 88.2 89.5 90.8
Note: This table covers f c' = 25 and 32 MPa.
DB3.156

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Design of Composite Slabs for Strength

Design Booklet DB3.1

OneSteel Market Mills

Composite Structures Design Manual

OneSteel Market Mills Composite Structures Design Manual

OneSteel Manufacturing Pty Limited

Centre for Construction Technology & Research

Dr. Mark Patrick *

Prof. Russell Bridge

Mr. Rennie Darmanin

BHP Building Products Stramit Industries Woodroffe Industries Pty Ltd

Edition 2.0 - February 2001 Disclaimer

Composite Slabs Design of Composite Slabs for Strength

Edition 2.0 - February 2001

OneSteel Market Mills Composite Structures Design Manual

Edition 2.0 - February 2001

Composite Slabs Design of Composite Slabs for Strength

OneSteel Market Mills Composite Structures Design Manual

DESIGN MODELS 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5

DESIGN APPROACH 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6

WORKED EXAMPLES 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5

Composite Slabs Design of Composite Slabs for Strength

Edition 2.0 - February 2001

OneSteel Market Mills Composite Structures Design Manual

Edition 2.0 - February 2001

Composite Slabs Design of Composite Slabs for Strength

OneSteel Market Mills Composite Structures Design Manual

1. SCOPE AND GENERAL

Uniformly-distributed load (UDL) One-way slab spanning direction

Profiled steel sheeting Longitudinal shear reinforcement in vicinity of shear connectors

Shear connector Steel beam Positive tensile reinforcement for flexure

Masonry wall, lintel, or steel perimeter beam

Edition 2.0 - February 2001

Composite Slabs Design of Composite Slabs for Strength

(a) Steel rib

(b) Longitudinal stiffeners

Composite Slabs Design of Composite Slabs for Strength

Edition 2.0 - February 2001

OneSteel Market Mills Composite Structures Design Manual

In-service condition: The structure is occupied.

Edition 2.0 - February 2001

Composite Slabs Design of Composite Slabs for Strength

A cross-section that is likely to be critical.

Composite Slabs Design of Composite Slabs for Strength

Edition 2.0 - February 2001

OneSteel Market Mills Composite Structures Design Manual

Edition 2.0 - February 2001

Composite Slabs Design of Composite Slabs for Strength

OneSteel Market Mills Composite Structures Design Manual

(a) Development of tensile force in sheeting through mechanical resistance

(b) Variation of mechanical resistance with slip

(a) Development of tensile force in sheeting through frictional resistance

(b) Variation of coefficient of friction with slip

Figure 3.3 Frictional Resistance at Support

Composite Slabs Design of Composite Slabs for Strength

Edition 2.0 - February 2001

OneSteel Market Mills Composite Structures Design Manual

Mechanical resistance, Hr (kPa)

Mechanical resistance, Hr (kPa)

Mechanical resistance Coefficient of friction

Mechanical resistance Coefficient of friction

(b) Assumed behaviour

Figure 3.4 Shear Connection Behaviour of Profiled Steel Sheeting