AP.Dr.

MuhannadTalibShuker AP Dr MuhannadTalibShuker
GPEDepartment

Well Test Analysis, UTP MAY 2011

TransientFlowEquation
p Inthecourseofdevelopmentofthetransientflow equationthreeindependentequationswillbeused: 1. 1 Continuityequation: materialbalanceequationwhich statesconservationofmass Equationofmotion: D E i f i Darcysequationwhichdefines i hi hd fi fluidflowthroughporousmedia Equationofstate:Compressibilityequationwhich describeschangesinthefluidvolumeasafunctionof pressure
Well Test Analysis, UTP MAY 2011

2.

3.

ContinuityEquation(1/6)
Reservoir boundary Well

Formation thickness

Schematicofreservoir

Well Test Analysis, UTP MAY 2011

ContinuityEquation(2/6) Continuity Equation (2/6)

Underthesteadystateflow conditions,thesameamountof fluidentersandleavestheflow element.Howevertheyarenot equaltoeachotherduring unsteadystate(transient)flow conditions.Nevertheless,the massmustbeconservedinboth cases. Makingamassbalanceoverthe volumeelementduringatime periodoft
Massentering volumeelement duringt Massleaving volumeelement duringt
rw

FlowElement (controlvolume)

Massout

Massin

h r

r r+r

Massaccumulated inthevolume elementduringt (1)

Well Test Analysis, UTP MAY 2011

ContinuityEquation(3/6) Continuity Equation (3/6)

MASSIN MASSOUT

MASS ACCUMULATED

(Mass )in = [Av ]r + r t

where; =velocityofflowingfluid =fluiddensityatr+r fl idd i A =areaatr+r Theareaofthevolumeelementatthe entry: A=2(r+r)h

(2)

t =timeinterval

(M )in = 2 (r + r )h(v )r + r t Mass

similarly;

(3)

(Mass )out = 2rh(v )r t

Well Test Analysis, UTP MAY 2011

(4)

ContinuityEquation(4/6) Continuity Equation (4/6)

Ontheotherhand;

Massaccumulated=massattimet massattimet

(Mass )t + t = 2rhr ( )t + t
(Mass )t = 2rhr ( )t
Substitutinginabovedefinition:

(5)

(6)

(Mass )Acc. = 2rhr[( )t + t ( )t ]

Well Test Analysis, UTP MAY 2011

(7) ( )

ContinuityEquation(5/6) Continuity Equation (5/6)

SubstitutingEquations3,4and7inequation1:

[2h(r + r )(v )r + r t ] [2hr (v )r t ] = 2hrr[( )t + t ( )t ]

Rearrangingequation8:

(8)

2ht [(r + r )(v )r + r r (v )r ] = 2hrr [( )t + t ( )t ]

Dividingthebothsidesoftheequation9by2hr t : g q 9 y

(9)

2ht [(r + r )(v )r + r r (v )r ] 2hrr [( )t + t ( )t ] = 2hrt 2hrt

Hencefinally:

(10)

1 [(r + r )(v )r + r r (v )r ] [( )t + t ( )t ] = r r t
Well Test Analysis, UTP MAY 2011

(11)

ContinuityEquation(6/6) Continuity Equation (6/6)

Letstakelimitsasbothr andtapproacheszero;

[( )t + t ( )t ] 1 [(r + r )(v )r + r r (v )r ] lim = lim r 0 r t 0 r t

or:

(12) ( )

Continuityequation

1 [r (v )] = [ ] r r t

(13)

where; =velocityofflowingfluid =fluiddensityatr+r

=porosity
Well Test Analysis, UTP MAY 2011

EquationofMotion Equation of Motion

Darcy slaw; Darcyslaw;

kA P q= r
definitionofvelocity;

where; k=permeability =fluidviscosity fl id i it (14)

q v= A
Substitutinginequation14; g q 4

(15)

k P v= r
Well Test Analysis, UTP MAY 2011

(16)

TransientFlowEquation(1/2) Transient Flow Equation (1/2)

Substitutingequation16inequation13;

1 k P r r = t [ ] r r
Expandingtherighthandsideofequation13: E di th i hth d id f ti

(17)

[ ] = + t t t
Porosityisrelatedtotheformationcompressibilityby:

(18)

1 cr = P
Applyingthechainruleofdifferentiationto/t:

(19)

P = t P t
Well Test Analysis, UTP MAY 2011

(20)

TransientFlowEquation(2/2) Transient Flow Equation (2/2)

Substitutingequation19inequation20;

P = cr t t
substitutingthisintoequation18:

(21)

P [ ] = + cr t t t
Finallysubstitutingequation22intoequation17:

(22)

1 k P P r r = t + cr t r r
Equation23isthegeneralpartialdifferentialequationthatdescribes theflowofanytypeoffluidinporousmedium. theflowofanytypeoffluidinporousmedium

(23)

Well Test Analysis, UTP MAY 2011

TransientFlowEquation forSlightlyCompressibleFluids(1/6)
Letussimplifyequation23byassumingpermeabilityandviscosity areconstantswithrespecttopressure,timeanddistance;

k P P r + cr = r r t t r
Expandingaboveequationgives:

(24)

k P 2 P P P r r + r 2 + r r = cr t + t
Applyingthechainruleinthetheaboveequation:

(25)

2 2 P k P P P P r r + r 2 + r P = cr t + t P
Well Test Analysis, UTP MAY 2011

(26)

TransientFlowEquation forSlightlyCompressibleFluids(2/6)
Dividingthebothsidesoftheaboveequationby;

2 k 1 P 2 P P 1 P P 1 (27) r r + r 2 + r P = cr t + t P
Rememberingfluidcompressibilityisrelatedtoitsdensityby:

cf =

1 P

(28)

Combiningequations27and28: g q

2 k 1 P 2 P P P P r r + r 2 + c f r = cr t + c f t
Well Test Analysis, UTP MAY 2011

(29)

TransientFlowEquation forSlightlyCompressibleFluids(3/6)
Thesquareofpressuregradientoverdistancecanbeconsidered y g g y ; verysmallandnegligiblewhichyields;

k 1 P 2 P (cr + c f ) P r r + r 2 = t
Definingthetotalcompressibilityct:

(30)

ct = cr + c f
Substitutingequations31in30andrearranging:

(31)

2 P 1 P ct P + = 2 r r r k t
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(32)

TransientFlowEquation forSlightlyCompressibleFluids(4/6)

P 1 P ct P + = 2 r r r k t
2

(32)

Equation 32 is called as DIFFUSIVITY EQUATION and is considered one of the most important and widely used mathematical expression in Petroleum Engineering. p g g The diffusivity equation can be rearranged with the inclusion of field units and is used in the analysis of well testing data where time is commonly in hours.

Well Test Analysis, UTP MAY 2011

TransientFlowEquation forSlightlyCompressibleFluids(5/6)
ct 2 P 1 P P + = 2 r r r 0.0002637 k t
Where; k r P ct t = permeability, md = radial position, f di l ii ft = pressure, psia = total compressibility, psi1 = time, hours = porosity, f i fraction i = viscosity, cp
(33)

Assumptions inherent in equation 33 (2,3,4): 1. Radial flow into well opened entire thickness of formation o at o 2. Laminar flow (Darcy) 3. Homogeneous and isotropic porous medium 4. Porousmediumhasconstantpermeabilityand compressibility 5. G it ff t Gravityeffectsarenegligible li ibl 6. Isothermalconditions 7. Fluidhassmallandconstantcompressibility 8. Fluidviscosityisconstant

Well Test Analysis, UTP MAY 2011

TransientFlowEquation forSlightlyCompressibleFluids(6/6)
Diffusivity equation is generally is shown as:

1 P ct P r = k t r r r
Well Test Analysis, UTP MAY 2011

(34) ( )

SolutionstoDiffusivityEquation
There are three basic cases of interest towards Th th b i fi t tt d the solution of Diffusivity Equation: 1. 2. 3. Constant production rate, Infinite Reservoir Constant production rate, noflow at the outer boundary Constant production, constant pressure at the outer boundary

Well Test Analysis, UTP MAY 2011

InitialandBoundaryConditions y for ConstantProductionRate,InfiniteBoundary

1 P ct P r = r r r k t

Equation:

(34)

InitialCondition: BoundaryConditions: InnerBoundary I B d OuterBoundary

P(r ,0) = Pi
2kh P q= r r rw

(35)

(36)

P(r , t ) = Pi

(37)

Well Test Analysis, UTP MAY 2011

Initial and Boundary Conditions InitialandBoundaryConditions for ConstantProductionRate,NoFlowBoundary

Equation:

1 P ct P r = r r r k t

(34)

InitialCondition: BoundaryConditions: InnerBoundary I B d

P(r ,0) = Pi
2kh P q= r r rw

(35)

(36)

OuterBoundary d

P =0 r re

(38)

Well Test Analysis, UTP MAY 2011

Initial and Boundary Conditions InitialandBoundaryConditions for ConstantProductionRate,ConstantPressureBoundary

Equation:

1 P ct P r = r r r k t

(34)

InitialCondition: BoundaryConditions: InnerBoundary I B d

P(r ,0) = Pi
2kh P q= r r rw

(35)

(36)

OuterBoundary d

P(r = re , t ) = Pi

(39)

Well Test Analysis, UTP MAY 2011

Dimensionless Form of DimensionlessFormof DiffusivityEquation

MostofthetimedimensionlessgroupsareusedtoexpressDiffusivity equationmoresimply.Manywelltestanalysistechniquesuse dimensionlessvariablestodepictgeneraltrendsratherthanworking withspecificparameters(likek,t,rw,re andh). Onemustdefinedimensionlessgroupstobeabletoconvertthe diffusivityequationbelowtoitsdimensionlessform.

1 P ct P r = r r r k t

(34)

Well Test Analysis, UTP MAY 2011

Dimensionless Groups for DimensionlessGroupsfor DiffusivityEquation

DimensionlessPressure:

kh (Pi P ) PD = qB
DimensionlessRadius:

(40)

r rD = rw
Dimensionlesstime:

(41) ( )

kt tD = 2 ct rw
Well Test Analysis, UTP MAY 2011

(42)

Dimensionless form of Dimensionlessformof DiffusivityEquation

Thediffusivityequationthencanbeexpressedindimensionless formbyutilizingthedimensionlessgroupsas:

1 PD PD = rD rD rD rD t D
Nowitisneededtoexpresstheboundaryandinitialconditions d d h b d d l d indimensionlessforms.

(43)

Well Test Analysis, UTP MAY 2011

Dimensionless Boundary and Initial Conditions for the DimensionlessBoundaryandInitialConditionsforthe DiffusivityEquationforConstantRate,InfiniteReservoir

InitialCondition:

PD (rD , t D = 0 ) = 0
OuterBoundary:

(44)

PD (rD , t D ) = 0
InnerBoundary:

(45) ( )

PD = 1 r D (rD =1)
Well Test Analysis, UTP MAY 2011

(46)

DimensionlessBoundaryandInitialConditionsforthe y DiffusivityEquationforConstantRate,NoFlowBoundary
InitialCondition:

PD (rD , t D = 0 ) = 0
OuterBoundary:

(47)

PD r = 0 D reD
InnerBoundary:

(48) ( 8)

PD = 1 r D (rD =1)
Well Test Analysis, UTP MAY 2011

(49)

DimensionlessBoundaryandInitialConditionsforthe DiffusivityEquationforConstantRate,ConstantPressure y q , Boundary

InitialCondition:

PD (rD , t D = 0 ) = 0
OuterBoundary:

(50)

PD (rD = reD , t D ) = 0
InnerBoundary:

(51) ( )

PD = 1 r D (rD =1)
Well Test Analysis, UTP MAY 2011

(52)

ASSIGNMENT#1 DueDate:Monday282011
1 PD PD rD r = t rD rD D D

Provethatthebelowpartialdifferentialequationisthedimensionless formofDiffusivityEquation.

Provealsothatthebelowinitialandboundaryconditionsarethe dimensionlessformsofConstantRateInfiniteBoundarycase. InitialCondition:

PD (rD , t D = 0 ) = 0 PD (rD , t D ) = 0 PD = 1 r D (rD =1)

OuterBoundary:

InnerBoundary:

Well Test Analysis, UTP MAY 2011

SolutiontoDiffusivityEquationforConstantLineSource ProductionRateInfiniteBoundaryCase
DiffusivityEquation:

1 PD PD rD r = t rD rD D D
InitialandBoundaryConditions I i i l dB d C di i InitialCondition:

(43)

PD (rD , t D = 0 ) = 0

(44)

OuterBoundary:

PD (rD , t D ) = 0

(45)

InnerBoundary:

PD P lim rD r = 1 rD 0 D rD

(46)

Well Test Analysis, UTP MAY 2011

r 1 PD = E i 4t 2 D

2 D

ThisisthelinesourcesolutionoftheDiffusivityEquationforconstantproductionrateand Thi i h li l i f h Diff i i E i f d i d infinitereservoir case.

Well Test Analysis, UTP MAY 2011

S l ti t Diff i it E ti f C t t Li S SolutiontoDiffusivityEquationforConstantLineSource ProductionRateInfiniteBoundaryCase

For
2 rD < 0.01 4t D
(83)

Exponentialintegralcanbeapproximatedas

1 tD PD = l 2 + 0.80907 ln 2 rD

(84)

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S l ti t Diff i it E ti f C t t Li S SolutiontoDiffusivityEquationforConstantLineSource ProductionRateInfiniteBoundaryCase

Andthedimensionlesspressureatthewellbore

rD = 1
Exponentialintegralcanbeapproximatedas

(85)

PD )wellbore

1 = [l t D + 0.80907] ln 2

(86)

Thisisthesolutionfordimensionlessbottomholewellpressurefor constantproductionrateinfinitereservoircase.

Well Test Analysis, UTP MAY 2011

References
1. DominiqueBourdet,WellTestAnalysis:TheUseofAdvancedInterpretation

Models,HandbookofPetroleumExplorationandProduction,3.Elsevier,2002 (Chapter1) 2. T kAh d dP lD M Ki TarekAhmed,andPaulD.McKinney,AdvancedReservoirEngineering, Ad dR i E i i Elsevier,2005(Chapter1) 3. JohnLee,JohnB.Rollins,andJohnP.Spivey,PressureTransientTesting,SPE TextbookseriesVol.9. TextbookseriesVol 9 4. C.S.Matthews,andD.G.Russell,PressureBuildupandFlowTestsinWells, SPEMonographVol.1

Well Test Analysis, UTP MAY 2011