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EH/OCT 2006/CHE443

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA FINAL EXAMINATION

COURSE COURSE CODE EXAMINATION TIME

: : : :

FLUID MECHANICS 1 CHE443 OCTOBER 2006 3 HOURS

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES 1. 2. 3. This question paper consists of SIX (6) questions. Answer FOUR (4) questions in the Answer Booklet. Start each answer on a new page. Do not bring any material into the examination room unless permission is given by the invigilator. Please check to make sure that this examination pack consists of: i) ii) iii) the Question Paper a two - pages Appendix an Answer Booklet - provided by the Faculty

DO NOT TURN THIS PAGE UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO

This examination paper consists of 6 printed pages
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EH/OCT 2006/CHE443

QUESTION 1 a) A multi-fluid container which is open to the atmosphere is connected to a U-tube manometer as shown in Figure 1. All the liquids are incompressible. The specific gravities are given to be 1.26 for glycerin and 0.90 for oil. The standard density of water to be pw= 1000 kg/m3, and the specific gravity of mercury to be 13.6. i) Determine the gauge pressure at A. (5 marks) Determine the height of a mercury column that would create the same pressure at A and explain briefly if mercury is a suitable gauge fluid to measure high pressures in manometers. (4 marks)

ii)

70 cm

Oil SCMX90

30 cm

J'f"5

90 cm

20 cm

Glycerin SG=1.26 15 em

Figure 1 A U-tube manometer attached to a multi-fluid container b) Explain the following flow types completely with an example for each flow type: i) ii) iii) iv) Steady uniform flow Steady non-uniform flow Unsteady uniform flow Unsteady non-uniform flow (12 marks) c) With the aid of a suitable diagram, explain briefly the mechanism of a Bourdon Gauge. (4 marks)

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CONFIDENTIAL QUESTION 2 a)

EH/OCT 2006/CHE443

The water in an above the ground swimming pool is to be emptied by unplugging the orifice of a horizontal pipe attached to the bottom of the pool (Figure 2). The flow is steady and incompressible with negligible frictional effects (so that the Bernoulli equation is applicable). Assuming that the orifice has a smooth entrance and all frictional losses are negligible, determine i) ii) the maximum discharge rate of water (5 marks) the velocity of the outlet flow at the instant when the tank is half-full. (3 marks)

If
Swimming pool

2m

10 m

Figure 2 Swimming pool with discharge orifice b) Water is siphoned from a tank as shown in Figure 3 using a 5 cm diameter rubber hose. If x = 90 cm and viscous effects are negligible, determine: 60 cm 5 cm diameter hose

Figure 3 Water siphoned from tank i) ii) the flow rate from the tank (6 marks) the pressures at points (1), (2) and (3). (11 marks)
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EH/OCT 2006/CHE443

QUESTION 3 a) i) Derive an expression for the discharge over a triangular notch or weir in terms of head of water over the crest of the notch or weir. (8 marks) Write down four (4) advantages of a triangular notch over a rectangular notch. (4 marks)

ii)

b)

During an experiment in a laboratory, 0.05 m3 of water flowing over a 90 angle triangular notch was collected in one minute. If the head of the sill is 50 mm, calculate the coefficient of discharge (Cd) of the notch. (3 marks) By dimensional analysis, show that the expression for the drag force on smooth sphere of diameter D, moving with a uniform velocity V, in a fluid density and dynamic viscosity // is given by:

c)

F = W2V2f(-^-) [tVDJ
(10 marks) QUESTION 4 a) i) Derive the expressions for the theoretical velocity and discharge through a small orifice using the Bernoulli's theorem. (5 marks) The head of water over the centre of an orifice of diameter 30 mm is 1.5 m. The actual discharge through the orifice is 2.55 litre/s. Determine the coefficient of discharge (5 marks)

ii)

b)

With the aid of a simple diagram, describe an orifice meter and show that the discharge through the orifice meter is given by:

where: Q= volume flowrate in (m3/s) Cd = coefficient of discharge A\ = cross-sectional area of pipe in (m2) A2 = cross-sectional area of throat in (m2)
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EH/OCT 2006/CHE443 h = the differential pressure in m of flowing fluid (m) g = gravitational acceleration (m/s2) (15 marks)

QUESTION 5 a) With the aid of a simple diagram of a pitot tube consisting of a glass tube, with a right angle, show that an expression of the actual velocity at any point in a pipeline, v is given as: v where: g h =

gravitational acceleration (m/s2) the rise of liquid in the tube above the free surface (m) (8 marks)

b)

Water is flowing through a 150 mm diameter pipe and its flow rate is measured by a 50 mm diameter orifice, across which the pressure differential is 2.27 x 104 N/m2. The coefficient of discharge of the orifice meter is independently checked by means of a pitot tube, when situated at the axis of the pipe, gave a reading of 100 mm on mercury-under water manometer (Figure 3). On the assumption that the flow in the pipe is turbulent and that the velocity distribution over the cross-section is given by the Prandtl one-seventh power law, calculate the coefficient of discharge of the orifice meter.
Prandtl one-seventh power law : u average =

60

Figure 3. Pipe line equipped with orifice meter and pitot tube. (10 marks)

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EH/OCT 2006/CHE443

c)

A horizontal venturimeter of inlet diameter of 20 cm and throat diameter of 10 cm is used to measure the flow of water. The pressure at inlet is 1.77 x 105 N/m2 and the vacuum pressure at the throat is 30 cm of mercury. Determine the volumetric flow rate of water through the venturimeter by taking the discharge coefficient, Cd as 0.98. (7 marks)

QUESTION 6 a) For a viscous fluid flowing at a very low velocity (laminar) the maximum velocity, Umax is given as :

where:

AP R I ju

= pressure difference between two points in a pipeline. = radius of the pipe. = distance between two points in a pipeline. = viscosity of the fluid.

i)

Thus, starting from the expression of volumetric flow rate, Q across a section by considering a circular ring element of a radius, r and thickness, dr show that the maximum velocity in a circular pipe is equal to two times the average velocity of the flow. (8 marks)

ii) An oil having viscosity of 0.1 Ns/m2 and specific gravity of 0.9 is flowing through a circular pipe having a diameter of 200 mm. The maximum velocity is observed to be 1.5 m/s. Determine the mean velocity and the radius at which this occur. Determine the pressure drop in the pipeline if the pipe length is 300 m. (8 marks) b) In a particular process 4500 kg/h of distilled water is transported through a horizontal smooth pipe between two reservoirs which are 10 m apart with the difference in their water levels being 1.3 m. If the dynamic viscosity of water is 10"3 N*s/m2, determine the diameter of the pipe required to perform such task. Neglect minor losses. [Hint: solve via trial and error] (9 marks)

END OF QUESTION PAPER

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a o z o m
c

I
S. 51

Equation (3.23): <f> Re2 =

>
TJ TJ

m g x

I i 1 1 t f I

i t

t *M i l l

i t

i i i t i l l

ti t i i i n l

i i i i i iu !

i t i n

m l

I I

i i i i i i r l

t t . i i i i i f t l

t i f f T l t i i

l i t

10

10

io

io 10 io io 2 Friction group {<f> Re )

10

11

io

12

1013

1014
m

o o
Tl

Pipe friction chart $Re2 versus Re for various values of e/d

5 o
io

O m

s
o> O X

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APPENDIX 1 (2)

EH/OCT 2006/CHE443

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