Experiment No.

: 2 Title: Introduction to the Standard/ Normal (SPP) of the Parallel Port of a PC

Group Members: BARRIENTOS, Rocelle Mae COLYONG, Nikki Grace DE LEON, Jeffrey DUMO, Tatiana Amor Cuepo MATIS, Amelyn

Submitted To: Engineer Jefferson Walcien

Date: August 23, 2011

I. EXPERIMENT OBJECTIVES

1.

To show how to configure the parallel port for standard/ normal SPP

operation. 2. To show how to use the data, status and control ports of the parallel port to

output or read-in data from an input application.

II. EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS Parallel Port Interface Testing Board PC (with WIN2000 or lower OS) Parallel Port data cable/ DB25 data cable

III.EXPERIMENT PROCEDURES 1. Do the following exercises using DOS debug: A. Output any number in hex on your data port. a. b.
c.

Open MS DOS prompt. Type debug then enter. Type o 378 NN. Where NN is the number in hex you will output.

B. Read the status of the switches on your status port by executing the command: i 379 (enter). C. Interpret the number inputted. Change the status of the switches on your input generator module then read in again the input. Take note of the effect of the most significant bit (MSB) in your readings.

D. Output any number in hex on your control port. Interpret the displayed output. Take note also of the bits on the control port that are inverted.

2. Do the following: A. On your data port, display/output binary counting for: a. b. c. One run. Repeated run. Ten times run.

B. Repeat (a). Instead, display the numbers in the Fibonacci Series. C. Write a routine using DOS debug to turn ON Data 0 on the data port of the parallel port when any of the switches on the status port are activated (reset/presses).
D. Write a routine using DOS debug to turn ON the LEDs on the data port

from the LSB LED to the MSB LED when the PBNO switch on Bit 4 on the status port is momentarily pressed. When the PBNO switch on bit 3 is momentarily pressed the LEDs will turn ON one at a time from the most significant bits (MSB) to the least significant (LSB) bits. E. Repeat 4a. (Binary Counting): Instead, use bit 6 on the status port to increment the count. Use bit 5 to decrement and Bit 4 to reset the count displayed on the data port.

IV. EXPERIMENT RESULTS

MS DOS:

C:/Windows/debug o 378 11 o 378 22 o 378 56 o 378 88 o 378 A3 -i 379 0III IIII 7F -i 379 IIII IIII FF -i 379 I0II 0III B7 -i 379 I0II IIII BF -i 379 00II 00II 33

LEGEND: I ON / LED LIGHTS O OFF / LED DIMINISHED

FOR PROCEDURE I = 1.C

1. O 378 11

LED DISPLAY : _000I 000I__

2. 2. 2.

2. O 378 22

LED DISPLAY : __00I0 00I0__

0 3. O 378 56

LED DISPLAY : __0I0I 0II0__

4. O 378 88

LED DISPLAY : __I000 I000__

5. O 378 A3

LED DISPLAY : __I0I0 00II__

FOR PROCEDURE I = 2
1. 0III IIII 2. IIII IIII 3. I0II 0III 4. I0II IIII 5. 00II 00II

OUTPUT IN THE PC : __7F__ OUTPUT IN THE PC : __FF__ OUTPUT IN THE PC : __A7__ OUTPUT IN THE PC : __AF__ OUTPUT IN THE PC : __33__

V. OBSERVATIONS

From the conduct of the experiment, the group observed the operation of the parallel port. This is when the module was connected to a windows 98 computer. First, we observed that we use the notations o 378 to denote the desired outputs. Our instructor however assigned the output numbers so that all groups will have uniforms data results. We have seen how the 2-bit hexadecimals when inputted as the output of the module, have altered how many and which of the LEDs will light. The LEDs however are operating in two 4-bit binary numbers. For example, when we inputted o 378 14, the LED had an output of 0001100 showing the equivalent of the hexadecimal in the binary system. Second, we reversed the procedure wherein we inputted the data. We have done this by changing the status of the switches, taking into consideration the most significant bit. The switches now indicate the two 4-bit binary number which is interpreted as a 2-bit hexadecimal number. This can be done by entering i 379, and pressing the enter key. The equivalent binary number will appear simultaneously. We noticed that this part is just the reverse of the first procedure. The two procedures are maintaining the same principles.

VI. CONCLUSION

From the data and results obtained from the performance of the experiment, the following conclusions can be made. First, the need for the correct notations for input and output are very much needed in order to gather correct data. Second, we only enter the output in the hexadecimal system accompanied by the o 378 notation. After which the LEDs will respond, producing the equivalent binary number expressed in two 4-bit binary numbers. Third, we enter the input by changing the status of the switches wherein the 8 switches corresponds now to the two 4-bit number. We enter the notation i 379 and then the hexadecimal equivalent will appear simultaneously after pressing the enter key. The experiment is mainly about the function of the module wherein we utilized the parallel port to output or read-in data from the DOS debug application.

VII.

RECOMMENDATIONS

The conduct of the experiment is a success, however the group believes that it is better to make a research work before the performance of the experiment. This is to limit and prevent the errors and difficulties in the gathering of the required data and results. Despite of this, the group still wants to recommend this activity as a way of checking whether or not the whole module is working. The procedures for this activity or experiment are easy to follow, thus it is student-friendly. In addition, the procedure is not only limited on the Instrumentations but the theories and facts learned in Logic lecture are also reflected in this activity.

VIII. APPENDICES (RESEARCH WORK)

PARALLEL PORT

A parallel port is a type of interface found on computers (personal and otherwise) for connecting various peripherals. In computing, a parallel port is a parallel communication physical interface. It is also known as a printer port or Centronics port. The IEEE

1284 standard defines the bi-directional version of the port, which allows the transmission and reception of data bits at the same time.

a. HISTORY The Centronics Model 101 printer was introduced in 1970 and included the first parallel interface for printers. The interface was developed by Robert Howard and Prentice Robinson at Centronics. The Centronics parallel interface quickly became a de facto industry standard; manufacturers of the time tended to use various connectors on the system side, so a variety of cables were required. For example, early VAX systems used a DC-37 connector, NCR used the 36-pin micro ribbon connector, Texas Instruments used a 25-pin card edge connector and Data General used a 50-pin micro ribbon connector. Dataproducts introduced a very different implementation of the parallel interface for their printers. It used a DC-37 connector on the host side and a 50 pin connector on the printer side either a DD-50 (sometimes incorrectly referred to as a "DB50") or the block shaped M-50 connector; the M-50 was also referred to as Winchester. Dataproducts parallel was available in a short-line for connections up to 50 feet (15 m) and a long-line version for connections from 50 feet (15 m) to 500 feet (150 m). The Dataproducts interface was found on many mainframe systems up through the 1990s, and many printer manufacturers offered the Dataproducts interface as an option. IBM released the IBM Personal Computer in 1981 and included a variant of the Centronics interface only IBM logo printers (rebranded fromEpson) could be used with the IBM PC. IBM standardized the parallel cable with a DB25F connector on the PC side and the Centronics connector on the printer side. Vendors soon released printers compatible with both standard Centronics and the IBM implementation. IBM implemented an early form of bidirectional interface in 1987. HP introduced their version of bidirectional, known as Bitronics, on theLaserJet 4 in 1992. The Bitronics and Centronics interfaces were superseded by the IEEE 1284 standard in 1994. b. USES Before the advent of USB, the parallel interface was adapted to access a number of peripheral devices other than printers. Probably one of the earliest devices to use parallel were dongles used as a hardware key form of software copy protection. Zip drives and scanners were early implementations followed by external modems, sound cards, webcams, gamepads, joysticks and external hard disk drives and CD-ROMdrives. Adapters were available to run SCSI devices via parallel. Other devices such as EPROM programmers and hardware controllers could be connected parallel.

For consumers, the USB interfaceand often Ethernethas effectively replaced the parallel printer port. Many manufacturers of personal computers and laptops consider parallel to be a legacy port and no longer include the parallel interface. The guidelines for Microsoft'sWindows Logo Program "strongly discourages" systems builders from including parallel ports.[5] USB-to-parallel adapters are available that can make parallel-only printers work with USB-only systems. c. HARDWARE PROPERTIES The D-Type 25 pin connector is the most common connector found on the Parallel Port of the computer, while the Centronics Connector is commonly found on printers. The IEEE 1284 standard however specifies 3 different connectors for use with the Parallel Port. The first one, 1284 Type A is the D-Type 25 connector found on the back of most computers. The 2nd is the 1284 Type B which is the 36 pin Centronics Connector found on most printers. IEEE 1284 Type C however, is a 36 conductor connector like the Centronics, but smaller. This connector is claimed to have a better clip latch, better electrical properties and is easier to assemble. It also contains two more pins for signals which can be used to see whether the other device connected, has power. Pin No (DB25) Pin No (36 pin) Signal name Direction Register - bit Inverted 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Strobe Data0 Data1 Data2 Data3 Data4 Data5 Data6 Data7 In/Out Out Out Out Out Out Out Out Out Control-0 Data-0 Data-1 Data-2 Data-3 Data-4 Data-5 Data-6 Data-7 Yes No No No No No No No No

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18-25

10 11 12 13 14 32 31 36

Ack Busy Paper-Out Select Linefeed Error Reset

In In In In In/Out In In/Out

Status-6 Status-7 Status-5 Status-4 Control-1 Status-3 Control-2 Control-3 -

No Yes No No Yes No No Yes -

Select-Printer In/Out -

19-30,33,17,16 Ground

Table 1. Pin Assignments of the D-Type 25 pin Parallel Port Connector. The above table uses "n" in front of the signal name to denote that the signal is active low. e.g. nError. If the printer has occurred an error then this line is low. This line normally is high, should the printer be functioning correctly. The "Hardware Inverted" means the signal is inverted by the Parallel card's hardware. Such an example is the Busy line. If +5v (Logic 1) was applied to this pin and the status register read, it would return back a 0 in Bit 7 of the Status Register. The output of the Parallel Port is normally TTL logic levels. The voltage levels are the easy part. The current you can sink and source varies from port to port. Most Parallel Ports implemented in ASIC, can sink and source around 12mA. However these are just some of the figures taken from Data sheets, Sink/Source 6mA, Source 12mA/Sink 20mA, Sink 16mA/Source 4mA, Sink/Source 12mA. As you can see they vary quite a bit. The best bet is to use a buffer, so the least current is drawn from the Parallel Port. d. STANDARD PARALLEL PORT

Table 2. Data Port Note 1 : If the Port is bi-directional then Read and Write Operations can be performed on the Data Register. The base address, usually called the Data Port or Data Register is simply used for outputting data on the Parallel Ports data lines (Pins 2-9). This register is normally a write only port. If you read from the port, you should get the last byte sent. However if your port is bidirectional, you can receive data on this address.

Table 3. Status Port The Status Port (base address + 1) is a read only port. Any data written to this port will be ignored. The Status Port is made up of 5 input lines (Pins 10,11,12,13 & 15), a IRQ status register and two reserved bits. Please note that Bit 7 (Busy) is a active low input. E.g. If bit 7 happens to show a logic 0, this means that there is +5v at pin 11. Likewise with Bit 2. (nIRQ) If this bit shows a '1' then an interrupt has not occurred.

Table 4. Control Port The Control Port (base address + 2) was intended as a write only port. When a printer is attached to the Parallel Port, four "controls" are used. These are Strobe, Auto Linefeed, Initialize and Select Printer, all of which are inverted except Initialize. The printer would not send a signal to initialize the computer, nor would it tell the computer to use auto linefeed. However these four outputs can also be used for inputs. If the computer has placed a pin high (e.g. +5v) and your device wanted to take it low, you would effectively short out the port, causing a conflict on that pin. Therefore these lines are "open collector" outputs (or open drain for CMOS devices). This means that it has two states. A low state (0v) and a high impedance state (open circuit). Normally the Printer Card will have internal pull-up resistors, but as you would expect, not all will. Some may just have open collector outputs, while others may even have normal totem pole outputs. In order to make your device work correctly on as many Printer Ports as possible, you can use an external resistor as well. Should you already have an internal resistor, then it will act in Parallel with it, or if you have Totem pole outputs, the resistor will act as a load. An external 4.7k resistor can be used to pull the pin high. I wouldn't use anything lower, just in case you do have an internal pull up resistor, as the external resistor would act in parallel giving effectively, a lower value pull up resistor. When in high impedance state the pin on the Parallel Port is high (+5v). When in this state, your external device can pull the pin low and have the control port change read a different value. This way the 4 pins of the Control Port can be used for bi-directional data transfer. However the Control Port must be set to xxxx0100 to be able to read data, that is all pins to be +5v at the port so that you can pull it down to GND (logic 0). Bits 4 & 5 are internal controls. Bit four will enable the IRQ (See Using the Parallel Ports IRQ) and Bit 5 will enable the bi-directional port meaning that you can input 8 bits using

(DATA0-7). This mode is only possible if your card supports it. Bits 6 & 7 are reserved. Any writes to these two bits will be ignored. e. FIBONACCI SERIES

The Fibonacci Series is a sequence of numbers first created by Leonardo Fibonacci (fibo-na-chee) in 1202. It is a deceptively simple series, but its ramifications and applications are nearly limitless. It has fascinated and perplexed mathematicians for over 700 years, and nearly everyone who has worked with it has added a new piece to the Fibonacci puzzle, a new tidbit of information about the series and how it works. Fibonacci mathematics is a constantly expanding branch of number theory, with more and more people being drawn into the complex subtleties of Fibonacci's legacy. In mathematics, the Fibonacci numbers are the numbers in the following integer sequence: (sequence A000045 inOE IS). By definition, the first two Fibonacci numbers are 0 and 1, and each subsequent number is the sum of the previous two. In mathematical terms, the sequence Fn of Fibonacci numbers is defined by the recurrence relation

with seed values

The Fibonacci sequence is named after Leonardo of Pisa, who was known as Fibonacci. Fibonacci's 1202 book Liber Abaci introduced the sequence to Western European mathematics, although the sequence had been described earlier in Indian mathematics. (By modern convention, the sequence begins with F0 = 0. The Liber Abaci began the sequence with F1 = 1, omitting the initial 0, and the sequence is still written this way by some.) Fibonacci numbers are closely related to Lucas numbers in that they are a complementary pair of Lucas sequences. They are intimately connected with the golden ratio, for example the closest rational approximations to the ratio are 2/1, 3/2, 5/3, 8/5, ... . Applications include computer algorithms such as the Fibonacci search technique and the Fibonacci heap data structure, and graphs called Fibonacci cubes used for interconnecting parallel and distributed systems. They also appear in biological settings, such as branching in trees, arrangement of

leaves on a stem, the fruit spouts of apineapple, the flowering of artichoke, an uncurling fern and the arrangement of a pine cone. The first 21 Fibonacci numbers Fn for n = 0, 1, 2, ..., 20 are: F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 F11 F12 F13 F14 F15 F16 F17 F18 F19 F20

0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 610 987 1597 2584 4181 6765 The sequence can also be extended to negative index n using the re-arranged recurrence relation

which yields the sequence of "negafibonacci" numbers satisfying

Thus the complete sequence is F8 F7 F6 F5 F4 F3 F2 F1 F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 21 13 8 5 3 2 1 1 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21

IX. BIBLIOGRAPHY

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_port http://beyondlogic.org/spp/parallel.pdf http://library.thinkquest.org/27890/mainIndex.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibonacci_number