MAN-22060-US002 Rev A

SUNRISE TELECOM
I N C O R P O R A T E D

Dual E1 Module for the MTT and xDSL Family of Products

Users Manual SSMTT-27M

Sunrise Telecom... a step ahead

302 Enzo Drive San Jose, CA 95138 Dual E1 Tel: 1-408-363-8000 Fax: 1-408-363-8313 1

Cautions! Do not remove or insert the module while the test set is on. Inserting or removing a module with the power on may damage the module. Do not remove or insert the software cartridge while the test set is on. Otherwise, damage could occur to the cartridge. ! Warning! Using the supplied equipment in a manner not specified by Sunrise Telecom may impair the protection provided by the equipment.

Copyright 2003 Sunrise Telecom Incorporated This device uses software either developed by Sunrise or licensed by Sunrise from third parties. The software is confidential and proprietary. The software is protected by copyright and contains trade secrets of Sunrise or Sunrise's licensors. The purchaser of this device agrees that it has received a license solely to use the software as embedded in the device, and the purchaser is prohibited from copying, reverse engineering, decompiling, or disassembling the software. 2 SSMTT-27

Dual E1 Table of Contents

1 Dual E1 Module (SSMTT-27) .............................................. 5 1.1 Dual E1 LEDs ................................................................... 5 1.2 Dual E1 Connector Panels ................................................ 8 2 Menus ................................................................................. 9 2.1 Test Configuration ........................................................... 10 2.1.1 E1 Single Configuration ............................................... 10 2.1.2 E1 Dual Configuration .................................................. 15 2.2 Test Pattern ..................................................................... 20 2.3 Measurement Result ....................................................... 25 2.3.1 Measurement Results and General Definitions ............ 28 2.4 Other Measurement ........................................................ 36 2.4.1 View Received Data ..................................................... 36 2.4.2 View FAS Words .......................................................... 37 2.4.3 View MFAS Words ....................................................... 39 2.4.4 Pulse Mask Analysis ................................................... 40 2.4.4.1 Start New Analysis ................................................... 40 2.4.4.2 View Last Pulse Shape ............................................. 41 2.4.5 C-Bit Analysis .............................................................. 42 2.4.6 Histogram Analysis ..................................................... 44 2.4.6.1 Format SRAM ........................................................... 44 2.4.6.2 Current Histogram ..................................................... 45 2.4.6.3 Saved Histogram ...................................................... 47 2.4.7 Propagation Delay ....................................................... 48 2.4.8 Channel Loopback ....................................................... 49 2.5 VF Channel Access ........................................................ 50 2.5.1 VF & Noise Measurement ............................................ 50 2.5.2 View Line CAS ............................................................. 54 2.5.3 Call Analysis ................................................................ 55 2.5.3.1 Digit Analysis ............................................................ 58 2.5.4 Call Emulator ............................................................... 60 2.5.4.1 Standard Emulations ................................................ 60 2.5.4.2 Place a Call .............................................................. 61 2.5.4.3 Receive a Call .......................................................... 63 2.5.4.4 User Emulation ......................................................... 65 2.5.5 Supervision Setup ....................................................... 69 2.5.6 Dial Parameters ........................................................... 71 2.5.7 Signal Meanings .......................................................... 73 2.5.8 View/Store/Print ........................................................... 78 2.5.8.1 Saving a Test ............................................................ 79 2.5.8.2 Viewing a Stored Test ............................................... 80 2.5.8.3 Printing a Stored Test ............................................... 80 2.5.8.4 Deleting a Stored Test ............................................... 80 Dual E1 3

2.5.8.5 Locking & Unlocking a Stored Test ........................... 80 2.5.8.6 Renaming a Stored Test ............................................ 80 2.6 Other Features ................................................................ 81 2.6.1 Error Injection .............................................................. 81 2.6.2 Alarm Generation ......................................................... 83 2.6.3 View Results Records .................................................. 84 2.6.4 Send Frame Words ...................................................... 85 2.7 System Parameters ........................................................ 87 2.7.1 Measurement Configuration .......................................... 87 2.7.2 Self Test ...................................................................... 91 3 Applications ..................................................................... 92 3.1 Connecting the Cords ..................................................... 92 3.2 Basic Applications .......................................................... 94 3.2.1 Accept a New Circuit ................................................... 94 3.2.2 In-Service Circuit Monitoring ........................................ 95 3.2.3 Checking for Frequency Synchronization ..................... 97 3.2.4 Measuring Signal Level ............................................... 99 3.2.5 V.54 Channel Loopback Test ...................................... 101 3.2.6 Running a Timed Test ................................................ 102 3.2.6.1 Manual Start ........................................................... 102 3.2.6.2 Auto Start ............................................................... 102 3.2.7 Observing Network Codes or Channel Data ............... 103 3.2.8 Monitoring a Voice Frequency Channel ...................... 105 3.2.9 Simple Talk/Listen ..................................................... 106 3.2.10 Send a Tone ............................................................. 107 3.2.11 Nx64 kbit/s Testing .................................................. 108 3.3 Advanced Applications ................................................. 110 3.3.1 In-Service Dual Drop & Insert THRU Testing .............. 110 4 Reference-E1 Technology Overview ............................. 113 4.1 Technical Standards ..................................................... 113 4.2 Basic Definitions ........................................................... 113 4.3 Converting a Voice Signal ............................................. 114 4.4 2.048 Mbit/s Data Rate ................................................. 115 4.5 Line Coding ................................................................... 115 4.6 Signal Levels ................................................................ 117 4.7 2.048 Mbit/s Framing .................................................... 118 4.8 MFR2/DTMF/DP Technology ........................................ 124 Index .................................................................................... 127

SSMTT-27

1 Dual E1 Module (SSMTT-27) 1.1 Dual E1 LEDs

The LEDs provide valuable information on the test sets current test mode. In module mode, the MODULE/xDSL LED is green. Figure 1 shows SSMTT LED panels. Figure 2 shows SSxDSL LED panels. The definitions and functions of the LEDs are the same.
MODULE DMM SIGNAL FRAME ERRORS HOLD xTU-C TDR LP1SYNC AIS
BPV/CODE

xTU-R LINE LP2SYNC ALARM PATSYNC BIT ERR

POWER BATTERY

MODULE

xTU-C

xTU-R

POWER BATTERY

SIGNAL FRAME ERRORS

LP1SYNC AIS BPV/CODE

LP2SYNC ALARM PATSYNC BIT ERR

RESPOND

SunSet MTT
SSMTT-ACM

SunSet MTT
SSMTT-Basic

Figure 1 SSMTT LEDs

xDSL DMM T1/E1 SIG FRAME ERRORS HOLD xTU-C TDR LP1SYNC AIS
BPV/CODE

xTU-R LINE LP2SYNC ALARM PATSYNC BIT ERR

POWER BATTERY

xDSL

xTU-C MODULE ONLY

xTU-R

POWER BATTERY

T1/E1 SIG FRAME ERRORS

LP1SYNC AIS BPV/CODE

LP2SYNC ALARM PATSYNC BIT ERR

RESPOND

SunSet xDSL
SSxDSL

SunSet xDSL
SSxDSL-MNU

Figure 2 SSxDSL LEDs

The LEDs described here are used by the Dual E1 module. Not all LEDs on the test set are used by the Dual E1 module. MODULE (SSMTT) or xDSL (SSxDSL) Green: This indicates that the test set is in the module mode. SIGNAL (SSMTT) or T1/E1 SIG (SSxDSL) This LED is active when in Dual E1 mode. Green: The test set is receiving an E1 signal on the line selected in the Test Configuration/LED panel. Red: The test set is NOT receiving an E1 signal as expected. 5

Dual E1

FRAME This LED is active when the Dual E1 module is in a framed test mode. This LED is active for one line only. In E1DUAL mode this line is selected in TEST CONFIGURATION-LED PANEL line: either LINE 1 or 2 can be selected. When the TEST MODE is E1 SINGL, the FRAME LED default is LINE 1 and cannot be changed. Green: The test set has achieved frame synchronization and the framing found on the received signal of the selected line matches the framing set in TEST CONFIGURATION-FRAMING. Red: The configured framing type is not found on the received signal of the line selected in TEST CONFIGURATION-FRAMING. This could indicate either a loss of framing on the received signal or a framing mismatch.

PAT SYNC This LED is active for the Dual E1 module when performing a BERT test with a known test pattern. Red: No pattern synchronization or if synchronization has been lost. Green: The test set has achieved pattern synchronization. This happens when the receiver of the line selected in TEST CONFIGURATION-RxDROP is receiving the same pattern as the one transmitted by the test set. Inactive: The test set is in VF Channel Testing.

BIT ERR This LED is active for the Dual E1 module when performing a BERT test with a known test pattern. Red: The test set is currently detecting a bit error on the receiver of the line selected in TEST CONFIGURATIONRxDROP. Blinking Red: The test set has previously detected bit errors on the receiver of the line selected in TEST CONFIGURATIONRxDROP, but currently, there are none . Press HISTORY to clear this flashing LED.

The following LEDs are active for one line only. In E1DUAL mode this line is selected in TEST CONFIGURATION-LED PANEL: either LINE 1 or 2 can be selected. When the TEST MODE is E1SINGL, the default is LINE 1, and cannot be changed.

SSMTT-27

AIS Red: The test set is currently detecting an AIS (all 1 signal without framing). Blinking Red: The test set previously detected an AIS on the line, but currently, there are none. Press HISTORY to clear this flashing LED. ALARM Red: The test set is currently detecting an alarm condition. Blinking Red: The test set previously detected an alarm condition, but currently, there are none. Press HISTORY to clear this flashing LED. ERRORS Red: The test set is currently detecting an error. This can be a framing bit, CRC-6 or other errors other than BPV or bit error. Blinking Red: The test set has previously detected errors, but currently, there are none. Press HISTORY to clear this flashing LED. BPV/CODE Red: The test set is currently detecting a Bipolar Violation (BPV) or code error. Blinking Red: The test set has previously detected a Bipolar Violation (BPV) or code error, but currently, there are none. Press HISTORY to clear this flashing LED.

Dual E1

1.2 Dual E1 Connector Panels

The Dual E1 module connector panels are shown in Figure 3.

HEAD PHONE

E1-TT1

E1-RX1

E1-TX2

E1-RX2

SSMTT-27 with RJ-11 Connectors

HEAD PHONE

E1-TT1

E1-RX1

E1-TX2

E1-RX2

SSMTT-27 with BNC Connectors Figure 3 Dual E1 Connector Panels

HEAD PHONE Connect any stereo head set with a 3 conductor mini connector. E1-RX2 & E2-TX2 These jacks are used when E1DUAL is selected in TEST CONFIGURATION. The L2-RX jack port can also be used as the reference frequency input in E1SINGL mode. E1-TX1 & E1-RX2 These jacks are used both for E1SINGL and E1DUAL access modes.

SSMTT-27

2 Menus
The menu tree (Figure 4) outlines the major functions of the E1 Dual module.
Module KEY OTHER MEASUREMENTS VIEW RECEIVED DATA sec. 2.4.1 E1 MODULE MAIN MENU TEST CONFIGURATION sec. 2.1 TEST PATTERN sec. 2.2 MEASUREMENT RESULT sec. 2.3 OTHER MEASUREMENT sec. 2.4 PROTOCOLS See Protocol User Manuals VF CHANNEL ACCESS sec. 2.5 OTHER FEATURES sec. 2.6 SYSTEM PARAMETERS sec. 2.7 VF CHANNEL ACCESS SYSTEM PARAMETERS MEAS CONFIGURATION sec. 2.7.1 SELF TEST sec. 2.7.2 VF & NOISE MEASUREMENT sec. 2.5.1 VIEW LINE CAS sec. 2.5.2 CALL ANALYSIS sec. 2.5.3 CALL EMULATOR sec. 2.5.4 SUPERVISION SETUP sec. 2.5.5 DIAL PARAMETERS sec. 2.5.6 SIGNAL MEANINGS sec. 2.5.7 VIEW/STORE/PRINT sec. 2.5.8 VIEW FAS WORDS sec. 2.4.2 VIEW MFAS WORDS sec. 2.4.3 PULSE MASK ANALYSIS sec. 2.4.4 C-BIT ANALYSIS sec. 2.4.5 HISTOGRAM ANALYSIS sec. 2.4.6 PROPAGATION DELAY sec. 2.4.7 CHANNEL LOOPBACK sec. 2.4.9

OTHER FEATURES ERROR INJECTION sec. 2.6.1 ALARM GENERATION sec. 2.6.2 VIEW RESULTS RECORDS sec. 2.6.3 SEND FRAME WORDS sec. 2.6.4

Figure 4 Menu Tree Dual E1 9

2.1 Test Configuration

A circuit is accessed by: 1. Configuring the TEST CONFIGURATION menu to correspond to the circuit under test. 2. Connecting the test set to the circuit. The Dual E1 module can be configured to automatically detect incoming framing and test pattern by pressing AUTO. Note: Configuration is the most important part of the entire test procedure. If the test configuration items are configured incorrectly, all measurement results will be meaningless. To configure the test set, use the following procedure: 1. From the E1 MODULE MAIN MENU, select TEST CONFIGURATION. 2. With TEST MODE highlighted, choose E1SINGL (F1) or E1DUAL (F2). 3. Refer to the following two sections for configuration details. 2.1.1 E1 Single Configuration
08:21:36 TEST CONFIGURATION TEST MODE : Tx SOURCE : FRAMING : CRC-4 : TEST RATE : L1-Rx Port: Tx CLOCK : E1SINGL TESTPAT PCM-30 NO 2.048M TERM L1-Rx

E1SINGL

E1DUAL

Figure 5 E1 Single Test Configuration Tx SOURCE Options: LOOP (F1), TESTPAT (F2) LOOP: Use for full duplex drop and insert testing on an inservice line. In this case, the signal received on the Rx jack will be transmitted out the Tx jack for Line 1. TESTPAT: Use for out-of-service bit error rate testing. In this case, a test pattern will be transmitted on the selected Transmit jack. During Nx64 or VF CHANNEL ACCESS testing, an idle code will be inserted on the unused channels. SSMTT-27

10

FRAMING Options: PCM-30 (F1), PCM-31 (F2), UNFRAME (F3) Choose the appropriate framing for the circuit. PCM-30: This means the test set will synchronize on both Frame Alignment Signal (FAS) and MultiFrame Alignment Signal (MFAS). PCM-31: This means the test set will synchronize only on Frame Alignment Signal (FAS).

Notes: If you are unsure of the proper framing, push AUTO. Use the combination which synchronizes properly and/or allows error free measurement results. If the framing and CRC-4 state of the received signal do not exactly match the framing and CRC-4 settings, the test set will display Loss of Frame condition and may display loss of CRC DET. AMI is the default line code. The line code can be configured for AMI or HDB3 in: E1 MODULE MAIN MENU > SYSTEM PARAMETERS > MEAS CONFIGURATION. CRC-4 Options: YES (F1), NO (F2) Choosing YES allows the test set to measure CRC-4 errors on the incoming signal and also to transmit the CRC-4 bits on the outgoing signal. CRC-4 works with PCM-31 and PCM-30 framing only. If UNFRAME has been selected for framing, the test set will force the CRC-4 configuration to NO.

TEST RATE Options: 2.048M (F1), Nx64K (F2) 2.048M: This configures the test set for full rate testing. If you are not certain about which one to choose, select this for full rate testing. Nx64: This configures the test set for fractional testing. Upon pressing, you will immediately enter the SELECT TIMESLOT, screen. Select each timeslot to test, these can be selected automatically, or manually. A sample screen is shown in Figure 6.

Dual E1

11

08:21:36 SELECT TIMESLOT 01 09 17 25 01 09 17 25 02 10 18 26 02 10 18 26 03 11 19 27 03 11 19 27 RECEIVE 04 05 12 13 20 21 28 29 TRANSMIT 04 05 12 13 20 21 28 29 06 14 22 30 06 14 22 30 07 15 23 31 07 15 23 31 08 24 08 24

AUTO

SELECT

UN-SEL

CLR-ALL

Figure 6 Fractional E1 To Manually Select the Timeslots: 1. Use the keypad arrow keys to choose the timeslot and then press SELECT (F2). 2. Repeat until you have selected all the necessary timeslots. Selected timeslots remain highlighted, as shown in Figure 6. Press UN-SEL (F3) to deselect a timeslot. Press CLR-ALL (F4) to clear all selections and to start over. To Automatically Select the Timeslots: 1. Press AUTO (F1). If you are receiving a signal which is already formatted in the N (or M) x64 kbit/s fractional E1 format, the quickest method for selecting timeslots is to press AUTO (F1). 2. Press ENTER to set your choices, and return to TEST CONFIGURATION. In AUTO, the test set will automatically configure the timeslots by looking for active data. It will configure the transmit side to be the same as the active timeslots on the receive side. The test set determines which timeslots are active by first determining which timeslots are idle. Any timeslot that is not idle is assumed to be active. The test set determines that a timeslot is idle when it finds the line's idle code. This is specified in SYSTEM PARAMETERS > MEAS CONFIGURATION-IDLE CHNL CODE. Notes: In PCM-31 framing, timeslots 1-31 correspond to channels 131. In PCM-30 framing, timeslots 1-15 correspond to channels 1-15, and timeslots 17-31 correspond to channels 16-30. In SSMTT-27

12

PCM-30, timeslot 16 is used for the multiframe alignment signal. Fractional E1 is not offered with unframed signals, because framing is required to determine the location of timeslots. The timeslots specified for transmit and receive need not be the same. The number of selected timeslots can differ from the Tx side to the Rx side. The test set will assume that all incoming data is received byte by byte in ascending channel order.

L1-Rx PORT Options: TERM (F1), BRIDGE (F2), MONITOR (F3) Configures the Line 1 2.048 Mbit/s receiver. These settings let the test set electrically decode a 2.048 Mbit/s signal under a wide range of resistive cable losses. They also determine which electrical load will be placed on the circuit by the test set. These settings have no effect on the transmitters. On a 2.048 Mbit/s circuit, there must always be exactly one receiver that applies the low impedance (75/120) termination. There should never be two or more receivers applying a low impedance termination. Caution! If you are uncertain, select BRIDGE, this will protect the 2.048 Mbit/s signal. TERM mode terminates the received signal with a 75 or 120 impedance termination. The tested signal has been transmitted over real cable at a level between approximately +6 and -43 dB. Using TERM mode will disrupt the circuit. In BRIDGE mode, the test set applies high-impedance isolation resistors to the circuit. This isolation circuit will protect the signal from any possible disruption. The tested signal has been transmitted over regular cable at a level of approximately +6 and -43 dB. MONITOR mode should be used when a measurement is made at a protected monitoring point, at a level between -15 and -30 dB. The signal is provided from the protected MONITOR jack of a network equipment. - In MONITOR mode, if a 0 dB signal is received, the CODE ERR LED will light red. This often happens when the test set is plugged into an OUT jack. In this case, choose TERM instead. If you are uncertain if a jack is bridged or protected, try BRIDGE first.

Dual E1

13

TX CLOCK Options: L1-RX (F1), INTERN (F2), L2-RX (F3), OFFSET (more, F1), TTL-L2 (more, F2) This is used to time the transmit signal. L1-Rx: Choose L1-Rx, and the test set uses the timing from the signal received on Line 1 as the clock source. INTERN: This uses the internal timing of the test set. This timing is not synchronized to the network. You should use internal timing in loopback testing where synchronization is not required. L2-Rx: In this mode, timing is received from the signal received on Line 2. OFFSET: The test set uses a digital synthesizer to shift the transmit frequency in 1, 10, 100, or 1000 Hz steps. Shift up to +/- 50,000 Hz (25K ppm) and the screen shown in Figure 7 is displayed.

12:30:55 TEST CONFIGURATION DDS SHIFT: 2.048M+40 SCALE : X10

INC

DEC
Figure 7 DDS Shift

1. Set the DDS SHIFT between 0 and 50,000 Hz by using INC (F1) and DEC (F2). 2. Set the SCALE of the shift by using INC (F1) and DEC (F2). Choose among 1, 10, 100, and 1000 (i.e., a shift of 3 Hz with a SCALE of 10 would shift the frequency 13 Hz). TTL-L2: In this mode the test set uses a G.703 sinusoidal clock plugged into Line 2 RX as its timing source.

14

SSMTT-27

2.1.2 E1 Dual Configuration

08:21:36 TEST CONFIGURATION TEST MODE : Tx/INSERT : Rx/DROP : Tx SOURCE : FRAMING : CRC-4 : TEST RATE : L1-Rx Port: L2-Rx Port: Tx CLOCK : LED SOURCE: E1SINGL E1DUAL
Figure 8 E1 Dual Test Configuration Tx/INSERT Options: L1-TX (F1), L2-TX (F2) Select the 2.048 Mbit/s test line onto which to insert the test signal. Determines where the 2.048 Mbit/s test pattern, Nx64 kbit/s test pattern, Nx64 kbit/s multiplexed signal, or voice frequency channel will be inserted (i.e., if Tx/INSERT is L2-Tx and you are talking on the test set, then your voice will be inserted on line 2). Rx/DROP Options: L1-RX (F1), L2-RX (F2) Select the received test signal from either L1-Rx or L2-Rx. Configures bit error rate, 2.048 Mbit/s line frequency, E-bit error measurements, M.2100/550 measurements, voice channel frequency, voice channel level, voice channel Rx ABCD, view received data, view FAS words, view MFAS words, etc. (i.e., if you are doing a bit error rate test on the received signal from line 1, then you should select Rx/DROP as L1-Rx). Tx SOURCE Options: LOOP (F1), TESTPAT (F2) LOOP is used for full duplex drop and insert testing on an in-service line. In this case the signal received on the Rx jack will be transmitted out the Tx jack for Line 1 and Line 2. You will be inserting a signal on one or more channels on the line you chose in Tx/INSERT. The channels and corresponding ABCD bits on that line that are not being used will be passed through the test set unchanged from Rx to Tx. 15

E1DUAL L1-Tx L1-Rx TESTPAT PCM-30 NO 2.048M TERM TERM INTERN LINE1

Dual E1

TESTPAT is used for out-of-service bit error rate testing. In this case, a test pattern will be transmitted on the selected Tx/ INSERT jack. During Nx64 or VF CHANNEL ACCESS testing, an idle code will be inserted on the unused channels. On the line that is not selected, the channels and ABCD bits are passed through the test set unchanged from Rx to Tx.

FRAMING Options: PCM-30 (F1), PCM-31 (F2), UNFRAME (F3) Choose the framing that is appropriate for the circuit. PCM-30 means the test set will synchronize on both Frame Alignment Signal (FAS) and MultiFrame Alignment Signal (MFAS). PCM-31 means that the test set will synchronize only on Frame Alignment Signal (FAS).

Notes: If framing and CRC-4 state of the received signal do not exactly match the framing and CRC-4 settings, the test set will display Loss of Frame condition and may display loss of CRC DET. AMI is the default line code. The line code can be configured for AMI or HDB3 in: E1 MODULE MAIN MENU > SYSTEM PARAMETERS > MEAS CONFIGURATION. If you are unsure of the proper framing, push AUTO. Use the combination which synchronizes properly and/or allows error free measurement results. CRC-4 Options: YES (F1), NO (F2) Choosing YES allows the test set to measure CRC-4 errors on the incoming signal and to transmit the CRC-4 bits on the outgoing signal. CRC-4 works with PCM-31 and PCM-30 framing only. If UNFRAME has been selected for framing, the test set will force the CRC-4 configuration to NO.

TEST RATE Options: 2.048 (F1), Nx64K (F2) 2.048M configures the test set for full rate testing. If you are unsure which one to choose, select 2.048 Mbit/s. Nx64K configures the test set for fractional testing. Upon selection, the SELECT TIMESLOT screen is displayed. In this screen, choose each timeslot for testing. See TEST RATE in Section 2.1.1 for the procedure.

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SSMTT-27

L1-Rx Port and L2-Rx Port Options: TERM (F1), BRIDGE (F2), MONITOR (F3) Configures the two 2.048 Mbit/s receivers. These settings let the test set electrically decode a 2.048 Mbit/s signal under a wide range of resistive or cable losses. These settings also determine which electrical load will be placed on the circuit by the test set. These settings have no effect on the transmitters. On a 2.048 Mbit/s circuit, there must always be exactly one receiver that applies the low impedance (75/120) termination. There should never be two or more receivers applying a low impedance termination. See L1-Rx PORT in Section 2.1.1 for a description of each of these choices.

TX CLOCK Options: RECEIVE (F1), INTERN (F2), SHIFT (F3) This is used to time the transmit signal. RECEIVE: Choose this, and the test set uses the timing from the signal received on the line set as RX/DROP above as the clock source for both TX lines.

The next three figures portray three different timing scenarios possible when RECEIVE is selected. Figure 9 represents slave timing. Here, Tx CLOCK=L1-Rx, but the signal received on L1-Rx is timed off of the L1-Tx source. Thus, there is no true clock source. In this case, the transmit signal may die.

SLAVE 1/0 MUX L1-Rx L1-Tx

SLAVE
SunSet xDSL

SUNRISE TELECOM

TEST CONFIGURATION Tx/INSERT: L1-Tx Tx SOURCE: TESTPAT Tx CLOCK: RECEIVE

Figure 9 Slave to Slave Timing

Dual E1

17

Figure 10 depicts loop or slave timing. Tx/INSERT and TX CLOCK are set for the same line. Loop timing is necessary when transmitting toward an exchange or other network element that requires synchronous signals. This network element must be configured to be a master timing source in relation to your signal, lest you have slave-to-slave timing.

MASTER Exchange or other timing source L1-Rx L1-Tx

SLAVE

SunSet xDSL

SUNRISE TELECOM

TEST CONFIGURATION Tx/INSERT: L1-Tx Tx SOURCE: TESTPAT Tx CLOCK: RECEIVE

Figure 10 Loop/Slave Timing Figure 11 depicts external timing. External timing uses an external clock source to time the Tx/INSERT signal. The external clock source should be configured for the opposite line from the Rx/ DROP selection. In this case, Rx/DROP and Tx/INSERT are set for Line 2. Therefore, Tx CLOCK is set for Line 1 (L1-Rx). Note: In Figures 9-11, Tx SOURCE has always been set for TESTPAT. The Tx CLOCK setting is ignored if Tx SOURCE is set for LOOP. In LOOP, both Lines 1 and 2 pass timing from Rx to Tx.

Exchange or other timing source MUX 1X0 L2-Rx L1-Rx L2-Tx

SUNRISE TELECOM SunSet xDSL

TEST CONFIGURATION Tx/INSERT: L2-Tx Tx SOURCE: TESTPAT Tx CLOCK: RECEIVE

Figure 11 External Timing 18 SSMTT-27

INTERN: This setting uses the internal timing of the test set. This timing is not synchronized to the network. You should use internal timing in loopback testing where synchronization is not required. If you set Tx/INSERT as L1-Tx, and choose INTERN, the L1-Tx signal will use the internal timing of the test set. In E1DUAL mode, the L2-Tx signal will use the timing recovered from L2-Rx. SHIFT: The test set uses a digital synthesizer to shift the transmit frequency in 1, 10, 100, or 1000 Hz steps. Shift up to +/- 50,000 hz (25K ppm) and the screen shown in Figure 12 is displayed.

12:30:55 TEST CONFIGURATION DDS SHIFT: 2.048M+40 SCALE : X10

INC

DEC
Figure 12 DDS Shift

1. Set the DDS SHIFT between 0 and 50,000 Hz by using INC (F1) and DEC (F2). 2. Set the SCALE of the shift by using INC (F1) and DEC (F2). Choose among 1, 10, 100, and 1000. For example, a shift of 3 Hz with a SCALE of 10 would shift the frequency 13 Hz. LED SOURCE Options: LINE 1 (F1), LINE 2 (F2) Select Line 1 or 2 to be displayed on the test sets LED panel. This selection does not apply to PAT SYNC and BIT ERR LEDs.

Dual E1

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2.2 Test Pattern

08:21:36 TEST PATTERN 2e23 2047 1111 QRS 2e20 511 1010 1-4 2e15 127 0000 1-8 20ITU 63 FOX 3-24

PATTERN : 2e23

USER

INVERT
Figure 13 Send Test Pattern

Standard Test Patterns To send one of the standard patterns: 1. Use the arrow keys to highlight the desired pattern. As each pattern is highlighted, the test set begins transmitting that pattern. 2. Press INVERT (F2) to send the pattern with an inverted polarity (1s and 0s reversed). Press NORMAL (F2) to send the pattern with a normal polarity. 3. At the MEASURE MODE line in SYSTEM PARAMETERS > MEAS CONFIGURATION, you have the option of selecting BER (F1) to have the test set look for a BERT pattern, or LIVE (F2), where the test set does not look for a pattern, and tests live traffic. If LIVE is selected, the PAT SYNC LED will turn off. The long patterns are written in hexadecimal notation, also known as hex. You can tell if a pattern is written in hex because it will be written with pairs of numbers separated by commas. Hex is a 16 digit number system consisting of the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F. The hex pattern 15 FA translates to the binary pattern 0001 0101 1111 1010, where the left most bit is transmitted first. The following test patterns appear in Figure 13: 2e23: This is the industry-standard 2e23-1 pseudo random bit sequence. This signal is formed from a 23 stage shift register and is not zero-constrained. This pattern contains up to 22 zeros in a row and violates standards for consecutive zeros in AMI-coded transmission. 20 SSMTT-27

2e20: This is the industry-standard 2e20-1 pseudo random bit sequence. This signal is formed from a 20 stage shift register and is not zero-constrained. This pattern contains up to 19 zeros in a row and violates standards for consecutive zeros in AMI-coded transmission. The QRS pattern is derived from the 2e20 pattern. 2e15: This is the industry-standard 2e15-1 pseudo random bit sequence. This signal is formed from a 15 stage shift register and is not zero-constrained. This pattern contains up to 14 zeros in a row and does not violate standards for consecutive zeros in AMIcoded transmission. 20ITU: 20ITU is the 2e20-1 pseudo random bit sequence. This signal is formed from a 20 stage shift register and is not zero-constrained. This pattern conforms to the ITU O.153 technical standard. This pattern is not identical to 2e20, because different feedback mechanisms are used when the patterns are produced by means of shift registers. 20ITU suppresses consecutive sequences of more than 18 zeros, as opposed to 14 zeros in 2e20. 2047: This is the industry-standard 2047 bit code used for DDS applications. 511, 127, 63: These are industry-standard bit codes used for DDS applications. 1111: The industry-standard all ones pattern is used for stress testing E1 AMI and B8ZS lines. If the pattern is sent unframed, it will be interpreted as an AIS (Alarm Indication Signal). This is the pattern in its binary form: 1111. 1010: This is the industry-standard alternating ones and zeros pattern. The pattern is frame aligned with f showing the location of the framing bit. The pattern is: f 0101 0101. 0000: This is the industry-standard all zeros pattern. This pattern is often used to make sure that clear-channel lines have been properly provisioned for B8ZS during circuit turn-up. If a portion of the circuit is AMI, then pattern synch and/or signal will be lost. The pattern is: 0000. FOX: The industry-standard FOX pattern is used in data communications applications. The ASCII translation of the pattern is the Quick brown fox .... sentence. The pattern is frame aligned to ensure proper ASCII translation of the bits. It is recommended that the pattern be sent with framed signals, otherwise ASCII translation is not possible. This is the pattern: 2A, 12, A2, 04, 8A, AA, 92, C2, D2, 04, 42, 4A, F2, EA, 72, 04, 62, F2, 1A, 04, 52, AA, B2, 0A, CA, 04, F2, 6A, A2, 4A, 04, 2A, 12, A2, 04, 32, 82, 5A, 9A, 04, 22, F2, E2, 04, 8C, 4C, CC, 2C, AC, 6C, EC, 1C, 9C, 0C, B0, 50. Dual E1 21

QRSS: This is the industry-standard Quasi Random Signal. This signal is formed from a 20 stage shift register and is zero-constrained for a maximum of 14 consecutive zeros. When transmitted in a framed signal, up to 15 consecutive zeros will occur in accordance with AMI minimum density requirements. 1-4: The one-in-four pattern is used for stress testing circuits. It is frame aligned. The pattern is 0100. 1-8: The industry-standard 1 in 8 pattern is used for stress testing AMI and B8ZS lines. The pattern is also called 1:7 in older literature. The pattern is frame aligned (f is the framing bit) as shown in its binary form: f 0100 0000. 3-24: The industry-standard 3 in 24 pattern is used for stress testing AMI lines. The pattern is frame aligned (f is the framing bit) as shown in its binary form: f 0100 0100 0000 0000 0000 0100. User Test Patterns In addition to the standard patterns, you may program and send a user pattern. To access, press USER (F1) in the TEST PATTERN screen (Figure 13). The USER TEST PATTERN screen appears listing any stored patterns (Figure 14). In this screen you can create, edit, view, send, or delete a pattern.

0. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

08:21:36 USER TEST PATTERN CURRENT-

CREATE
Figure 14 User Test Pattern Screen Sending a User Test Pattern 1. In TEST PATTERN, press USER (F1). 2. The test set will present a list of stored USER patterns. Use the up/down arrow keys to select the desired pattern. 3. Press ENTER to send the selected pattern.

22

SSMTT-27

Viewing a User Test Pattern 1. From USER TEST PATTERN, move the cursor to the desired pattern and press VIEW (F1). 2. You will see your selected pattern on the screen (in binary). 3. When finished, press ESC to return to USER TEST PATTERN. Creating User-Defined Patterns 1. In TEST PATTERN, press USER (F1) to enter USER TEST PATTERN. 2. Select a blank position on the list. 3. Press CREATE (F1). The cursor appears at LABEL. 4. Press TOGGLE (F3). The letter A will be highlighted in the character grid as shown in Figure 15. 5. Use the arrow keys to move the cursor to the desired character. 6. Press SELECT (F4) and the character appears next to LABEL. Repeat until the label is done. 7. Press TOGGLE (F3) to move out of the character grid and back to LABEL.

08:21:36 USER TEST PATTERN LABEL: AF No :

A H O V

B I P W

C J Q X

D K R Y

E L S Z

F M T -

G N U /

INSERT DELETE TOGGLE

Figure 15 User Test Pattern Screen 8. 9. Press the down arrow key to move to No. Press the SHIFT key and use the keypad to enter the pattern. You may enter up to 24 bits to make the desired pattern. Use INSERT (F1) and DELETE (F2) if you need to make corrections to the pattern.

11. Press SHIFT when finished. Verify that the SHFT indicator is no longer displayed. 12. Press ENTER to store the pattern and to return to the TEST PATTERN screen. The new pattern label will now be displayed in the menu.

Dual E1

23

Editing a User Test Pattern Label 1. From TEST PATTERN, press USER (F1) to move into USER TEST PATTERN. 2. Select the pattern label that you want and press EDIT (F2). 3. When the cursor is on LABEL, with the keypad arrow keys select the desired character and: A. Press DELETE (F2), press TOGGLE (F3) and select the desired character, the character will be inserted in place of the deleted character in the label, or B. Press INSERT (F1), press TOGGLE (F3) and select the desired character, the character will be inserted to the left of selected character in the label, or C. Press TYPOVER, press TOGGLE (F3) and select the desired character, the character will be inserted in place of the selected character in the label. Correcting a Mistake in the Pattern 1. While entering the 1s and 0s, you notice an incorrect digit. Press SHIFT to remove the SHFT indicator. 2. Select the incorrect digit with the keypad arrow keys and press SHIFT to display the SHFT indicator. 3. Enter the correct digit. 4. Press the SHIFT key to remove the SHFT indicator. 5. Move the cursor with the keypad arrow keys to the end of the line. 6. Press SHIFT again to display the SHFT indicator. 7. Enter in the rest of the digits. 8. Press ENTER to store the pattern. You can edit the code's label using the same procedure. Deleting a User Test Pattern 1. From TEST PATTERN, press USER (F1) to enter USER TEST PATTERN. 2. Select the entry you want to delete and press DELETE (F3). The entry is deleted. 3. Press ESC to return to TEST PATTERN.

24

SSMTT-27

2.3 Measurement Result

To observe results: 1. Select MEASUREMENT RESULT from the E1 MODULE MAIN MENU and press START (F3). 2. Scroll through screens using PAGE-UP (F1) or PAGE-DN (F2). 3. Press ESC when finished. The test set continuously performs measurements on received signal(s). While a measurement is being made, the MEAS status indicator is displayed at the top of the screen. When the measurement is stopped, the indicator will disappear. Results are stored when your press STOP (F3) and when PRINT RESULT is set to LAST in SYSTEM PARAMETERS > MEAS CONFIGURATION, or when a TIMED measurement finishes. Events are also stored when PRINT EVENT is ENABLED, in MEAS CONFIGURATION. You do not need to access MEASUREMENT RESULT for results to be compiled. Measurements are automatically restarted every time the configuration is significantly changed. The MEASUREMENT RESULT screens allow you to view the accumulated measurements and restart the measurement process. The actual screens and the values displayed depend upon the TEST MODE selected in TEST CONFIGURATION. There are, however, some common features in all screens (see Figure 16).

Meas

08:21:36

ET : 000:24:37 RT : CONTINU FRM : PCM-30/C TxCk: INTERN PATT: 2e23 RATE: 2.048M LINE 1- SUMMARY CODE: 0 RATE: 0.00E-09 BIT : 0 RATE: 0.00E-09 CRC : 0 RATE: 0.00E-06 EBIT: 0 RATE: 0.00E-06 FE : 0 RATE: 0.00E-06 RxCLK:2048000 +RxLVL:-0.22 dB Hz/PPM:-0.488 -RxLVL:-0.22 dB PAGE-UP PAGE-DN STOP MORE

Figure 16 Measurement Results Screen

Dual E1

25

Measurements often have a count number displayed on the left hand side and the corresponding rate or percentage displayed on the right hand side of the same line. For example, in Figure 16, CODE appears on the left and RATE on the right. A key concept is availability. A circuit is available for use only when the bit error rate is low enough that the signal can get through and be understood. A circuit is said to be unavailable at the beginning of 10 consecutive severely errored seconds. Errors, errored seconds, and severely errored seconds are not accumulated when the circuit is unavailable. Therefore, if you start continuously injecting errors to the test set at a 2x10-3 error rate, you will see increasing bit errors, errored seconds, and severely errored seconds for the first 9 seconds. At the tenth second, all the counts will decrease back to the values they had before the error injection was started, and the unavailable counter will increase by 10. Once a circuit is unavailable, it becomes available only after 10 consecutive seconds without severe errors. To continue the previous example, if you turn the severe error injection off, and then insert 1 or 2 errors during the next 5 seconds, you will observe that the unavailable second counter continues to increase for the first 9 seconds while the error counter does not change. Then at the tenth second, the unavailable second counter suddenly decreases by 10 and the error counter increases by the 1 or 2 errors that you inserted. The following F-keys are shared by all screens: PAGE-UP (F1), PAGE-DN (F2): These allow viewing of all available screens. STOP/START (F3): Press STOP to halt the test. Pressing START, restarts the measurement process from within this menu. HOLDSCR/CONTINU (more, F1): Hold Screen freezes all of the measurement displays so they may be easily observed. The measurement count is still proceeding, but the counts are updated only in memory. You may now read the previous counts clearly. When you have finished viewing the screen, press CONTINU to view updated measurement results. LOCK/UNLOCK (more, F2): Press LOCK to disable the keypad. The measurement process continues as usual, but keypad strokes have no effect on the test set. This is useful if you are running a long-term test and do not wish to have the test disturbed. Press UNLOCK to enable the test sets keypad. Using this feature will not disturb any measurement results.

26

SSMTT-27

In addition to the actual measurement data, the following information is displayed in the upper portion of these screens: Current Time: The time of day is displayed in the upper righthand corner of the screen on the SunSet xDSL, and on the upper left on the SunSet MTT. ET: Elapsed Time is the time that has passed since the test was started or restarted. RT: Remaining Time is the time that remains until the end of testing. The factory default condition is that the test runs continuously until the user stops it. CONTINU is displayed in the RT field to denote a continuous test. However, in SYSTEM PARAMETERS > MEAS CONFIGURATION, you may specify the length of test time. In this case, the remaining time will count down to zero during the measurement. FRM: Transmitted framing TxCK: Transmit clock source PATT: Transmitted test pattern RATE: Test rate

Dual E1

27

2.3.1 Measurement Results and General Definitions These screens contain several pages of data. Which screens are displayed depend on the mode the test set is in, E1SINGL or E1DUAL. Screen 1, which appears when you first enter MEASUREMENT RESULT, is the STATUS screen. It displays the status of each line in use. In large font, a status message is displayed for both lines 1 and 2. These messages (i.e., NO ERRORS, FRM LOSS, SIG LOSS, ERROR DET) represent the condition of the line during testing. Remember to press START (F3) to begin taking measurements. Measurement Result Definitions The following measurements are displayed within the results screens. The definitions are listed in alphabetical order. Note: Each measurement is proprietary to its screen; i.e., error refers to E-Bit errors in the E-BIT screen, and to all Summary errors in the SUMMARY screen, etcetera. AISS: Alarm Indication Signal Seconds is a count of the number of seconds in which AIS was detected. AS: This is the count of Available Seconds since the start of the test. AS equals the length of the total test time minus any Unavailable Seconds. %AS: This is the percentage of Available Seconds since the start of the test. BIT: This is a count of bit errors that have occurred since the start of the test. Bit errors are not counted during unavailable time. BER: Bit Error Rate is the total number of bit errors divided by the total number of bits during available time since the start of the test. CLK SLIP: This is the number of Clock Slips that have occurred since the start of the test. CODE: This is a count of the number of line Code Errors (Bipolar Violations that violate the coding rules) that have occurred since the start of the test. In HDB3 coding, a Code Error is a bipolar violation that is not part of a valid HDB3 substitution. (CODE) RATE: This is the average Bipolar Violation error rate since the start of the test. CRC: This is a count of the number of CRC-4 block errors that have occurred since the start of the test. This measurement is reported as N/A when the test set is not synchronized on a received CRC-4 check sequence. (CRC) RATE: This is the average CRC-4 block error rate since the start of the test. This measurement is reported as N/A when the test set is not synchronized on a received FAS or MFAS signal. 28 SSMTT-27

DGRM: This is the count of degraded minutes since the start of the test. A DGRM occurs when there is a 10-6 bit error rate during 60 available, non-severely bit errored seconds. %DGRM: This is the percentage of summary Degraded Minutes since the start of the test. EBIT: This count shows the number of E-bit errors since the start of the test. EBER: This is the average E-bit error rate since the start of the test. EFS: This is a count of number of Error Free Seconds since the start of the test. %EFS: This is the percentage of summary Error Free Seconds since the start of the test. A summary Error Free Second is a second in which the signal is properly synchronized and no errors or defects occur. ES: This is a count of the number of Errored Seconds that have occurred since the start of the test. An ES is any second with at least one BPV, bit error, FBE, errored block, or CRC-4 error. An ES is not counted during an Unavailable Second. %ES: This is the percentage of errored seconds that have occurred since the start of the test. FALM: Frame Alarm seconds is a count of seconds that have had far end frame alarm (FAS Remote Alarm Indication, RAI) since the start of the test. FE: This is a count of the number of Frame bit Errors that have occurred since the start of the test. This measurement is reported as N/A when the test set has not synchronized on a known framing pattern within the received signal. Hz/PPM: The Hertz/Part Per Million count records any variance from 2.048 Mbit/s in the received frequency. LOFS: Loss Of Frame Seconds is a count of seconds since the start of the test that have experienced a loss of frame. LOSS: Loss Of Signal Seconds is a count of the number of seconds during which the signal has been lost during the test. +LVL: Positive Level is the level of positive pulses being received by the test set. Measurements are displayed in decibels variance from G.703 specified level (dB). -LVL: Negative Level is the level of negative pulses being received by the test set. Measurements are displayed in decibels variance from G.703 specified level (dB). Lpp: Level Peak-to-Peak is the peak-to-peak level of negative and positive pulses being received by the test set. Measurements are displayed in decibels variance from DSX level (dB). Dual E1 29

MAX Hz: This is the maximum frequency measured since the start of the test. MIN Hz: This is the minimum frequency measured since the start of the test. MFAL: Multiframe Alarm seconds is a count of seconds that have had far end multiframe alarm (MFAS Remote Alarm Indication, RAI) since the start of the test. RxCLK: This is the received clocking frequency. +/- RxLVL: This is the positive or negative level of pulses being received by the test set. RCV Hz: This is the current frequency measured during the last second. SES: This is the count of Severely Errored Seconds since the start of the test. A severely errored second has an error rate of >10-3. SES is not counted during unavailable time. %SES: This is the percentage of seconds since the start of the test that are Severely Errored Seconds. SLIP: This is the count of Bit Slips. SLIP occurs when the synchronized pattern either loses a bit or has an extra bit stuffed into it. UAS: This is the count of Unavailable Seconds that have occurred since the start of the test. Unavailable time begins at the onset of 10 consecutive severely errored seconds. The displayed value of UAS updates after the tenth consecutive severely errored second occurs. Unavailable time also begins at a LOS or LOF. %UAS: This is the percentage of unavailable seconds since the start of the test. +WANDR: This is the total positive phase difference between the measured frequency and the reference frequency since the start of the test. The +WANDR value increases whenever the measured frequency is larger than the reference frequency. -WANDR: This is the total negative phase difference between the measured frequency and the reference frequency since the start of the test. The -WANDR increases whenever the measured frequency is less than the reference frequency. The following sections describe the available results screens.

30

SSMTT-27

Line 1 and Line 2 SUMMARY Screens Screens 2 and 3 contain the summary results for Lines 1 and 2, respectively, if both lines are in use. Figure 17 displays the SUMMARY screen for Line 1. These screens present the most significant measurement results. They contain data related to the specific types of impairments, like code errors, CRC-4 block errors, framing, and multiframing bit errors. Refer to previous Measurement Result Definitions in this section for definitions.

Meas

08:21:36

ET : 000:24:37 RT : CONTINU FRM : PCM-30/C TxCk: INTERN PATT: 2e23 RATE: 2.048M LINE 1- SUMMARY CODE: 0 RATE: 0.00E-09 BIT : 0 RATE: 0.00E-09 CRC : 0 RATE: 0.00E-06 EBIT: 0 RATE: 0.00E-06 FE : 0 RATE: 0.00E-06 RxCLK:2048000 +RxLVL:-0.22 dB Hz/PPM:-0.488 -RxLVL:-0.22 dB PAGE-UP PAGE-DN STOP MORE

Figure 17 Line 1 Summary Screen (E1 Mode) FREQUENCY Screen The next screen shows relevant frequency information.

Meas ET : 000:50:21 FRM : PCM-30/C PATT: 2e23 LINE NEG

08:21:36 RT : CONTINU TxCK: INTERN RATE: 2.048M

1- FREQUENCY

0 POS -+--+--+----+----+--+--+<<<<< 051 RCV/Hz: 2047999 MAX/Hz: 2047999 MIN/Hz: 2047999 PAGE-UP PAGE-DN CKSLIP: 51 +WANDR: 0 -WANDR: 51 STOP MORE

Figure 18 Line Frequency Screen (E1 Mode) Dual E1 31

The bar graph indicates how fast the signal is slipping in relation to the reference clock. In TEST CONFIGURATION, RxDROP determines which line the measurements are taken on. The other (not selected) line is the reference clock. For example, if RxDROP is L1-Rx, L1 will be measured, and the reference clock will be derived from the L2-Rx signal. It is important to know the source of the reference clock, to meaningfully interpret the graph results. Note that the bar graph slips most rapidly at the center position and then gradually slows down as the length of the bar increases. A count of the number of clock slips is kept at the end of the bar. At 256 clock slips the graph resets itself. One clock slip occurs when the measured frequency deviates from the reference frequency by one unit interval. A unit interval is equal to 488 nano seconds, for E1 lines. The bar graph is only valid when both L1-Rx and L2-Rx have valid signals. If L2-Rx has no signal it will show a NO LINE 2 REF SIGNAL, and no graph will be shown (Figure 19).

Meas ET : 000:50:21 FRM : PCM-30/C PATT: 2e23 LINE

08:21:36 RT : CONTINU TxCK: INTERN RATE: 2.048M

1- FREQUENCY

NO LINE 2 REF

RCV/Hz: 2047999 MAX/Hz: 2047999 MIN/Hz: 2047999 PAGE-UP PAGE-DN

CKSLIP: N/A +WANDR: N/A -WANDR: N/A STOP MORE

Figure 19 Line Frequency/No Ref Signal

Note: When no reference clock signal is present, the test set will default to its internal clock, for the measurement of MAX, MIN, and current RCV bit rates of the selected signal.

32

SSMTT-27

Line 1 and Line 2 G.821 Screens These screens present the measurement parameters specified in ITU G.821. Note that these screens will only appear if the G.821 line in SYSTEM PARAMETERS > MEAS CONFIG is set to ON. The same applies specifically to the DGRM measurement. Figure 20 provides a sample screen. Refer to previous Measurement Result Definitions in this section for definitions.

Meas ET : 000:50:21 FRM : PCM-30/C PATT: 2e23 BIT : ES : SES : EFS : AS : UAS : DGRM:

08:21:36 RT : CONTINU TxCK: INTERN RATE: 2.048M 0.0e-10 00.000 00.000 100 100 00.000 0.000 MORE

LINE 1- G.821 0 BER : 0 %ES : 0 %SES : 3541 %EFS : 3541 %AS : 0 %UAS : 0 %DGRMSTOP

PAGE-UP PAGE-DN

Figure 20 G.821 Logical Screen

Line 1 and Line 2 ALM/SIG Screens This screen presents alarm and measurement parameters relating to the E1 signal. Refer to previous Measurement Result Definitions in this section for definitions.

Meas

08:21:36

ET : 000:50:21 RT : CONTINU FRM : PCM-30/C TxCK: INTERN PATT: 2e23 RATE: 2.048M LINE LOSS: AISS: LOFS: FALM: MFAL: 0 0 0 0 0 1- ALM/SIG +LVL : -0.69 dB -LVL : -0.69 dB Lpp : 4.73 dB

PAGE-UP PAGE-DN

STOP

MORE

Figure 21 ALM/SIG Screen (E1 Mode) Dual E1 33

Line 1 and Line 2 M.2100/550 Screens This screen provides pass/fail measurements in accordance with ITU M.2100/550 specifications. This specification is used where a 2.048 Mbit/s circuit passes through international boundaries. It allocates a certain allowable error rate to each nation that carries the circuit. You need only enter the appropriate percentage that is to be allowed for the line under test. The test set makes the M.2100/550 calculations and reports whether the line passed or failed. Refer to Figure 22. The following definitions pertain to this screen.

Meas

08:21:36

ET : 000:50:21 RT : CONTINU FRM : PCM-30/C TxCK: INTERN PATT: 2e23 RATE: 2.048M LINE 1- M2100/550 PERIOD P/F %ES %SES 01-01 00:27/00:29 P 0.0 0.0 01-01 00:29/00:31 P 0.0 0.0 01-01 00:31/00.33 P 0.0 0.0 01-01 00:33/00:35 P 0.0 0.0

PAGE-UP PAGE-DN

STOP

MORE

Figure 22 Line 1- M.2100/550 screen (E1 Mode)

PERIOD: Identifies the date and time interval of each of the reported pass or fail results. The period interval used in Figure 22 is 2 minutes. You may change this interval in the SYSTEM PARAMETERS > MEAS CONFIGURATION, page 2. Valid entries may range from 00 to 99 minutes. P/F: This shows whether the test result passed or failed during the test period. %ES: This is the percentage of M.2100 Errored Seconds since the start of the test. An errored second is any second with a Code, Bit, Frame, Multiframe or CRC error. %SES: This is the percentage of Severely Errored Seconds since the start of the test. An M.2100 Severely Errored Second is any second with >10-3 bit error rate, 10-3 code error, excessive frame, multiframe or CRC bit errors, loss of frame, loss of pattern, synchronization, or loss of signal. 34 SSMTT-27

LINE 1 and Line 2 G.826 Screens The following screen shows G.826 results. Refer to Figure 23.

Meas

08:21:36

ET : 000:50:21 RT : CONTINU FRM : PCM-30/C TxCK: INTERN PATT: 2e23 RATE: 2.048M LINE 1- G.826 EB BBE ES SES UAS EFS : : : : : : 4 4 4 0 0 1001 %EB %BBE %ES %SES %UAS %EFS STOP : : : : : : 01.1111 00.0004 00.0004 00.0000 00.0000 99.93 MORE

PAGE-UP PAGE-DN

Figure 23 Line 1- G.826 Screen (E1 Mode)

Note: You must turn on G.826 measurements in SYSTEM PARAMETERS > MEAS CONFIGURATION. This ITU standard, specifies required performance characteristics of 2.048 Mbit/s lines. The parameter definitions given in G.826 are block-based. This makes in-service measurement convenient. The following definitions are specific to this screen: BBE: A Background Block Error is an errored block not occurring as part of a SES (Severely Errored Second). %BBE: The percentage of errored blocks since the start of the test, excluding all blocks during SES and unavailable time. EB: An Errored Block is a block containing one or more bit errors. %EB: This is the percentage of errored blocks since the start of the test. SES: A Severely Errored Second is a one second period which contains greater or equal to 30% errored blocks. %SES: This is the percentage of Severely Errored Seconds since the start of the test.

Dual E1

35

2.4 Other Measurement

This menu can contain the following depending on ordered options: VIEW RECEIVED DATA VIEW FAS WORDS VIEW MFAS WORDS PULSE MASK ANALYSIS X.50 ANALYSIS HISTOGRAM ANALYSIS PROPAGATION DELAY V.110 ANALYSIS CHANNEL LOOPBACK

2.4.1 View Received Data Figure 24 shows a typical screen. This display refers to the Rx/ DROP setting in TEST CONFIGURATION.

Meas PAGE:01 T/S BINARY 00 00011011 01 10001110 02 01000100 03 11011010 04 01100101 05 00100010 06 10100001 07 00110000 PAGE-UP PAGE-DN

08:21:36

VIEW RECEIVED DATA HEX 1B 8E 44 DA 65 22 A1 30 PAUSE ASCII ( ) (q) D() ([) e( ) (D) ( ) 0( ) PRINT

Figure 24 View Received Data To view this screen, use the following procedure: 1. From E1 MODULE MAIN MENU, select OTHER MEASUREMENT > VIEW RECEIVED DATA. Press PAUSE (F3) to trap the current data on the E1 line. Press PRINT (F4) to send the data to the serial port for printing. Press PAGE-UP (F1) or PAGE-DN (F2) to view more data. Note the PAGE number in the upper left-hand portion of the screen. 64 pages of data are available; which is equal to 16 frames or one multiframe. 2. When finished, press ESC. 36 SSMTT-27

The following information is displayed: PAGE: Indicates which of the available 64 pages of data is currently being displayed. T/S: Specifies the Time Slot being viewed. BINARY: This column shows the binary data actually being received on the line. Each line represents the 8-bit timeslot. HEX: This column shows the hexadecimal representation of the 8 bits being transmitted in each timeslot. ASCII: This column displays the ASCII representation of the 8-bit binary framing word which has been received. The character displayed to the left of the parentheses represents the 8-bit framing words translated in their present order. The character displayed within the parentheses represents the 8 bits translated in reverse order.

2.4.2 View FAS Words This allows viewing of the live presentation of E1 framing binary words. Timeslots 0 of frames 0-15 are displayed in this screen (Figure 25). The presented data refers to the Rx/DROP selection in TEST CONFIGURATION. See Section 4 for further information. Notes: Valid framing is required to select this screen. Press PAUSE (F1) to freeze the presentation of data; press RESUME (F1) to return to a live FAS word display. PRINT (F2) will become available when this screen is paused; press PRINT to send the screen to the serial port for printing.

Meas 08:21:36 FAS FRAME WORDS FRM 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 12345678 c0011011 10011011 00011011 10011011 10011011 00011011 00011011 10011011 10011011 PRINT FRM 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 12345678 i1asssss 01011111 01011111 11011111 01011111 11011111 11011111 11011111 11011111

RESUME

Figure 25 FAS Frame Words Dual E1 37

The even frames, 0-14, contain the FAS, Frame Alignment Signal, in bits 2-8. As shown in Figure 25, FAS is represented by 0011011. The odd frames do not contain the frame alignment signal. The top row of these frames in Figure 25 shows the allocation of bits 1-8 in these frames. The figure represents an undisturbed condition. When the framing is set for PCM-30 Multiframe, there is a slight variation in the odd framing bits, those not containing the frame alignment signal. Bit 1 is used to transmit the 6-Bit CRC-4 multiframe alignment signal and 2 CRC-4 error indication bits. The CRC-4 multiframe alignment signal has the form 001011. Figure 26 shows the FAS frame words seen when the framing is set for PCM-30.

Meas FAS FRAME WORDS FRM 12345678 c0011011 0 00011011 2 10011011 4 00011011 6 00011011 8 10011011 10 00011011 12 00011011 14 00011011 PAUSE FRM 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15

08:21:36 12345678 ilasssss 01011111 11011111 11011111 11011111 11011111 01011111 01011111 11011111

Figure 26 FAS Frame Words-PCM30

In Figure 26, the first bits of frames 1-11 (odd) send the pattern 001011, the CRC-4 multiframe alignment signal.

38

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2.4.3 View MFAS Words This allows viewing of the live presentation of Timeslot 16, Frames 0-15. Select PCM-30 framing in TEST CONFIGURATION to access this screen. The data comes from the Rx/DROP selection in TEST CONFIGURATION. Press PAUSE (F1) to freeze the presentation of data; press RESUME (F1) to return to a live MFAS word display. PRINT (F2) will become available when this screen is paused; press PRINT to send the screen to the serial port for printing.

Meas FRM 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 RESUME 12345678 0000xyxx 00001011 11011101 11011101 11011101 11011101 11011101 11011101 11011101 PRINT FRM 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15

08:21:36 12345678 ABCDabcd 11011101 11011101 11011101 11011101 11011101 11011101 11011101 11011101

MFAS FRAME WORDS

Figure 27 MFAS Frame Words

In the Multiframe, timeslot 16 is used for either common channel or channel associated signalling, as required. Please note that in Figure 27, the template for the even frames (0000xyxx) applies only to Frame 0. All other frames follow the template shown above the odd frames (ABCDabcd). As seen in Figure 27, in frame 0, MFAS is 0000. The rest of the frames contain signalling channels designated a, b, c, and d. Frame 1 contains channels 1 and 16, frame 2 contains channels 2 and 17, and so forth until frame 15, which contains channels 15 and 30.

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2.4.4 Pulse Mask Analysis This option enables you to measure the quality of an E1 waveform. The results compare favorably with pulse shape measurements obtained from testing with a digital oscilloscope. The analysis is performed for any received test pattern or live signal, and line interface mode. The signal shape is displayed on the test sets screen. The ITU G.703 pulse mask can be superimposed for fast inspection. The test set will store the present pulse shape for later viewing. Note that if you start analysis while measurements are running, the test set will stop the measurements. When the analysis is complete, the test set will restart the measurements. START NEW ANALYSIS VIEW LAST PULSE SHAPE

The menu contains two items:

2.4.4.1 Start New Analysis Figure 28 provides a sample screen.

PASS
1

15:46:55
Width 240 ns Rise Time 57 ns Fall Time 70 ns Ovr Shoot 0.0 %

0 -

UndShoot 3.0 % Level -0.4 dB

50 ns/div NO-MASK RESTART PRINT

Figure 28 Pulse Shape Analysis

In a few seconds, the captured pulse shape will be displayed. A PASS/FAIL message will appear at the top of the screen, when a G.703 mask has been imposed on the received pulse. If the pulse meets the G.703 criteria, it passes. Otherwise, it fails. In this screen, there are three F-keys:

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G.703 (F1): Displays the ITU G.703 mask with the captured signal. This F-key then becomes NO-MASK; press to remove the G.703 mask. RESTART (F2): Starts a new pulse shape capture and analysis. PRINT (F3): Press to send the screen to the serial port for printing. Definitions for this screen are: Width:Pulse Width, in nano seconds Rise Time: in nano seconds Fall Time: in nano seconds Ovr Shoot: Percentage of over shoot Und Shoot: Percentage of undershoot Level: Signal level, in dB 2.4.4.2 View Last Pulse Shape View the last pulse shape captured by the test set. You may view this pulse shape at any time, even after the test set has been turned off for an extended period of time. The last pulse shape will be displayed on the screen, along with the G.703 and PRINT F-keys. See Section 2.4.4.1 for the results definitions.

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2.4.5 C-Bit Analysis This allows you to send and receive C-Bit frames. C-bits can be received on both Line 1 and Line 2, but they can be transmitted on only one line. This will be the line set for Tx/ INSERT in TEST CONFIGURATION.

Meas C-BIT ANALYSIS L1-Tx T/S:01 L1-Rx T/S:01 SEND BITS RECEIVED LINE-1 LINE-2 NEXT

13:34:19 TRANSMIT :IDLE L2-Rx T/S:01

123456789012345 S10001000010001 S10001000010001 C-BIT NOT FOUND

PREVIUS
Figure 29 C-Bit Analysis

Note: The test set will transmit an IDLE pattern upon entering this screen. The following programmable fields are available: L1-Tx T/S Options: 1-15, 17-31 Select the transmit timeslot on which to send C-bits. Press NEXT (F1) or PREVIUS (F2) as necessary. To send C-bits on Line 2 (and thus, this item changes to L2-Tx T/S), set Tx/INSERT to L2-Tx in the TEST CONFIGURATION screen. As PCM-30 framing is required for this C-bit analysis, you may not select timeslot 16.

TRANSMIT Options; USER (F1), IDLE (F2) This setting determines bit 2. IDLE: This sends logic 1 as bit 2. When 1 is placed in this spot, C-bit framing will be ignored. USER: This activates the C-bit framing and sets the programmable bits. To program the bits use the following procedure: SSMTT-27

42

1. Select SEND bits. 2. At each bit, press SHIFT and enter either 0 or 1 with the numeric keypad. The cursor automatically moves one spot to the right once a bit is entered. When the cursor highlights a specific bit, information about this C-bit is displayed. L1-Rx Options: 1-15, 17-31 Select the Line receive timeslot on which to receive C-bits. Press NEXT (F1), or PREVIUS (F2) as needed. Because PCM-30, MFAS, framing is required, you may not select timeslot 16.

This screen also shows the received C-bits for both Lines 1 & 2. If C-bits are not found on a line, a C-BIT NOT FOUND message will be displayed for that line. Definitions of C-bits 2-15 are shown in Table 1.

B it # 2 ESCAPE 3 2M b Loops 4 Loop 2 or Loop 3 5 L o o p 2 In s tru c tio n 6 L o o p 3 In s tru c tio n 7 H D B3 C om m and 8 L o o p A c k n o w le d g e 9 N o t D e fin e d 1 0 L o c a l F a u lt 1 1 R e m o te /L in e F a u lt 1 2 C F ra m e L o s s 1 3 -1 5 S p a re

A s s ig n m e n t 0 -C -F ra m e A c tiv e 1 -C -F ra m e Ig n o re d 0 -S u b s c rib e r 1 -N e tw o r k 0 -S u b s c rib e r 1 -N e tw o r k 0 -A c tiv e 1 -N o n -a c tiv e 0 -A c tiv e 1 -N o n -a c tiv e 0 -A c tiv e 1 -N o n -a c tiv e 0 -A c k n o w le d g e 1 -N o A c k n o w le d g e m e n t 0 -A c tiv e 1 -N o n -a c tiv e 0 -A c tiv e 1 -N o n -a c tiv e 0 -A c tiv e 1 -N o n -a c tiv e

Table 1 C-bit Definitions

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2.4.6 Histogram Analysis This menu contains three items CURRENT HISTOGRAM SAVED HISTOGRAM FORMAT SRAM

Notes Histogram analysis automaticity starts when E1 measurement starts. You will not be able to access this menu without a SRAM memory card installed in the test set. Interrupting a timed measurement to view results will cause a new analysis to start when you return to measuring. 2.4.6.1 Format SRAM Before using a new SRAM memory card, it must be formatted for use with the test set. To do so follow the on-screen instructions. Press ESC to cancel the formatting. Note: SRAM cards have mechanical erase protection, turn the protection off to erase and format the card.

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2.4.6.2 Current Histogram This screen contains the following features and functions. The start and stop date and time is displayed, as depicted in Figure 30. The CURRENT date and time correspond to the last time you entered MEASUREMENT RESULTS.

Press VIEW (F1) to view the current histogram. Figure 31 shows a sample screen. Pressing STORE (F2) will erase any previously stored data. Your CURRENT histogram data is also stored, but it will be erased the next time you enter MEASUREMENT RESULTS. If you do not want to save the current file and erase the one already saved, press ESC instead of ENTER at the warning message screen.
Meas CURRENT HISTOGRAM STARTING TIME STAMP 2002-01-16 08:39:26 ENDING TIME STAMP 2002-01-16 09:29:32 09:28:06

VIEW

STORE

Figure 30 Current Histogram Info Screen

Meas 09:28:06

CURRENT HISTOGRAM TYPE : BERT_BIT LINE: 1 DATE : 2002-01-16 09:29 1000K 100K 10K 1K 100 10 0 HR 0 TYPE

6 LINE1/2

12 ZOOM

18 MORE

24

Figure 31 View Current Histogram Dual E1 45

The following F-keys are available: TYPE (F1): Press to select from the following measurement types. The following error types are available: - EBIT, CRC, FAS, MFAS, CODE: See Measurement Result Definitions in Section 2.3.1. - LOS: Loss of Signal - LOF: Loss of Frame - AIS: Alarm Indication Signal - FASRAI: FAS Remote Alarm Indication - MFASRAI: MFAS Remote Alarm Indication - BERT_LOPS: Loss of Pattern Synchronization - BERT_BIT: Bit errors For all error types: - The history of each error type is displayed individually. - The error type is specified in the upper portion of the screen. - Pressing TYPE automatically changes the type options displayed. In Figure 31, BERT_BIT error was selected as the error type.

LINE 1/2 (F2): Selects the parameters of either E1 Line 1 or E1 Line 2, depending on the setup. ZOOM (F3): Changes the resolution to the next lower time period at the cursor location. Highlight the error before pressing ZOOM. Select a minute, hour, or day interval as your time period JUMP (MORE, F1): Moves the display cursor by 10 steps in the display period. Use the left or right arrow keys on the keypad to move the cursor one period at a time

PRINT (MORE, F2): Press to send the results to the serial port. Notes: The screen will display either the current or saved results. Each time MEASUREMENTS RESULT is selected, the test set will replace the file in the CURRENT HISTOGRAM data. For each file, the feature will store the most recent 24 hours of data with a display resolution (PERIOD) of 1 minute. For each file, the screen will store both the present 60 hours and the previous 60 days of histogram data with a resolution (PERIOD) of one hour.

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2.4.6.3 Saved Histogram Select this to view, print, or give a label to a saved analysis. If you attempt to enter SAVED HISTOGRAM without an extra memory card, you will see a warning message. See Section 2.4.6.2 for an explanation of the data. See Figure 32 for a sample screen: Meas 12:37:15 SAVED HISTOGRAM File Size: 2 1K Mem Avail:1002K No. LABEL START/END TIME 1 . MALC 2002-01-16 09:29:10 2002-01-16 12:48:10 2 . NONE 2002-01-16 13:03:00 2002-01-16 15:03:00

VIEW

PAGE-UP PAGE-DN

MORE

Figure 32 Saved Histogram Screen F-keys available on this screen are: VIEW (F1): Press to enter the selected record. PAGE-UP/PAGE-DN (F2): Press to scroll through the available screens of saved histograms. DELETE (MORE, F1): Press to delete the highlighted histogram. LOCK/UNLOCK (MORE, F2): Press LOCK to lock the record, so that it may not be deleted or otherwise changed. Press UNLOCK to unlock the record. LABEL (MORE, F3): Press to enter a screen where you can give the histogram a name. 1. Press TOGGLE (F3) to access the characters, then select the characters by useing the keypad arrow keys. Press SELECT (F4) to enter the character into the LABEL line. Use INSERT (F1) and DELETE (F2) when you need to add or remove a character. 2. Press TOGGLE (F3) when you are done. 3. Press ENTER, and you will return to the SAVED HISTOGRAM screen, where the new label will be on the record, under the LABEL heading. CLR-ALL (MORE, F1): Press to delete all unlocked histograms. Dual E1 47

2.4.7 Propagation Delay This screen allows for viewing the propagation delay of a loop back signal (Figure 33). You may enter this screen in a full-rate or Nx64 mode. The test set measures the number of unit intervals it takes for the signal to return. A unit interval is the amount of time it takes to transmit one bit (488 ns for a E1 signal). This number is translated into an exact number of microseconds of round trip delay.

Meas

12:37:15

PROPAGATION DELAY ROUNDTRIP DELAY: 460000 ROUNDTRIP TIME: 220000 OFFSET:0 analysis completed RESTART CALB
Figure 33 Propagation Delay Screen

UI uS UI

Press CALIB (F2) if you have more than one piece of looped equipment on the line, and want to re-calibrate the measurement to see the propagation delay between two devices, not including the test set. Observe the OFFSET to see the delay between only the two pieces of equipment (taking the test set to Equipment 1 measurement out of the delay measurement). Continue as necessary to press CALIB to take measurements further down the line. Press RESTART (F1) to stop and restart a propagation delay test. The display will be for the Rx/DROP selection in TEST CONFIGURATION.

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2.4.8 Channel Loopback With the test sets E1 V.54 channel loopback feature, you can get detailed information for the maintenance or troubleshooting of V.54 datacom circuits. The V.54 channel loopback can locate the faults in the circuit by setting up a loop in the far end modem, which allows for local or remote measurements. The test set can activate or deactivate the near end device by sending the activation and deactivation code. V.54 channel loopback uses the T1 E1.2/ 94-003 standard.

MODEM

DATACOM LOOP A

E1 MUX

SunSet xDSL

SUNRISE TELECOM

Figure 34 V.54 Application

Meas

10:12:18

V.54 CHANNEL LOOPBACK MODE : LOOP-UP

LOOP-UP LOOP-DN
Figure 35 V.54 Channel Loopback Screen Use the F-keys to send the LOOP-UP (F1) or LOOP-DN (F2) codes as needed.

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2.5 VF Channel Access

This menu performs a variety of talk/listen functions. Note: Do not attempt to enter VF CHANNEL ACCESS if the FRAME LED is not green. A green LED indicates that the framing found on the received signal matches the framing selected in TEST CONFIGURATION. It is impossible to talk, listen, or perform other channelized functions in the absence of frame synchronization, since channels can be identified only within a framed signal. The VF CHANNEL ACCESS menu contains the following items: VF & NOISE MEASUREMENT VIEW LINE CAS CALL EMULATOR SUPERVISION SETUP DIAL PARAMETERS SIGNAL MEANINGS VIEW/PRINT TRACE RESULTS

Note: During VF CHANNEL ACCESS, when TEST CONFIGURATION-TxSOURCE is set to TESTPAT, idle channel code and signalling (A/B/C/D bits) will be inserted into the unselected channels. The idle channel code and signal can be programmed from: E1 MODULE MAIN MENU > SYSTEM PARAMETERS > MEAS CONFIGURATION-IDLE CHNL CODE and IDLE CHNL A/B/C/D lines. 2.5.1 VF & Noise Measurement This screen lets you choose: which channel to test for both transmitting and receiving whether to talk, send a tone, or place quiet termination on the transmit signal the transmitted frequency and level which signalling bits to send to listen on both or either line the received signalling bits the received 8-bit data the received frequency and level noise measurements on the received frequency

It also tells you:

Note: There are some differences in setting up for E1SINGL or E1DUAL mode.

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10:12:18 VF & NOISE MEASUREMENTS MEASUREMENT SETUP Tx-1 :01 TxMODE :TONE Rx-1/2:01/01 TxFREQ :1020 TxABCD:1001 TxLVL(dBm):3 IN/DROP:L1/L2 SPEAKER :L1+L2 MEASUREMENT RESULTS RxFREQ =800 OFFSET=+10 Rx(dBm)=01 PEAK =+127/-127 RxABCD =0101 RxDATA=10011001 S/N(dB)=60.0 PSOP(dBm)=-33.6 3K(dBm)=-9.5 1010(dBm)=-68.9 NEXT PREVIUS

Meas

Figure 36 VF Measurements E1 Dual Setup Screen Figure 36 is an example of an E1DUAL configuration. Tx-1 is set for timeslot 01. Tx is Line 1, since Tx/INSERT was set for Line 1 in TEST CONFIGURATION. To insert on Line 2 (and consequently see Tx-2 on this screen), select Tx/INSERT: L2-TX in TEST CONFIGURATION. Tx of the other line will be in loop mode. Rx-1/2 shows the selected receive timeslot for each line. The MEASUREMENT RESULTS come from the IN/DROP selection further down this menu. Tx-T/S (E1SINGL) or Tx-1 (E1DUAL) Options: 1-31 Choose the transmit timeslot. Press NEXT (F1) or PREVIUS (F2) as needed. Tx-1 normally should be the same as the Rx-1, but you do have the option to set them for different channels. Upon selecting a timeslot, approximately three seconds pass before actually inserting on the timeslot. Rx-1 (E1SINGL) or Rx-1/2 T/S (E1DUAL) Options: 1-31 Choose the receive timeslot for E1 Line 1 (E1SINGL mode) or E1 Lines 1 and 2 (E1DUAL mode). Use NEXT (F1) or PREVIUS (F2) as needed To receive on Line 2, select L2-Rx for the DROP item.

TxABCD Options: IDLE (F1), SEIZE (F2), manually set Change the signalling bits transmitted with the associated transDual E1 51

mit channel. These bits will be transmitted only if the test set is using MFAS (PCM-30) framing. Pressing IDLE (F1) or SEIZE (F2) will place that signal onto the A/B/C/D position. Program the IDLE or SEIZE signal in VF CHANNEL ACCESS > SUPERVISION SETUP.

To change these bits manually: 1. Press SHIFT and use the 1 and 0 keys to enter the signalling bits. 2. Press ENTER to send the ABCD bits. IN/DROP (E1DUAL) Options: L1 (F1), L2 (F2) Determine on which line to Insert and Drop the signal. Insert determines the line onto which you insert the test signal. Drop determines which line will report Measurement Results. TxMode Options: THRU (F1), TALK (F2), QUIET (F3), TONE (F4) Press THRU to pass all of the received channels out on the transmit signal. Press TALK to talk on the selected transmit channel; the test set will transmit speech from the microphone. Press QUIET to place a quiet termination on the transmit signal. Press TONE to insert a tone on the selected transmit channel. If you select TONE, use the next two settings to set the tone frequency and level. TxFREQ Options: 50 Hz-3950 Hz If TONE is selected for TxMode, choose the tone frequency by pressing SHIFT and entering the value from the keypad. TxLVL Options: -60 to 3 dBm If TONE is selected for TxMode, choose the transmit tone level by pressing SHIFT and entering the value from the keypad. You may select any value from -60 to +3 dBm. Press MINUS (F1) to achieve negative values. Speaker (E1DUAL) Options: L1 (F1), L2 (F2), L1+L2 (F3) Select the line you want to hear on the speaker. 52 Press L1 to listen on Line 1. Press L2 to listen on Line 2. Press L1+L2 to listen on both lines. SSMTT-27

Measurement Results The last five items pertain to received data. As the equals sign indicates, they are for viewing only, and may be neither edited nor changed. RxFREQ View the received frequency of the selected channel in Hz. Rx(dBm) View the received level in dBm. RxABCD View the received Channel Associated Signalling System (CAS) bits. Note: These bits are meaningful only if the FRAME LED is green. Ignore these bits if this LED is not green. S/N (dB) Observe the Signal to Noise measurement, in decibels. This measurement is updated every second. 3K (dBm) Observe the Noise 3-K Flat measurement, in dBm. This measurement is updated every second. OFFSET Observe the coder offset. PEAK Observe the coder peak from +127 to -127, using A-law. RxDATA View the live 8-bit channel data as it is received from the selected line. PSOP (dBm) Observe the Noise Psophometric* measurement in dBm. This measurement is updated every second. *A noise weighting method established by the ITU-T, designated as CCIF-1951 weighting, for use in a noise measuring set or psophometer. 1010 (dBm) Observe the Noise 1010 Hz measurement, in dBm. This measurement is updated every second.

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2.5.2 View Line CAS This screen allows: Viewing of the signalling bits for all 30 channels for either Line 1 (E1SINGL) or Lines 1 and 2 (E1DUAL). You must select PCM-30 framing in TEST CONFIGURATION. The FRAMING LED must be green in order for the signalling bits to be displayed.

In order to do this:

Timeslots 1-5 are shown on the first line, 6-10 are shown in the second line, etc. Figure 37 is a sample screen. T/S ABCD L 01 0000 I 06 1101 N 11 1101 E 17 1101 1 22 1101 27 1101 T/S ABCD L 01 0000 I 06 1101 N 11 1101 E 17 1101 2 22 1101 27 1101 STATUS ABCD 1101 1101 1101 1101 1101 1101 ABCD 1101 1101 1101 1101 1101 1101 ABCD 1101 1101 1101 1101 1101 1101 ABCD 1101 1101 1101 1101 1101 1101 10:12:18 ABCD ABCD 1101 1101 1101 1101 1101 1101 1101 1101 1101 1101 1101 1101 ABCD ABCD 1101 1101 1101 1101 1101 1101 1101 1101 1101 1101 1101 1101

Figure 37 View Line 1 & 2 CAS Press STATUS (F1) to see a decode of each ABCD state. Information will be displayed when a match of state for forward/backward conditions are met, as specified in the SUPERVISION SETUP screen. Here are the definitions: IDLE= IDLE SEIZ= SEIZE ACKW= SEIZE ACKNOWLEDGMENT ANSW= ANSWER CLRB= CLEAR BACK CLFR= CLEAR FORWARD BLCK= BLOCK ????= UNKNOWN; no state or no match detected Note: Some states will change too quickly for the test set to display and detect. Therefore, only constant states which are detected when the screen is refreshed will be displayed. Press ABCD (F1) to return to the ABCD information. 54 SSMTT-27

2.5.3 Call Analysis This feature allows the test set to monitor the digits and states sent between two pieces of equipment. To use this feature: The test set must be configured for E1DUAL mode, using PCM30 or PCN-31 framing. Supervision setup must be precisely setup for the analysis. The test set must see a Seize and a Seize Acknowledgment before it will capture digits. The memory storage card will be reformatted upon entering this feature if the card is not formatted for test set usage. 10:12:18 CALL ANALYSIS TYPE Rx-1 Rx-2 T/S T/S : DTMF : 31 : 31

press ENTER to start MFR1SS5 MFR2 DTMF PULSE

Figure 38 Call Analysis Setup Screen Configure the following: TYPE Options: MFR1SS5 (F1), MFR2 (F2), DTMF (F3), PULSE (F4) Select the type of signal you will be analyzing. MFR1SS5: to analyze SS5 signalling. MFR2: to analyze MFR2 and MFR2 compelled signalling. DTMF: to analyze DTMF signalling. PULSE: to analyze Pulse signalling.

Rx-1 T/S Options: 1-31, or AUTO (F3)-MFR2, DTMF or PULSE only Select the Line 1 timeslot to receive the signal on. Use NEXT (F1) and PREVIUS (F2) to select the timeslot. If AUTO is selected, the test set scans all channels for the TRIGGER event (line 4). You will also be presented with two additional choices; TRIGGER and SUPERVISION/ABCD. 55

Dual E1

Rx-2 T/S Options: 1-31, or AUTO (F3)-MFR2, DTMF or PULSE only Select the Line 2 timeslot to receive the signal on. Use NEXT (F1) and PREVIUS (F2) to select the timeslot. If you select AUTO, the test set will scan for the Line 2 receive timeslot. You will also be presented with two additional choices; TRIGGER and SUPERVISION/ABCD.

TRIGGER (available if RX T/S set to AUTO) Options: CAS (F1), STATE (F2) Select CAS (F1) to have the test set start capturing after it detects specific CAS bits. 1. An ABCD line will appear in place of SUPERVISION. Use the SHIFT and number keys to enter the bits you want the test set to match. 2. When the test set sees the set ABCD bits, the screen will display them. Select STATE (F2) to have the test set begin capturing information after it sees the selected state.
10:12:18 CALL ANALYSIS TYPE : Rx-1 T/S : Rx-2 T/S : TRIGGER : SUPERVISION: DTMF AUTO OFF STATE SEIZE

press ENTER to start IDLE SEIZE ACKW MORE

Figure 39 Call Analysis Setup Screen with Trigger SUPERVISION (STATE only) Options: IDLE (F1), SEIZE (F2), ACKW (F3), ANSW (MORE, (F2), CLR-BK (MORE, (F2), CLR-FW (MORE, (F2), BLOCK (MORE, F1) Determine what signal trigger state must be met for the test set to start capturing. 56 IDLE looks for an idle signal. SEIZE looks for a seizure. ACKW looks for a backward seize acknowledgment. ANSW looks for an answer signal. SSMTT-27

CLR-BK looks for a Clear-Back signal. CLR-FW looks for a Clear-Forward signal. BLOCK looks for a Block signal.

When you have determined the settings, press ENTER to observe the real-time analysis. The following F-keys are available: STOP/RESTART (F1): Press to stop the analysis, press again to restart. ABSOLUT (F2): Shows timestamps in absolute mode; the absolute time since start. RELATIV (F3): Shows timestamps in relative mode; the time relative to the last change. Figure 40 shows a DTMF analysis screen.
10:12:18 DTMF CALL ANALYSIS Rx-1 Rx-2 DTMF Time/s TS1 TS1 Label 0000.027 1001 1001 Idle 0003.660 0001 Seize 0011.426 1101 SeizeAck 0004.315 1 Digit 1 0000.200 2 Digit 2 0000.200 6 Digit 6 0000.200 5 Digit 5 0000.200 4 Digit 4 0000.200 1 Digit 1 0000.200 2 Digit 2 STOP ABSOLUT RELATIV

Figure 40 DTMF Call Analysis Sample Screen Figure 41 shows a MFR2 analysis screen.
10:12:18 MFR2 CALL ANALYSIS Rx-1 Rx-2 MFR2 Time/s TS2 TS2 Label 0000.023 1001 1001 Idle 0003.056 0001 Seize 0004.326 1101 SeizeAck 0004.345 1 Digit 1 0000.200 2 Digit 2 0000.200 6 Digit 6 0000.200 5 Digit 5 0000.200 4 Digit 4 0000.200 1 Digit 1 0000.200 2 Digit 2 STOP ABSOLUT RELATIV

Figure 41 MFR2 Call Analysis Sample Screen Dual E1 57

The following F-keys are available after pressing STOP (F1): PAGE-UP (F1)/PAGE-DN (F2): Page up/down one page. ANALYZE (F3): Analyzes the digits; see Section 2.5.3.1. RESTART (MORE, F1): Restarts CALL ANALYSIS. ABSOLUT (MORE, F2): Shows timestamps in Absolute mode; the absolute time since start. RELATIV (MORE, F2): Shows timestamps in Relative mode; the time relative to the last change. Toggle between the ABSOLUT and RELATIV modes to see the timestamp for each. PRINT (MORE, F1): Print your results through the serial port, see Section 2.5.8. SAVE (MORE, F1): Save your results, see Section 2.5.8. Notes: When SS5 is selected (MFR1SS5), the SS5 tones will be detected. The Label decode will be supplied automatically. When MFR2 is selected, MFR2 tones will be detected, and the choices will appear. Line 1 Rx is always in the Forward direction, and Line 2 Rx is in the backward direction. To differentiate between CAS line signalling and PULSE digits in the PULSE CALL ANALYSIS, PULSE will be displayed before a detected pulse digit sequence of IDLE/SEIZE. 2.5.3.1 Digit Analysis To access this function, press STOP (F1) in CALL ANALYSIS, then press ANALYZE (F3). The analysis screen is presented, as in Figures 42 and 43. Digit Analysis will record the last 32 digits for analysis when the analysis is stopped. If a TRIGGER is set (in CALL ANALYSIS), then up to 32 digits from the stopping point back to the trigger points will be stored and analyzed.

The following items are displayed in Figure 42: H/L Hz: The high and low frequencies of the digit, in Hz. dBm: The dBm level. INTD: Interdigit periodthe time between digits. PERD: The dial Period. TWIST: The difference between the two frequencies is called Twist.

58

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10:12:18 CALL ANALYSIS Line 1# 1 DIG# 1 : 1 INTD: 105 ms H/L Hz 697 /0700 PERD: 102 ms dBm -7.1/-4.8 TWST: 1.9 DIG# 2 : 2 H/L Hz 699 /1366 dBm -6.7/-5.1 DIG# 3 : 3 H/L Hz 770 /1482 dBm -7.0/-4.9 INTD: 101 ms PERD: 102 ms TWST: 1.6 INTD: 101 ms PERD: 096 ms TWST: 1.7 RETURN

PAGE-UP PAGE-DN LINE-2

Figure 42 DTMF Digit Analysis Screen 10:12:18 CALL ANALYSIS Line 1# 1 No. DIGIT 1 3 2 6 3 3 4 8 5 0 6 0 PPS 8 8 8 8 8 8 PPRD 120 120 120 120 120 119 %BRK 58 58 58 57 58 57 INDT --510 510 510 512 510

PAGE-UP PAGE-DN LINE-2

RETURN

Figure 43 Pulse Digit Analysis Screen

The Pulse Digit Analysis screen (Figure 43) definitions also include: PPS: Pulses per second PPRD: Pulse Period The Pulse Digit Analysis screen (Figure 43) also has additional Fkeys: LINE-1/2 (F3): Press to toggle between the lines. RETURN (F4): Press to return to the CALL ANALYSIS screen.

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2.5.4 Call Emulator This function allows placing and receiving calls. Select one of the 10 predefined sequences, or input a user defined sequence. Notes: To run the user call emulator, press START (F4) in USER CALL EMULATOR. If you escape from the menu to CALL EMULATOR, then press START (F4), you will be running the Q.441 specification instead of the one you defined. When you edit your own sequence, no default Q.441 timer value will be provided for PERD (periodic timer). You need to enter a value according to the Q.441 specification or any other desired value to make the sequence work. 2.5.4.1 Standard Emulations In this screen select a standard emulation to use. 10:12:18 CALL EMULATOR 1. Q.441 MFCR2 RECEIVE 2. Q.441 MFCR2 CALL 3. Q.140 SS#5 RECEIVE 4. Q.140 SS#5 CALL 5. DTMF RECEIVE 6. DTMF CALL 7. MFR2 RECEIVE 8. MFR2 CALL 9. PULSE RECEIVE 10.PULSE CALL USER VIEW START

Figure 44 Call Emulator List

The following F-keys are available: USER (F1): Press to enter USER CALL EMULATOR where you may create, edit, or use a User emulation sequence. See Section 2.5.4.4. VIEW (F2): Press to enter a screen which shows a sample sequence of the selected emulation. Figure 45 shows sample DTMF sequence screen. Note that for DTMF RECEIVE, you will emulate the RECEIVE side only. START (F4): Press to start the highlighted emulation. Refer to Figure 45. 60 SSMTT-27

10:12:18 DTMF TRACER SEND RECEIVE ABCD=1011/IDLE ABCD=1011/IDLE ABCD=0011/SEIZ-> <-ABCD=1111/ACK DTMF= 03 -> DTMF= 06 -> DTMF= 03 ->

Figure 45 DTMF Receive Sequence 2.5.4.2 Place a Call For CALL emulation, you will enter a screen where you setup and place a call. Here is a sample screen:
SHFT Q.441 MFCR2 CALL CHANNEL: 02 CALL NUMBER 4083638000 CALLING NUMBER CALLING PARTYS CATEGORY: 1 A=10/0 B=11 C=12 D=13 E=14 F=15 CALL 11:46:23

Figure 46 Q.441 MFCR2 Call Emulation Setup Screen Use this procedure to setup the call: 1. CHANNEL: Choose the timeslot to place the call on. Select from 1-15, 17-31; use NEXT (F1) and PREVIUS (F2) to select the channel. 2. CALL NUMBER: Use the SHIFT and number keys to enter the digits for the number you want to call. The A-F keys, corresponding to the digits, are also available. For some emulation sequences the following items will also be available to configure: 61

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3. CALLING NUMBER: This is the number you are dialing from. Use the SHIFT and number keys to enter the digits. 4. CALLING PARTYS CATEGORY: This deals with the category of the calling party as defined by Q.441 (or user defined by the Signal Meanings) Forward Group II, i.e. the user can be a subscriber without priority II-1, subscriber with priority II-2, etc. Use SHIFT and keypad number keys to enter the digits. 5. Press CALL (F4) when ready to place the call. The appropriate CALL screen is then displayed (Figure 47).
11:46:23 Q.441 MFCR2 CALL Tx#1 Rx#1 Time/s Send Recv Label 0000.065 1001 1001 Idle 0000.093 0001 Seize 0011.862 1101 Seize AC 0011.917 F5 I-5 0016.468 B1 A-1 0016.530 F5 I-5 0016.668 B1 A-1 0016.729 F5 I-5 0016.868 B1 A-1 STOP ABSOLUT RELATIV HANG-UP

Figure 47 Q.441 MFCR2 Call Emulation Here is the information on this screen: Time/s: Time sent; the time the digits were sent. Send: The CAS or Register signalling sent Recv: The CAS or Register signalling received. Label: Sent or received CAS or Register signalling meanings, as defined by Supervision Setup or Signal Meanings. The following F-keys are available: STOP/RESTART (F1): Stops and restarts the CALL or RECEIVE. ABSOLUT (F2): Displays Time stamp in absolute mode. RELATIVE (F3): Displays Time stamp relative to initial event. HANG-UP (F4): Releases the call in progress. Keypad Functionality When a MFCR2 or MFR2 call has been established, enable keypad DTMF dialing by pressing SHIFT. DTMF tones will then be sent when you press the 0-9 digits. This is especially useful for verifying credit card functionality. 62 SSMTT-27

2.5.4.3 Receive a Call For RECEIVE emulation, a setup screen to receive a call is displayed. Here is a sample screen:

11:46:23 Q.441 MFCR2 RECEIVE CHANNEL :01 No. DIGITS EXPECTED: 7 REQUEST CALLER ID: NO REQUEST CATEGORY: YES

NO

YES

RECEIVE

Figure 48 Q.441 MFCR2 Receive Setup Configure the following: CHANNEL Use the NEXT (F1) and PREVIUS (F2) keys to select from 115, 17-31 for the receive channel. No. DIGITS EXPECTED Use the SHIFT and number keys to enter the number of digits you expect the test set to see and capture. The range is from 1-20 digits. Some receive emulations will include the following items to configure: REQUEST CALLER ID Options; NO (F1), YES (F2) Select NO to not request the CALLER ID be sent to the test set. Select YES to request the CALLER ID be sent to the test set. When received, the CALLER ID will show up in the messages. Used between central offices for tracking and billing purposes.

REQUEST CATEGORY Options; NO (F1), YES (F2) Select NO to not request the REQUEST CATEGORY (such as 2, Subscriber with Priority, or 6, Data Transmission) be sent to the test set. 63

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Select YES to request the REQUEST CATEGORY be sent to the test set. When received, the category will show up in the receive messages.

Press RECEIVE (F4) when you are ready to receive a call. The test set will display the RECEIVE screens, where you can see the call trace. Here is a sample screen:

11:46:23 Q.441 MFCR2 RECEIVE Tx#1 Rx#1 Time/s Send Recv Label 0000.064 1001 0001 ???? 0007.597 1001 Idle 0007.747 0001 Seize 0007.750 1101 Seize Ac

STOP

ABSOLUT RELATIV HANG-UP

Figure 49 Q.441 MFCR2 Receive Sample Screen

The information presented and F-keys available are the same as that for the CALL screen in Section 2.5.4.2.

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2.5.4.4 User Emulation Select this screen to create, edit, or use a user emulation sequence. Follow this procedure: 1. In the CALL EMULATION screen, press USER (F1) and the USER CALL EMULATOR screen is displayed. This screen features a list of any stored user emulations and allows creating a new sequence.

11:46:23 USER CALL EMULATOR 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. EDIT DTMF1 DTMF2 DP0000 TESTA

DELETE

RENAME

START

Figure 50 User Call Emulator Screen

The User Call Emulator Screen has the following F-keys: EDIT (F1): Press to edit your sequence. DELETE (F2): Press to delete the highlighted sequence. RENAME (F3): Press to bring up the CALL EMULATOR PROFILES screen, where you may rename the selected sequence. Use the Label procedure further in this section. START (F4): Press to start the selected emulator sequence. 2. Press EDIT (F1) and the Edit Emulator screen is displayed. The cursor will be on the first line; LABEL. 3. Press EDIT (F1) again to display the CALL EMULATOR PROFILES screen, where you give your call sequence a label (name).

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17:03:38 CALL EMULATOR PROFILES LABEL : M

A H O V

B I P W

C J Q X

D K R Y

E L S Z

F M T -

G N U /

INSERT

DELETE

TOGGLE

SELECT

Figure 51 Call Emulator Profiles Follow this procedure to give the sequence a label: A. Press TOGGLE (F3) to display the character screen. B. Use the keypad arrow keys to move the flashing cursor to the desired character and press SELECT (F4). C. Continue steps A and B until you have completed the label. When finished, press TOGGLE (F3) to escape from the character screen. You may also use the SHIFT and the alphanumeric keys for entering the label. D. If you make a mistake while entering the letters, highlight the character with the cursor, then press DELETE (F2). F. When the label is complete, press ENTER to return to the EDIT EMULATOR screen (Figure 52).
17:03:38 LABEL: MFC CHANNEL 01 SEND RECEIVE No.TYPE CODE PERD TYPE CODE TOUT 1 CAS 1001 > <CAS 1001 2 CAS 0001 > <CAS 1101 3 MF-F 2 > <MF-B 1

NONE

CAS

DTMF

MORE

Figure 52 Edit Emulator 66 SSMTT-27

4. Use the keypad arrow keys to select CHANNEL. Press NEXT (F1) and PREVIUS (F2) to select the timeslot to use (both Rx and Tx) during emulation, in the 1-15, 17-31 range. SEND Side The Send side refers to the Line or Register signalling which will be sent by the test set on whichever line has been selected as Tx/INSERT in TEST CONFIGURATION. Three items are available for sending: TYPE Options: NONE (F1), CAS (F2), DTMF (F3), MF-F (more, F1), MF-B (more, F2), DP (more, F3) Determines the type of signalling used. NONE: No signalling CAS: Channel Associated Signalling DTMF: Dual Tone Multi-Frequency MF-F: Multi-frequency-forward MF-B: Multi-frequency-backward DP: Dial Pulse

CODE Options: any keypad alphanumeric digits; four digits maximum for CAS. 20 digits maximum for all other types. These are the actual bits to be transmitted by the test set. Press the SHIFT key and enter the desired signalling bits

PERD Options: up to 999 ms PERD determines the elapsed time before proceeding to the next step in the emulation. RECEIVE Side The receive side refers to the Line or Register signalling which you require to be received by the test set, before progressing to the next step. Three items are available for the receive side. Note that TYPE and CODE work in the same manner as in the send side. TOUT Options: NONE (F1), up to 999 ms TOUT refers to Time Out. This determines the length of time which the test set will wait for its received digits/CAS before aborting the signalling sequence.

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To select a time limit: A. Press SHIFT and enter the desired number digits up to 999 (ms). Press SHIFT when done. B. Press ENTER to exit the editor screen and save the settings. 5. To begin an emulation sequence, select the sequence you want to use in the USER CALL EMULATOR Screen and press START (F4). The screen shown in Figure 53 is displayed. 6. Observe the time digits are sent or received, and their label.
17:03:38 Time/s 0000.063 0000.066 0000.069 0004.790 0004.795 0007.796 0010.796 0013.766 0016.796 STOP DTMFA Tx#1 Rx#1 Send Recv 1001 1001 0001 1101 5 5 5 1 2 Label Recv Ok Recv Ok

ABSOLUT RELATIV

Figure 53 Start User Emulation

The Start User Emulation screen contains the following F-keys: STOP/RESTART (F1): Stops and restarts the CALL or RECEIVE. ABSOLUT (F2): Presents time stamps in absolute mode (view at Time/s line) RELATIV (F3): Presents time stamps in relative mode (view at Time/s line)

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2.5.5 Supervision Setup In this screen define the IDLE, SEIZE, ACKNOWLEDGMENT, CLEAR BACKWARD and CLEAR FORWARD VF Supervision bits manually, or use the ITU Q.422 standard. These definitions are used in CALL ANALYSIS.

17:03:38 SUPERVISION SETUP NAME : Q.422 SUPERVISION DIR ABCD(F) ABCD(B) IDLE F/B 1001 1001 SEIZE F 0001 1001 SEIZE ACK B 0001 1101 ANSWER B 0001 0101 CLEAR BACK B 0001 1101 CLEAR FORW1 F 1001 0101 CLEAR FORW2 F 1001 1101 BLOCK F/B 1001 1101 press ENTER to save Q.422 USER1 USER2 USER3
Figure 54 Supervision Setup Screen Name Options: Q.422 (F1), USER1 (F2), USER2 (F3), USER3 (F4) Select standard ITU Q.422 or User-defined signalling. Select Q.422, and the test set will use the ITU Q.422 standard signal definitions. You may view them on the screen. - Press ENTER to invoke the settings. Select a USER option, and enter the supervision bits manually. 1. Use the SHIFT and number keys to make each entry. 2. Use the keypad arrow keys to move between line items. 3. When the entries are complete, press ENTER. The settings will be saved and invoked.

The supervision definitions: DIR: Direction; Forward or Backward ABCD (F): Forward ABCD signalling bits ABCD (B): Backward ABCD signalling bits IDLE F/B: Idle Forward or Backward bits: In the idle state the outgoing end (forward) sends af=1, bf=0. The incoming end (backward) replies with af=1, af=0, if idle. These four supervision bits will be placed on the CAS bits for the timeslot being transmitted when IDLE (F1) is selected in CALL ANALYSIS. Dual E1 69

SEIZE F: Forward seizure signal transmitted at the beginning of a call to initiate circuit operation. SEIZE ACK B: Backward acknowledgment of a seizure signal. ANSWER B: The answered state must be established on the preceding link immediately after it is recognized. CLEAR BACK B: Clear Back is an idle condition from the called subscribers line telling the incoming switch to release the call. CLEAR FORW1F/CLEAR FORW2F: Clear Forward sends a cleared condition from the calling subscribers line, or it is the release from the calling switching equipment. Note that there are two conditions. BLOCK F/B: Block an idle circuit from outgoing and incoming calls.

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2.5.6 Dial Parameters This is used to setup VF dialing parameters. Refer to Figure 55.
17:03:38

DIAL PARAMETERS DIAL PERIOD : 150 ms SILENT PERIOD : 200 ms INTERDIGIT PRD: 500 ms TONE LEVEL : -5 dBm B-BIT : NO PULSE (10pps): % BREAK : 60

Figure 55 Dial Parameters Screen

DIAL PERIOD Options: 1 ms to 999 ms Specify the dial period in milliseconds used for DTMF and MF dialing. The default value is 100 ms. Press SHIFT and enter the desired value from the keypad.

SILENT PERIOD Options: 1 ms to 999 ms Specify the silent period in milliseconds used for MFR2, DTMF and MF dialing. The default value is 100 ms. Press SHIFT and enter the desired value from the keypad.

INTERDIGIT PRD Options: 1 ms to 999 ms Select the interdigit period for pulse dialing. Press SHIFT and enter the desired value from the keypad.

TONE LEVEL dbm Options: -20 to -5 dbm Select the tone level. Press MINUS (F1) to attain a negative value, then use the SHIFT and numeric keys to enter the value.

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B-BIT Options: YES (F1), NO (F2) B-Bit dialing applies to pulse calls. When B-bit dialing is enabled and a call is placed, the B supervision bit of the selected timeslot toggles between 0 and 1. Before calling, change the transmit CAS bits to the seizure condition. When dialing, the test set will pulse the B-bit according to the timing selected in %BREAK and INTERDIGIT period. When the dialing is complete, the test set remains in the seizure condition.

PULSE (10pps) Dial pulse is set to 10 pps and cannot be changed. % BREAK Options: 40% (F1), 50% (F2), 60% (F3) Select the desired BREAK percentage. Percent break is the ratio of the break (IDLE) interval to the total pulse cycle interval. It is used in Pulse dialing.

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2.5.7 Signal Meanings Use the ITU-T Q.441 (F1) standard signal definitions for Groups I, II, A and B or set your own under one of the three USER (F2, F3, F4) labels. Upon pressing a USER F-key a setup screen is displayed, where you can make selections. To set a signal, press the F-key corresponding to your choice, from Digit 1-Digit 9, and Code 10-Code 15, or to the appropriate label definitions; for example, on the Group II Forward screen, SubWOP corresponds to the Group II Forward labels item Subscriber without Priority. As different countries may have slight differences in their definitions and/or use of digits, this feature allows you to define your own digits.

17:03:38 SIGNAL MEANINGS Group Group Group Group I Forward : II Forward: A Backward: B Backward: Q.441 Q.441 Q.441 Q.441

Q.422

USER1

USER2

USER3

Figure 56 Signal Meanings Screen The following tables and screens present the screens and their corresponding Label tables.

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11:50:33 GROUP I FORWARD I-1: I-2: I-3: I-4: I-5: I-6: I-7: I-8: I-9: Digit1 Digit1 Digit2 Digit3 Digit4 Digit5 Digit6 Digit7 Digit8 Digit9 Digit2 I-10: I-11: I-12: I-13: I-14: I-15: Digit10 Code11 Code12 Code13 Code14 Code15

Digit3

MORE

Figure 57 Group 1 Forward Signals

I-1 I-2 I-3 I-4 I-5 I-6 I-7 I-8 Digit 1 Digit 2 Digit 3 Digit 4 Digit 5 Digit 6 Digit 7 Digit 8 I-9 I-10 I-11 I-12 I-13 I-14 I-15 Digit 9 Digit 0 Code 11 Code 12 Code 13 Code 14 Code 15

Table 2 Group 1 Forward Labels

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11:50:33 GROUP II FORWARD II-1: II-2: II-3: II-4: II-5: II-6: II-7: II-8: II-9: SubWOP SubWOP SubWP Mainteq Spare Operatr DataTrx Subwoft DataTrx Subwp SubWP II-10: II-11: II-12: II-13: II-14: II-15: Opwftf Spare Spare Spare Spare Spare

Mainteq

MORE

Figure 58 Group II Forward Signals

Signal II-1 II-2 II-3 II-4 II-5 II-6 II-7 II-8 II-9 II-10 II-11 II-12 II-13 II-14 II-15

Label Sub w/o p Sub w pri Maint Eqp Spare Operator Data Tran Sub woft Data Tran Sub w pri Opr wftf Spare Spare Spare Spare Spare

Meaning Subscriber without priority Subscriber with priority Maintenance equipment Spare Operator Data Transmission Subscriber (or operator without forward transfer facility) Data Transmission Subscriber with priority Operator with forward transfer facility Spare Spare Spare Spare Spare

Table 3 Group II Forward Labels

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12:01:09 GROUP A BACKWARD A-1: A-2: A-3: A-4: A-5: A-6: A-7: A-8: A-9: SENDn+1 SENDn-1 AdrcmpB CONGnat SENDcpc Adrcmp SENDn-2 SENDn-3 Spare A-10: A-11: A-12: A-13: A-14: A-15: Spare SENDcci SENDlan SENDnoc REQinfo CONGint

SENDn+1 SENDn-1 AdrcmpB

MORE

Figure 59 Group A Backward Signals Screen

Signal A-1 A-2 A-3 A-4 A-5 A-6 A-7 A-8 A-9 A-10 A-11 A-12 A-13 A-14 A-15

Label Send (n+1) Send (n-1) Adr cmp B Cong Nat Send CPG Adr cmp S Send (n-2) Send (n-3) Spare Spare Send CCI Send LoDD Send NOC Req. info Cong Int

Meaning Send next digit (n+1) Send last but one digit (n-1) Address-complete, changeover to reception of Group B signals Congestion in the national network Send calling partys category Address-complete, charge, set-up speech conditions Send last but two digits (n-2) Send last but three digits (n-3) Spare Spare Send country code indicator Send language or discriminating digit Send nature of circuit Request for information on use of an echo suppressor Congestion in an international exchange or at its output

Table 4 Group A Backward Signal Labels

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12:06:07 GROUP B BACKWARD B-1: B-2: B-3: B-4: B-5: B-6: B-7: B-8: B-9: Spare Spare SendSIT SubLB CONgest Unaloc# SubLFC SubLNFC SubLOO Spare SendSIT B-10: B-11: B-12: B-13: B-14: B-15: Spare Spare Spare Spare Spare Spare

SubLB

MORE

Figure 60 Group B Backwards Signals Screen

Signal B-1 B-2 B-3 B-4 B-5 B-6 B-7 B-8 B-9 B-10 B-11 B-12 B-13 B-14 B-15

Label Spare Send SIT Sub LB Congestion Unalloc# Sub LFC Sub LFNC Sub LOOO Spare Spare Spare Spare Spare Spare Spare

Meaning Spare Send special information tone Subscriber line busy Congestion Unallocated number Subscriber line free, charge Subscriber line free, no charge Subscriber line out of order Spare Spare Spare Spare Spare Spare Spare

Table 5 Group B Backward Labels

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2.5.8 View/Store/Print You may store up to 50 different results to view or print at a later time. To store results, use the procedure in Section 2.5.8.1.

12:03:43 VIEW/STORE/PRINT Free space: 105 Kbyte NAME TYPE LOCK 1. Test01 GS/H2 2. Test02 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. VIEW SAVE PRINT more

Figure 61 View/Store/Print Screen

The following F-keys are available in this screen. VIEW (F1): Allows viewing of a selected file, see Section 2.5.8.2. SAVE (F2): Allows saving a file, see Section 2.5.8.1 . PRINT (F3): Allows printing of a selected file, see Section 2.5.8.3. RENAME (more, F1): Allows renaming a selected file, see Section 2.5.8.6. UN/LOCK (more, F2): Allows locking and unlocking a file, see Section 2.5.8.5. DELETE (more, F3): Allows deleting a file, unless locked, see Section 2.5.8.4.

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2.5.8.1 Saving a Test 1. From any screen with a STORE F-key, press it and refer to Figure 61. 2. Use the keypad up/down arrow keys to move the cursor to an empty line. 3. Press SAVE (F2), this displays the file name character screen, shown in Figure 62. 12:03:43 VIEW/STORE/PRINT FILENAME: A g N t # a H n U / @ B h O u 0 _ b I o V 1 . C i P v 2 ! c J p W 3 ? D j Q w 4 $ d K q X 5 % E k R x 6 & e L r Y 7 + F l S y 8 f M s Z 9 G m T z *

INSERT

DELETE

INPUT

SAVE

Figure 62 Filename Character Screen

4. Press INPUT (F3). Note that the A character is highlighted and the INPUT F-key has changed to STOP. 5. Use the keypad arrow keys to move the cursor to the desired character. 6. Press ENTER to place the desired character in the FILENAME line. Continue this process until the FILENAME is complete. You may enter up to 15 characters. If you make a mistake in the entry: A. Press STOP (F3). B. Move the FILENAME cursor to the incorrect character. C. Press DELETE (F2) to delete the character or, press INSERT (F1) to insert a character. D. Press INPUT (F3) to select a character. Press ENTER to insert the new character to the left of the cursor. 7. Press SAVE (F4) to save and return to the View/Store/Print Screen shown in Figure 61.

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2.5.8.2 Viewing a Stored Test 1. 2. 3. 4. From VF CHANNEL ACCESS, select VIEW/STORE/PRINT. Select the desired file with the keypad up/down arrow keys. Press VIEW (F1) and the stored result will appear. Use the keypad up/down arrow keys to scroll through the available screens. 5. When finished, press ESC to return to the VIEW/STORE/ PRINT screen. 2.5.8.3 Printing a Stored Test 1. Connect a SunSet printer to the serial port of the test set. 2. 3. 4. 5. For other types of printers or for more information, refer to the Storing and Printing chapter in the test set users manual. From VF CHANNEL ACCESS, select VIEW/STORE/PRINT. Select the desired file with the keypad up/down arrow keys. Press PRINT (F3) and the file will begin printing. When finished, press ESC to return to the VIEW/STORE/ PRINT screen.

2.5.8.4 Deleting a Stored Test 1. From VF CHANNEL ACCESS, select VIEW/STORE/PRINT. 2. Select the desired file with the keypad up/down arrow keys. 3. Press DELETE (more, F3) and the file is deleted if the file is unlocked. 2.5.8.5 Locking & Unlocking a Stored Test 1. From VF CHANNEL ACCESS, select VIEW/STORE/PRINT. 2. Select the desired file with the keypad up/down arrow keys. 3. Press UN/LOCK (more, F2) and the file is locked or unlocked as indicated to the right of the file name. Refer to the lock icon shown in Figure 61. 2.5.8.6 Renaming a Stored Test 1. From VF CHANNEL ACCESS, select VIEW/STORE/PRINT. 2. Select the desired file with the keypad up/down arrow keys. A. Press UN/LOCK (more, F2) if the file is locked as indicated by the lock icon. 3. Press RENAME (more, F2) and the character screen shown in Figure 62 is displayed 4. Follow the procedure in Section 2.5.8.1 , steps 4-7.

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2.6 Other Features

This menu contains the following: ERROR INJECTION ALARM GENERATION VIEW RESULTS RECORDS SEND FRAME WORDS

2.6.1 Error Injection Figure 63 shows the ERROR INJECTION screen.

12:01:09 ERROR INJECTION TYPE MODE COUNT : BIT+COD : BURST : 1

CODE

BIT

BIT+COD

MORE

Figure 63 Error Injection Screen

To start error injection, press the ERR INJ key. The test set will insert errors as you specify. If the error injection is set to RATE mode, an ERR-INJ indicator will be displayed on the screen. TYPE Options: CODE (F1), BIT (F2), BIT + CODE (F3), CRC-4 (MORE, F2), FRAME (MORE, F2), E-BIT (MORE, F3) This item specifies the type of errors to be inserted. MODE Options: BURST (F1), RATE (F2) This item specifies the mode of error injection. RATE mode applies only to CODE and BIT errors. Errors are injected at a constant rate. Other types of errors may be inserted one at a time under BURST mode, which injects a set number of errors. 81

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COUNT Options: 1 to 9999 or 1e-9 to 2e-3 For BURST MODE, choose the COUNT of errors to be inserted. For RATE MODE, choose the error RATE number and exponent For BURST, press SHIFT, then use the keypad to enter any number between 1 and 9999. The errors will be inserted in approximately 1 second or less, and will cause from 1 to 3 errored seconds. Applies only to BIT and CODE errors. All other errors will be injected singly. For RATE, the errors will be inserted at a continuous rate as specified in this entry, and a ERR-INJ display will appear at the top of the screen.

Programming a Burst of 10 Errors 1. Select ERROR INJECTION. 2. Press CODE (F1) to select the error type. 3. The cursor automatically moves to MODE. Press BURST (F1). 4. The cursor automatically moves to COUNT. Press SHIFT to display the SHFT indicator. 5. Enter 10 using the keypad. COUNT should show 10. 6. Press the SHIFT key to turn off the SHFT indicator. 7. Press ENTER; you have just programmed the test set to inject 10 CODE errors each time you press the ERR INJ key. Programming a 10-6 Bit Error Rate 1. Select ERROR INJECTION. 2. Press BIT (F2) to select the error type. 3. The cursor automatically moves to MODE. Press RATE (F2). 4. The cursor automatically moves to COUNT. Press SHIFT 5. Press 1 on the keypad. The multiplier position shows 1. The cursor moves to the exponent position. 6. Press 6 on the keypad. 7. Press SHIFT key to remove the SHFT indicator. 8. Press ENTER. You have just programmed the test set to inject Bit errors at 1x10-6 rate each time the ERR INJ key is pressed. To turn off the error rate injection, press ERR INJ once, then verify that the ERR INJ indicator has turned off.

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2.6.2 Alarm Generation Figure 64 depicts the ALARM GENERATION screen.

12:01:09 ALARM GENERATION FAS DISTANT MFAS DISTANT AIS T/S-16 AIS : : : : ENABLE ENABLE DISABLE DISABLE

ENABLE

DISABLE

Figure 64 Alarm Generation Screen

In this screen you can view a listing of the alarms you may transmit. These alarms allow you to test the response of various network equipment to alarms, and thus ensure that the network is performing as expected. To Invoke an Alarm: Select the desired alarm and press ENABLE (F1). Some alarms conflict with the transmission of other alarms or selected framing. The test set will transmit the enabled alarm after exiting ALARM GENERATION. You can continue to transmit alarms while making measurements, viewing data, performing talk/listen, etc. If you do not intend to transmit alarms when you exit this screen, be sure to DISABLE (F2) all alarms.

Notes on the Alarms: FAS DISTANT The test set transmits a 1 in every third bit of each timeslot 0 frame that does not contain frame alignment signal. FAS DISTANT alarm may be transmitted only with PCM 30 or PCM 31 framing.

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MFAS DISTANT The test set transmits a 1 in the sixth bit of each time slot 16 in the zero frame. The MFAS distant alarm may be transmitted only with PCM framing. AIS The test set transmits all ones in an unframed signal. This alarm overrides the framing set in TEST CONFIGURATION. For instance, even though you have selected MFAS framing, generating an AIS alarm will cause the test set to transmit an unframed signal (all ones). T/S-16 AIS The test set transmits all ones in timeslot 16 of all frames. T/S-16 AIS overwrites the MFAS, Multi Frame Alignment Signal. A test set or network equipment that receives this alarm will lose PCM-30 framing. This alarm should be transmitted only when the test set is configured for FAS framing. Voice frequency signalling bits cant be transmitted while sending this alarm, because the T/S-16 AIS signal overwrites all the channel associated signalling (CAS) information. 2.6.3 View Results Records Refer to Section 2.5.8.

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2.6.4 Send Frame Words In the Send Frame Words Screen you: Manually specify the E and Sa bit states, and the MFAS ABCD. Transmit the desired FAS and MFAS framing information.

12:01:09 SEND FRAME WORDS CRC: YES E-BIT: 11 FAS WORD C0011011 MFAS WORD 00001011 MFAS ABCD 1101 SET=0 SET=1 NFAS WORD S S S i 1 A a a C 1 0 1 1 C 1 0 1 1 C 1 0 1 1 C 1 0 1 1 C 1 0 1 1 C 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 DEFAULT S a 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 S a 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 S a 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

AUTO

Figure 65 Send Frame Words Screen

You can only select items that can be changed. Use the left/right arrow keys to move the cursor to the desired location. Reenter the left-hand side of the screen by pressing the left arrow key. DEFAULT (F3) sets the bits to the default settings. AUTO (F4) is only displayed for E-bit selections. The bits will be sent as soon as a F-key is pressed.

The following information is shown on this screen: CRC View the CRC option chosen in TEST CONFIGURATION. This line is for viewing only. Change the CRC option in the TEST CONFIGURATION screen.

E-BIT Options: SET=0 (F1), SET=1 (F2), DEFAULT (F3), AUTO (F4) E-bit may be changed only if CRC is activated in TEST CONFIGURATION, and consequently, YES is displayed in the CRC slot in this screen. If E-bit is set to AUTO, the E-bits will be transmitted on the Tx/ INSERT side anytime a CRC error is received on the Tx/ INSERT side Rx (Figure 66). 85

Dual E1

SLAVE 1 CRC Error 1 E-bit Error L1-Rx L1-Tx

SUNRISE TELECOM

SunSet xDSL

TEST CONFIGURATION Tx/INSERT: L1-Tx TRx/DROP: L1-Rx or L2-Rx E-bit: AA

Figure 66 Automatic E-Bit Transmission To Manually Transmit the E-bits: Use SET=0 (F1) and SET=1 (F2) to enter the two bits. 11 is used for no E-bit errors, this is the default setting. 10 or 01 for 500 E-bit errors per second. 00 for 1000 E-bit errors per second.

FAS WORD This displays the FAS (Frame Alignment Signal-0011011) Words. This line is for viewing only. MFAS WORD Set bits 5-8 to any combination. Bits 5-8 have the pattern xyxx, where x represents spare bits; they should be set to 1 when not used. Y is used for the MFAS remote alarm; it should be set to 1 if MFAS synchronization is lost.

MFAS ABCD These are the default ABCD bits used for channels 1-30 in PCM30 Framing. ABCD bits are transmitted in timeslot 16 of frames 2-16 of the MFAS. Avoid using 0000 which will cause false framing for PCM-30.

NFAS WORDS These are the Non Frame Alignment Signal words. Press ENTER to send your selections.

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2.7 System Parameters

This menu contains the following: MEAS CONFIGURATION SELF TEST

2.7.1 Measurement Configuration There are two Measurement Configuration screens that you may adjust. Refer to Figures 67 and 68.

12:01:09 MEAS CONFIGURATION MEAS DURATION: CONTINU START : MANUAL PROG DATE YMD: --:--:-PROG TIME HMS: --:--:-CODE CONFIGUR: HDB3 MEASURE MODE : BER BLOCK SIZE : 1000 PRINT RESULT : LAST PRINT EVENT : DISABLE more TIMED CONTINU

Figure 67 Measurement Configuration Screen 1

MEAS DURATION Options: TIMED (F1), CONTINU (F2) Set the Measurement Duration. A timed measurement will stop when the specified amount of time has elapsed. This is useful for making measurements of a specified length. When a timed test is in progress, the Remaining Time (RT) counter shows how much time is left before the end of the test. If you select TIMED, press SHIFT to display the SHFT indicator. Then enter a number between 1 min to 999 hr using the keypad. A continuous test will run indefinitely until you press RESTART, or until you change some other setting on the test set that restarts the test.

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87

START Options: PROGRAM (F1), MANUAL (F2) Select the method to begin your test measurements. PROGRAM: This allows you to program a specified time in the future to begin taking measurements. Once you have selected PROGRAM, enter the desired time in the next two items. MANUAL: In this mode you must manually begin the test measurements at the desired time.

PROG DATE YMD Applies if you have selected PROGRAM for START above. Enter the Year, Month, and Day to begin measurements, using the SHIFT and keypad numeric keys.

PROG TIME HMS Applies if you have selected PROGRAM for START Specify the Hour, Minute, and Seconds to begin measurements, using the SHIFT and keypad numeric keys.

CODE CONFIGUR Options: HDB3 (F1), AMI (F2) Select the line coding. HDB3 line coding is used almost everywhere throughout the world in 2.048M transmission. An explanation of the related technology is located in Section 4. MEASURE MODE Options: BER (F1), LIVE (F2), AUTO (F3) BER: Use to search for the test pattern, and make bit error measurements with all other measurements. LIVE: Use to ignore the test pattern and make all measurements, except for bit error measurement. AUTO: The test set will try to detect the data pattern as in BER mode, then if the data pattern cannot be detected, the test set will turn to LIVE mode.

Notes: Most technicians leave the test set in BER mode, even when they are monitoring live, in-service circuits. In this case, they expect the PAT SYNC light to remain RED, because there is no pattern synchronization. The bit error measurements will also show 100% UAS. If LIVE is selected, the PAT SYNC LED is turned OFF and the bit error measurement screen is not displayed in MEASUREMENT RESULTS.

88

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BLOCK SIZE Options: 1000 (F1), 2e15-1 (F2), 2e11-1 (F3), 2e9-1 (MORE, F1), 2e6-1 (MORE, F2) Determines the block size used in the Block Error Ratio measurement. One block is typically 1000 bits long. BLER (Block Error Ratio) is the fraction of blocks in error (the number of blocks received with one or more bit errors divided by the total number of blocks transmitted).

PRINT RESULT Options: TIMED (F1), LAST (F2) TIMED: Use to have the test results printed every minute to 999 hours and 59 minutes. Press SHIFT, then enter the number of minutes (between 1 minute and 999 hours) using the keypad. LAST: The test results are printed only at the end of a timed test, or a continuous test that has ended due to a RESTART.

PRINT EVENT Options: ENABLE (F1), DISABLE (F2) ENABLE: Use to print out a time and date-stamped error message every second that one or more errors occur. DISABLE: Use if you do not want to print out a result each time.

Select the second screen by pushing the keypad down arrow key (more with up/down arrows indicate additional screens). This screen relates to ITU standards for 2.048 Mbit/s transmission, G.821, G.826, and M.2100.

MEAS G.821 : DGRM : G.826 : M.2100 :

12:01:09 CONFIGURATION ON ON ON ON

M.2100/550 PARAMETERS MEAS PERIOD : 015 min HRP MODEL % : 040.0 IDLE CHNL CODE : 11010101 IDLE CHNL A/B/C/D: 1001 more ON OFF
Figure 68 Measurement Configuration Screen 2 Dual E1 89

The next four items relate to ITU standards on measurements and performance characteristics for 2.048 Mbit/s. G.821 Options: ON (F1), OFF (F2) When the G.821 Measurement is ON, the LINE 1 BIT ERROR screen is shown in Measurement Results. This Bit Error screen presents the measurement parameters specified in ITU G.821. DGRM Options: ON (F1), OFF (F2) When the Degraded Minutes measurement is ON, DGRM is shown in MEASUREMENT RESULTS, G.821. G.826 Options: ON (F1), OFF (F2) When the G.826 Measurement is ON, the G.826 screen is displayed in MEASUREMENT RESULTS. This G.826 screen presents the measurement parameters defined in G.826. M.2100 Options: ON (F1), OFF (F2) When the M.2100 is ON, the M.2100 screen is shown in MEASUREMENT RESULTS. This section refers to ITU specifications used when a 2.048 Mbit/s circuit passes through international boundaries. It allocates a certain allowable error rate to each nation that carries the circuit. The technician needs to enter the appropriate percentage allowed for the line. The test set makes the M.2100/550 calculations and reports pass/fail in MEASUREMENT RESULTS, M.2100/550. The next two settings refer to the M.2100/550 measurements: MEAS PERIOD Options: 01-99 min. This setting controls how often a new result is displayed in MEASUREMENT RESULTS, LINE 1(2)M.2100/550. Use the SHIFT key and the numeric keys to set the period.

HRP MODEL % Options: .1 to 99.9 % Refer to M.2100, or to the older M.550, for information on how to select the Hypothetical Reference Performance model percent (HRP %). 90 SSMTT-27

IDLE CHNL CODE Options: Any 8-bit pattern Program the idle code to be any 8-bit pattern. This code is used during VF channel access operations, when the TxSource is set to the TESTPAT mode. The idle code is also used in fractional E1 testing to fill up the unused channels.

IDLE CHNL A/B/C/D Options: Any 4-bit pattern Program the idle channel signalling bits of channels 1-30 in the MFAS framing mode. These signalling bits are found in time slot 16 of frames 1-15. The default, 1101, is set in accordance with ITU G.704.

2.7.2 Self Test This feature is unavailable at this time.

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91

3 Applications 3.1 Connecting the Cords

Caution! Plugging into a live E1 circuit may cause a loss of service for multiple customers. Be sure you are properly trained before proceeding. For BRIDGE access, do not plug into the circuit until you have preselected the L1/2-Rx Port: BRIDGE level. The test set will not place isolation resistors on the line unless this Rx Port is specified. The next three figures show various ways in which to connect the test set to the circuit.

MON
SUNRISE

L1-RX L1-TX

SunSet xDSL

Tx

SUNRISE TELECOM

Rx EQUIP

Figure 69 Term Mode Connection

SUNRISE

SUNRISE

MON

SUNRISE

MON

Tx

L1-RX L1-TX

SunSet xDSL

Tx
SUNRISE TELECOM

Rx EQUIP Figure 70 Monitor Mode Connection

Rx EQUIP

92

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1-Line 1 TX 2-Line 1 RX 5-Line 2 TX 6-Line 2 RX

SunSet xDSL

SUNRISE TELECOM

3 7
SU NR

4 Tx

SU

CROSS CONNECT JACKS

NR

8 Tx

NR

ISE

ISE

ISE SU NR ISE

EQUIPMENT Rx

EQUIPMENT Rx

Notes: L1-Rx Port = TERM Plug in the cords in the order shown.

Figure 71 Thru Mode Connection

Dual E1

SU

93

3.2 Basic Applications

3.2.1 Accept a New Circuit
Exchange E1-TX1 E1-RX1 MON
SUNRISE TELECOM

SunSet xDSL

Customer Premises Multiport

OUT IN EQUIP

Loopback Device

Figure 72 Accept a New Span 1. Verify that the span is not in service. This acceptance test will disrupt service. There must be a loopback device at the far end. 2. From the E1 MODULE MAIN MENU, select TEST CONFIGURATION and configure as follows: TEST MODE: E1SINGL Tx SOURCE: TESTPAT FRAMING: as specified by the circuit design CRC-4: as specified by the circuit design TEST RATE: 2.048M L1-Rx Port: TERM TX CLOCK: INTERN Press ENTER when configured. 3. 4. 5. 6. From the E1 MODULE MAIN MENU, select TEST PATTERN. Select the desired test pattern and press ENTER. Connect the test set to the circuit as shown in Figure 72. Press HISTORY to acknowledge any history LEDs . Verify that the PAT SYNC LED is green. 7. From the E1 MODULE MAIN MENU, select MEASUREMENT RESULTS and press START (F3). 8. Verify that the circuit performs to your companys requirements for the service delivered. Use PAGE-UP (F1) and PAGE-DN (F2) to access each of the individual measurement screens. 9. When done, press ESC to return to the E1 MODULE MAIN MENU. Remove the loop at the far end of the circuit. 94 SSMTT-27

3.2.2 In-Service Circuit Monitoring 1. This test may be performed while the span is carrying live customer traffic. 2. From the E1 MODULE MAIN MENU, select TEST CONFIGURATION and configure as follows: TEST MODE: E1DUAL Tx/INSERT: LINE 1 or 2, as needed Rx/DROP: LINE 1 or 2, as needed Tx SOURCE: TESTPAT FRAMING: as specified by the span design CRC-4: as specified by the span design TEST RATE: 2.048M L1-Rx PORT: MONITOR or BRIDGE L2-Rx PORT: MONITOR or BRIDGE TX CLOCK: INTERN LED SOURCE: LINE 1 or 2 as needed Press ENTER when configured. Note: If you are not sure what RX Port level to use, then use BRIDGE. MONITOR should be used when you have a Protected Monitoring Point (PMP) access. 3. Connect the test set to the circuit as shown in Figure 73 or 74. 4. Press HISTORY to acknowledge any history LEDs.

E1-TX1 E1-TX2

SunSet xDSL

SUNRISE TELECOM

E1 Terminal Equipment

MON OUT IN

MON OUT IN

E1 Terminal Equipment

Figure 73 In-Service Circuit Monitoring-Monitor Mode Dual E1 95

E1-RX1

SunSet xDSL

SUNRISE TELECOM

Figure 74 In-Service Circuit Monitoring-Bridge Mode

5. Examine the LEDs for both lines for information about the circuit under test: The SIGNAL LED should be green, red indicates no signal. A valid framing type should be indicated. A steady ERROR or CODE LED indicates that the circuit is working but is experiencing trouble. An ALARM indication will show a problem on the other side of the circuit. AIS may indicate a trouble condition where a network element transmitting to the test set has lost its incoming signal and has replaced it with the AIS signal. 6. From the E1 MODULE MAIN MENU, select MEASUREMENT RESULT, and press START (F3). 7. Verify that the span performs to your company's requirements for the service delivered.

96

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3.2.3 Checking for Frequency Synchronization Frequency synchronization can be a problem when: the customer purchases a channelized E1 circuit. the customers circuit passes through a synchronous network element such as an exchange, PBX, or a digital cross-connect. the E1 circuit passes through more than one carrier.

Frequency synchronization problems result in bit slips, a major source of service impairment. Refer to Figure 69 for the setup and use this procedure to identify frequency synchronization problems.

E1-RX1 E1-RX2

SunSet xDSL

SUNRISE TELECOM

E1 Terminal Equipment

MON OUT IN

MON OUT IN

E1 Terminal Equipment

Figure 75 Frequency Synchronization 1. This test may be performed while carrying live customer traffic. 2. Obtain a 2.048 Mbit/s reference frequency source. On a 2.048 Mbit/s circuit, one side will usually be known to generate a synchronized signal. This side can be used as the reference. The other side can be measured for frequency synchronization. 3. From the E1 MODULE MAIN MENU, select TEST CONFIGURATION and configure as follows: TEST MODE: E1SINGL Tx SOURCE: TESTPAT FRAMING: as specified by the span design CRC-4: as specified by the span design TEST RATE: 2.048M L1-Rx PORT: MONITOR TX CLOCK: L2-Rx Press ENTER when configured. Dual E1 97

4 Refer to Figure 75 and plug the reference E1 signal into the Line 2 RX jack, this is usually the MONITOR jack of the known synchronized signal. 5. Plug the Line 1 RX jack into the MONITOR jack of the side to be tested. 6 Press HISTORY to acknowledge any history LEDs. 7. From the E1 MODULE MAIN MENU , select MEASUREMENT RESULTS and press START (F3). 8. Press PAGE-DN (F2) until the FREQUENCY screen is displayed. Observe if the frequency value varies from the 2.048 MHz reference frequency. You will see >>> or <<< indicating the rate of frequency slippage. Note the (+/-) WNDR values in the LINE 1 FREQUENCY screen. This will provide an indication of any low-frequency variation in the E1 signal's frequency.

98

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3.2.4 Measuring Signal Level

E1-RX1

SunSet xDSL

SUNRISE TELECOM

EQUIPMENT MON Tx Rx

EQUIPMENT
IS E

MON Tx Rx

E1 TERMINAL EQUIPMENT
SU N R

Figure 76 Measuring Signal Level

A signal level measurement can be performed by itself or in conjunction with one of the other tests. 1. Select the E1-RX1 Port level you want to use. You can make the measurement in TERM, MONITOR, or BRIDGE modes. A 1111 pattern in L1-Rx Port TERM and BRIDGE provides the most accurate results. MONITOR may be the most convenient mode. MONITOR measurement should generally show a result of about -20 dB or -30 dB. TERM will disrupt service. A BRIDGE measurement result may be degraded by a lowquality termination at the network element terminating the E1 line.

Dual E1

99

2. The rest of this procedure will use the TERM mode for illustrative purposes. Verify that the span is not in service. 3. From the E1 MODULE MAIN MENU, select TEST CONFIGURATION and configure as follows: TEST MODE: E1SINGL Tx SOURCE: TESTPAT FRAMING: as specified by the circuit design CRC-4: as specified by the circuit design TEST RATE: 2.048M L1-Rx PORT: TERM TX CLOCK : INTERN Press ENTER when configured. 4. Plug the test set into the circuit as shown in Figure 76. 5. Press HISTORY to acknowledge any blinking LEDs. 6. From the E1 MODULE MAIN MENU, select MEASUREMENT RESULTS and press START (F3). 7 Press PAGE-DN (F2) until the LINE 1-ALM/SIG screen is displayed 8. Read the signal level. Note that separate readings are given for the positive and negative signals so that you can get more accurate information on a faulty regenerator.

100

SSMTT-27

3.2.5 V.54 Channel Loopback Test 1. From the E1 MODULE MAIN MENU, select TEST CONFIGURATION and configure as follows: TEST MODE: E1SINGL/ E1DUAL Tx/INSERT and Tx/DROP: L1/L2 (as required) Tx SOURCE: TESTPAT TEST RATE: Nx64/2.048M (as required) LED SORUCE: (if E1DUAL is used) LINE 1 or 2 as needed Press ENTER when configured.

MODEM

DATACOM LOOP A

E1 MUX

SunSet xDSL

SUNRISE TELECOM

Figure 77 V.54 Application

2. From the E1 MODULE MAIN MENU, select OTHER MEASUREMENT > CHANNEL LOOPBACK and select MODE: LOOP UP. If the loop up is successful, you will see LOOP UP OK! message, if not, you will see LOOP UP ERROR. 3. From the E1MODULE MAIN MENU, select MEASUREMENT RESULT and run a BERT. 4. Stop the test. 5. From the E1 MODULE MAIN MENU, select OTHER MEASUREMENT > CHANNEL LOOPBACK and select MODE: LOOP DOWN. A LOOP DOWN OK message is displayed when the loop down has completed.

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101

3.2.6 Running a Timed Test Many network tests require the use of an exact time period such as 15 minutes, 1 hour, or 24 hours over which to conduct a test. In this section you will configure the timer for one of these tests. Use the following procedures. 3.2.6.1 Manual Start 1. Use a desired application for your test. 2. Select from the E1 MODULE MAIN MENU, select SYSTEM PARAMETERS > MEAS CONFIGURATION. 3. At the MEAS DURATION line press TIMED (F1). 4. Press SHIFT to display the SHFT indicator. 5. Enter in the number of hours and minutes that you want the test to run by using the keypad, press SHIFT when done. 6. Select the START line and press MANUAL (F2). 7. Press ESC until the E1 MODULE MAIN MENU is displayed. 8. Proceed with the desired application for your test. The test will now be timed when MEASUREMENT RESULT is performed. Observe the remaining time by viewing the RT (Remaining Time) indicator in the upper right-hand portion of the screen. 3.2.6.2 Auto Start To program the test set to begin measuring at a future date and time, use the following procedure: 1. In MEAS CONFIGURATION, at the MEAS DURATION line, press TIMED (F1). 2. Press SHIFT to display the SHFT indicator. 3. Enter in the number of hours and minutes that you want the test to run by using the keypad, press SHIFT when done. 4. Select the START line and press PROGRAM (F1). 5. Select the PROG DATE YMD line. Use the SHIFT and number keys to enter the Year, Month, and Day you wish the timed test to begin, press SHIFT when done. 6. Select the PROG TIME HMS line. Use the SHIFT and number keys to enter the Hour, Minute, and Second you wish the test to begin, press SHIFT when done. 7. Connect the test set to the circuit and configure as needed. 8. Leave the test set in module mode and the it will begin measuring at your programmed date and time.

102

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3.2.7 Observing Network Codes or Channel Data Observe live data: Binary Hexadecimal ASCII translations Decode E1 network control codes that are in use Verify the content of individual channels

Refer to Figure 78.

Meas PAGE:01 T/S BINARY 00 00011011 01 10001110 02 01000100 03 11011010 04 01100101 05 00100010 06 10100001 07 00110000 PAGE-UP PAGE-DN 08:21:36

VIEW RECEIVED DATA HEX 1B 8E 44 DA 65 22 A1 30 PAUSE ASCII ( ) (q) D() ([) e( ) (D) ( ) 0( ) PRINT

Figure 78 View Received Data

Use this procedure: 1. From the E1 MODULE MAIN MENU, select TEST CONFIGURATION and configure the interface (L1-Rx, L2-Rx Port-depending on the TEST MODE configuration) using the following guidelines: If in-service use BRIDGE or MONITOR If out-of-service use TERM Specify the other TEST CONFIGURATION settings as required. The test set must detect valid framing on the received signal. 2. Connect the test set to the circuit as shown in Figure 73 or 74. 3. Press HISTORY to acknowledge any blinking LEDs. 4. Press ESC to display the E1 MODULE MAIN MENU and select OTHER MEASUREMENT >VIEW RECEIVED DATA. You will now receive a live display of the E1 data. Scroll down through 64 pages of information Observe the changes which have occurred over time Dual E1 103

6. Review the live data as it is displayed. A. When the codes that you are interested in appear, press PAUSE (F3) to trap 64 pages of data. B. Press PAGE-DN (F2) to scroll through the data. The data is presented as it appears in the E1 bit stream and is broken out into timeslots. View control information in time slot 00 for FAS framing. View control information in time slots 00 and 16 for MFAS framing. All other channels (time slots) should contain actual voice/ data signals (or your the received test pattern).

104

SSMTT-27

3.2.8 Monitoring a Voice Frequency Channel This is a procedure for monitoring a voice frequency channel within an E1 circuit. 1. This test may be performed while the span is carrying live traffic. 2. From the E1 MODULE MAIN MENU, select TEST CONFIGURATION and configure as follows: TEST MODE: E1SINGL or E1DUAL Tx SOURCE: TESTPAT FRAMING: as specified by the circuit design CRC-4: as specified by the circuit design TEST RATE: 2.048M L1-Rx Port: MONITOR or BRIDGE TX CLOCK: INTERN Press ENTER when configured. Plug the test set into the circuit as shown in Figure 73 or 74. Press HISTORY to acknowledge any blinking LEDs. Verify that the FRAMING LED is green. Press ESC until the E1 MODULE MAIN MENU is reached and select VF CHANNEL ACCESS > VF & NOISE MEASUREMENTS. 8. Enter the desired transmit and receive timeslots. The channel number will bypass any time slots containing the E1 framing information. In FAS framing, no access is granted to time slot 00 In MFAS framing, access to time slots 00 and 16 is denied. 4. 5. 6. 7. 10. Use either TALK or TONE for TxMODE and L1 for the IN/DROP items (if you are in E1DUAL mode). 11. Adjust the volume to the desired level by pressing VOLUME, then use UP (F1) or DOWN (F2). Note: If you are not able to monitor the channel: Verify that the AUTO framing of the test set was able to synch on a recognized framing pattern Press the AUTO key to restart the auto framer if a valid frame pattern is not shown. If this doesn't work, try unplugging and re-plugging the receive cord. This will positively verify that there is no recognizable framing at this moment.

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105

3.2.9 Simple Talk/Listen This is the simplest procedure for talking and listening on an E1 circuit. The setup is illustrated in Figure 72. However, instead of having a loopback at the far end of the circuit, your setup may have another test set, a channel bank, a switch, or other E1 terminating network element. Use this procedure: 1. Verify that the span is not in service. This test will disrupt service for all of the channels you are not using. If a hitless drop insert is required, read Section 3.3.1. 2. From the E1 MODULE MAIN MENU, select TEST CONFIGURATION and configure as follows: TEST MODE : E1SINGL Tx SOURCE: TESTPAT FRAMING: as specified by the span design CRC-4: as specified by the span design TEST RATE: 2.048M L1-Rx Port: TERM TX CLOCK: INTERN Press ENTER when configured. Note: It is not possible to perform talk and listen on an unframed signal. 3. Connect the test set to the circuit as shown in Figure 72. 4. Press LED to acknowledge any blinking history LEDs. The FRAMING LED must be green for this procedure to work. 5. Press ESC to reach the E1 MODULE MAIN MENU and select VF CHANNEL ACCESS > VF & NOISE MEASUREMENTS. 6. Select the receive (listen) and transmit (talk) channels (they are usually the same channel number). 7. Select TALK for the TxMODE. You can now talk and listen on the channel which you have selected. Adjust the volume to the desired level by using the volume key.

106

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3.2.10 Send a Tone 1. This is an intrusive test. Be sure the E1 line is not carrying traffic or that it will be able to withstand any hits that this procedure will introduce. If a hitless drop insert is required, read Section 3.3.1. 2. From the E1 MODULE MAIN MENU, select TEST CONFIGURATION and configure as follows: TEST MODE: E1SINGL or E1DUAL Tx SOURCE: TESTPAT FRAMING: as specified by the span design CRC-4: as specified by the span design TEST RATE: 2.048M L1-Rx Port: TERM TX CLOCK: INTERN Press ENTER when configured. 4. Connect the test set to the circuit as in Figure 69. 5. Press HISTORY to acknowledge any blinking LEDs. 6. Press ESC until you reach the E1 MODULE MAIN MENU and select VF CHANNEL ACCESS > VF & NOISE MEASUREMENTS. 7. Use NEXT (F1) or PREVIUS (F2) to set up the receive and transmit channels (timeslots). Select the rest of the menu items as follows: Tx A/B/C/D: as required TxMODE: TONE TONE FREQ : enter the desired frequency Tx LVL (dBm): enter the desired tone level LISTEN SIDE: L1+L2 (if in E1Dual Mode) You are now transmitting a tone on the selected channel. View the received Frequency and noise measurements.

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107

3.2.11 Nx64 kbit/s Testing

Central Office E1-TX1 E1-RX1 MON
SUNRISE TELECOM SunSet xDSL

Multiport

OUT IN EQUIP Loopback Device

Figure 79 Fractional E1 Testing Fractional E1 circuits are circuits of data rate Nx64 kbit/s, where N can be anywhere from 1 to 31 channels. N channels of the E1 line are dedicated to the fractional E1 circuit, and the remaining channels of the E1 line are either filled with an idle code, other revenue traffic or framing information. Use the following procedure: 1. Verify that the fractional circuit is not in service. This test will disrupt service. If a hitless drop insert is required, read Section 3.3.1. 2. From the E1 MODULE MAIN MENU, select TEST CONFIGURATION and configure as follows: TEST MODE: E1SINGL Tx SOURCE: TESTPAT FRAMING: as specified by the span design CRC-4: as specified by the span design TEST RATE: Nx64K, the fractional SELECT TIME SLOT screen is displayed. Manually configure the timeslots or use AUTO configure. If needed see Section 2.1.1 for the procedure. L1-Rx Port: TERM TX CLOCK: INTERN Press ENTER when configured. Note: AUTO configuration may not yield the proper channels if: Any of the active channels are transmitting an idle code The idle code (set up in the SYSTEM PARAMETERS > MEAS CONFIGURATION page 2 > IDLE CHNL CODE) item is not the same as the idle code of the circuit being tested. 108 SSMTT-27

3. 4. 5. 6.

Connect the test set to the circuit as shown in Figure 79. Ensure that a loop is in place at the far end of the circuit. Press HISTORY to acknowledge any blinking LEDs. Select MEASUREMENT RESULTS and press START (F3) to perform the acceptance test. 7. Verify the fractional service performs to your companys requirements for the service delivered. To Observe the Idle and Active Channels: 1. In TEST CONFIGURATION, use the settings given in step 2 of Nx64 kbit/s Testing, except set TEST RATE to 2.048 Mbit/s. 1. Plug-in the test set as shown in Figure 79. 2. From the E1 MODULE MAIN MENU, select OTHER MEASUREMENTS > VIEW RECEIVED DATA, this will allow double checking the information being transmitted on a channel-bychannel basis.

Dual E1

109

3.3 Advanced Applications

3.3.1 In-Service Dual Drop & Insert THRU Testing To conduct a dual drop and insert THRU mode test on a line that is in service, make sure all connections are made in accordance with the numbering procedure in Figure 80 to ensure the least amount of interruption on the live circuits. Caution! Only experienced technicians should do this procedure. Any mistakes will disrupt service. Use the following procedure. If performed properly, this test should disrupt the service for a duration of few hundred milliseconds. 1. From the E1 MODULE MAIN MENU, select TEST CONFIGURATION and configure as follows: TEST MODE: E1DUAL Tx/INSERT: L1-Tx Rx/DROP: L2-Rx Tx SOURCE: THRU FRAMING: as specified by the circuit design CRC-4: as specified by the circuit design TEST RATE: 2.048M or Nx64K L1-Rx Port: MONITOR, BRIDGE L2-Rx Port: MONITOR, BRIDGE TX CLOCK: L1-Rx 2. Connect the test set to the circuit as shown in one of the next two figures. Figure 80 provides a BNC diagram, while Figure 81 shows Bantam diagram. This mode allows an in-service 2.048 Mbit/s circuit to pass through the test set. A. Plug in cords 1-6. Be sure to plug in the cords in the order shown. B. Verify that the test sets LEDs show proper framing, coding, and no errors for both Line 1 and 2. Note you will need to change LED SOURCE in TEST CONFIGURATION to check both lines. C. Plug in cords 7 and 8. Be sure to plug in the cords in the order shown.

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2 E1 RX1 5 E1 RX1 6 E1 TX2 4 E1 RX2

SunSet xDSL

SUNRISE TELECOM

1
MON OUT Line 1 2.048 Mbps Line 2 EQUIPMENT

3 8
OUT Line 2 2.048 Mbps Line 1 EQUIPMENT OUT

IN

IN IN

Figure 80 Dual Drop & Insert THRU Mode Test (BNC)

5 E1-TX1 2 E1-RX1 6 E1-TX2 4 E1-RX2

SunSet xDSL

SUNRISE TELECOM

OUT

7
Line 1 2.048 Mbps Line 2

MON

8
Line 2 2.048 Mbps Line 1

OUT

OUT

IN

IN IN

EQUIPMENT

EQUIPMENT

Figure 81 In Service Dual Drop & Insert THRU (Bantam) Dual E1 111

Note: The circuit will be disrupted for two or more seconds while the cords are moved. 3. Depending on the test application you may wish to do the following:

For Talk and Listen: A. Press ESC to return to the E1 MODULE MAIN MENU and select VF CHANNEL ACCESS >VF & NOISE MEASUREMENTS. B. Select the receive (listen) and transmit (talk) channels (they are usually the same channel number). C. Select TALK for the TxMODE and L1 (or L1+L2) for the SPEAKER. You can now talk and listen on the channel you have selected. To Send and Receive a Tone: A. Press ESC to return to the E1 MODULE MAIN MENU and select VF CHANNEL ACCESS >VF & NOISE MEASUREMENTS. B. Use NEXT (F1) or PREVIUS (F2) to set up the receive and transmit channels. C. Select the rest of the menu items as follows: TxMODE: TONE Tx FREQ: enter desired tone frequency TxLVL (dbm): enter desired tone level Tx ABCD: pick or enter desired supervision bits SPEAKER: L1+L2 You are now transmitting a tone on the selected channel. You can also view the received Level, Frequency, and noise measurements. To Test Nx64 kbit/s, Fractional E1: A. From the E1 MODULE MAIN MENU, select TEST CONFIGURATION and confirm that TEST RATE is set for Nx64K. B. Press ESC to get to the E1 MODULE MAIN MENU and select MEASUREMENT RESULTS and press START (F4) to perform your acceptance test. C. Verify that the fractional E1 service performs to your companys requirements for the service delivered.

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4 Reference-E1 Technology Overview

This E1 Technology Overview covers the fundamental concepts in 2.048 Mbit/s technology: sampling a signal, converting this information into a bitstream, and dividing the bitstream into segments (channels). This section also touches upon the basics of signalling technologies like MFR2 and CAS.

4.1 Technical Standards

E1 transmission technology is defined by a number of technology standards. Such standards allow equipment designers and service providers to ensure that various pieces of equipment are compatible and that networks operate in a predictable, reliable manner. The following standards cover many of the important aspects of E1 transmission technology: ITU G.703: Physical/electrical characteristics of interfaces ITU G.704: Synchronous frame structures ITU G.706: Frame alignment and CRC ITU G.821: Error performance of an international connection ITU G.826: Error performance parameters for international constant bit rate service at or above the primary rate. ITU M.550/M.2100 Bringing an international connection into service. Q.140: Definition and function of signals in SS5. Q.400: Definition and function of signals in R2.

Consult these standards when you need detailed information on particular aspects of E1 transmission technology.

4.2 Basic Definitions

Binary Data: A signal which has been converted into a format of 0s and 1s. Bit Stream: Binary Data which has been placed in a sequence at a fixed rate. Channel: A single portion of the bit stream which is available for bidirectional communication.

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113

4.3 Converting a Voice Signal

To transmit voice in a digital medium, such as a 2.048 Mbit/s line, we first need to encode the analog voice signal in a binary format. Then it must be converted to a bit stream suitable for digital transmission. This conversion can be achieved through Pulse Code Modulation. Refer to Figure 82.
Voice Signal
Volts

Time Sampling Pulse Amplitude Modulation Quantization 00101101 10110110 11000100

Volts

Time

Figure 82 Converting a Voice Signal The Nyquist theorem requires that the signal be sampled at twice the signal's maximum frequency in order for the signal to be reproduced without a loss of information. For voice signals, the maximum frequency is approximately 4000 Hz.This provides adequate clarity while conserving transmission bandwidth. Thus, we must sample our 4000 Hz voice signal at a frequency of 8000 Hz (8000 samples/second). The amplitude of the analog voice signal is sampled 8000 times per second. Each amplitude value is expressed as an 8-bit code word. These 8-bit words occurring 8000 times per second form a 64 kbit/s digital bit stream. The 8-bit code word is formed by comparing the amplitude of the analog sample to a companding characteristic. The companding characteristic is a formula which translates the amplitudes of the samples into the 8-bit code words. Internationally, a companding characteristic known as A-law is used. The purpose of A-law is to provide optimum signal to noise performance over a wide ranger of transmission levels. Linear encoding provides a poorer signal to noise ratio at the -20 dB level typical of speech. In North America, the encoding is done according to the -Law. Therefore, the companding law used for encoding the voice signal must match that for decoding, for distortion-free transmission. 114 SSMTT-27

4.4 2.048 Mbit/s Data Rate

The E1 signal (bitstream) is transmitted at a rate of 2.048 Mbit/s (2 048 000 bits per second). This transmission rate is achieved by combining 32 individual 64 kbit/s bitstreams: 64 (kbit/s /Channel) x 32 (Channels) = 2048 kbit/s = 2.048 Mbit/s This 2.048 Mbit/s signal is the overall E1 transmission rate.

4.5 Line Coding

Two common types of line coding are defined for use in a E1 network: AMI or HDB3.

2.37V 0V -2.37V 1 2.37V 0V -2.37V Note: This voltage is over a 75W unbalanced connection time HDB3 Line Coding 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 time AMI Line Coding

Figure 83 AMI & HDB3 Line Codings

AMI: This is the simplest of the two line coding formats. AMI stands for Alternate Mark Inversion, and is used to represent successive 1 values in a bitstream with alternating positive and negative pulses. Figure 83 depicts these alternating pulses. AMI is not used in most 2.048 Mbit/s transmission because synchronization loss occurs during long strings of data zeros. HDB3 :The HDB3 line coding format was adopted in order to eliminate these synchronization problems occurring with AMI. In the HDB3 format, a string of four consecutive zeros is replaced with a substitute string of pulses containing an intentional bipolar violaDual E1 115

tion. As the far end equipment receives the E1 signal, it examines the bit stream for these intentional bipolar code violations. It then extracts the code and reconstruct the original data. The HDB3 code substitutions provide high pulse density so that the receiving equipment is always able to maintain synchronization with the received signal. For example, in the code 1000 0000, HDB3 coding substitutes bipolar violations for the string of zeros. General rules apply to the substitutions. The particular substitution made is governed by the polarity of the last inserted bit, as well as the number of pulses following the previous violation bit. If there is an odd number of pulses, 000V is substituted; the polarity of V is the same as that of the bit immediately preceding it. If there is an even number of pulses, B00V is inserted; the polarity of B is opposite to that of the bit immediately preceding it and the polarity of V is the same as that of B. Refer to Figure 84 to see the types of HDB3 zero substitution codes.

Number of pulses (since last substitution) 1 Even (substitute B00V)

Polarity of Previous Pulse

0 Odd (substitute 000V)

Figure 84 HDB3 Encoding

The E1 module is can be configured to detect the one of the two types of HDB3 substitution codes, even if they are not matched to the proper number of pulses since the last substitution.

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4.6 Signal Levels

Once a signal has been encoded into a binary format and assembled into a bit stream, the pulses in the bit stream are then converted to actual voltage levels suitable for E1 transmission. Referring to Figure 83, you can see that a typical signal level for an E1 pulse with 75 impedance is either +/- 2.37 volts (for a binary 1 value) or 0 volts (for a binary 0 value). Real-world signal values would typically be +/- 10%. Ideally, each pulse transmitted would be perfectly symmetrical. However, in a real-world situation, each pulse becomes slightly distorted when it is generated and when it travels down the E1 line. Refer to Figure 85 for the shape of an ideal pulse vs. an actual pulse that would be encountered on an E1 line. An E1 pulse may be required to conform to a standardized pulse shape. This is often determined by comparing it to a specified mask. A common pulse mask is given by the ITU-T G.703 recommendation. Note: For an E1 pulse with 120 impedance, the signal level is either +/- 3 volts (for a binary 1 value) or 0 volts (for a binary 0 value) with real world values typically be +/- 10%.

Ideal Pulse

Actual Pulse

G.703 Mask

Figure 85 Pulse Shape

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4.7 2.048 Mbit/s Framing

E1 transmission utilizes two main types of framing: Frame Alignment Signal (FAS) and MultiFrame Alignment Signal (MFAS). Framing is necessary so that the equipment receiving the E1 signal is able to identify and extract the individual channels. PCM-31 uses FAS framing and PCM-30 uses MFAS framing with FAS framing. Frame Alignment Signal (FAS) The 2.048 Mbit/s frame consists of 32 individual time slots (numbered 0-31). As described previously, each time slot consists of an individual 64 kbit/s channel of data. PCM-31 uses FAS. In the FAS format, time slot 0 of every other frame is reserved for the frame alignment signal (FAS) pattern. Alternate frames contain the FAS Distant Alarm indication bit and other bits reserved for National and International use. Hence, there are 31 time slots into which we can place data (Figure 86).

One 2.048 Mbit/s Frame Time Slot 0 1 ... 31

BITS 1 E E Notes Even Frame: Contains Frame Alignment Signal (FAS) Odd Frame: No Frame Alignment Signal (NFAS) Sa: This bit is reserved for national use E: This is the error indication bit A: This is remote alarm indication bit (FAS) 0011011: Frame Alignment Signal 8 bits per timeslot x 8000 frames per second = 2.048 Mbps Figure 86 FAS Framing Format 118 SSMTT-27 2 0 1 3 0 A 4 1 Sa 5 1 Sa 6 0 Sa 7 1 Sa 8 1 Sa

The FAS format does not accommodate voice channel signalling. The first bit (c or Si) of these frames is reserved for international use. It can be used for the CRC-4, Cyclic Redundancy Check-4, when enhanced performance monitoring is required. Therefore, when CRC is enabled in the TEST CONFIGURATION screen, these bits depend upon the CRC calculation and should continually change between 0 and 1. When CRC-4 is not enabled, these bits are set to 1. In FAS framing, the odd frames do not contain the frame alignment signal. The bits are defined as follows: When CRC is enabled, bit 1 is used for the Cyclic Redundancy Check-4 performance monitoring. When CRC is enabled, this bit may not be changed here. It may be changed when CRC is disabled. The second bit is always set to 1 to avoid FAS signal simulations. Bit A is used for the Remote (FAS) Distant Alarm. Set this bit to 1 to indicate an alarm condition. For undisturbed operation, this bit is set to 0. (bits 4-8): Spare bits; they should be set to 1 for crossing an international border, when not in use, as defined by ITU-T G.704.

The first bits of frames 13 and 15 transmit the two E-bits, which are CRC-4 error indication bits. A zero in this bit denotes received errored sub-multiframes; a one represents received frames free of errors.

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119

MultiFrame Alignment Signal (MFAS) MFAS framing provides Channel-Associated Signalling (CAS) to transmit A/B/C/D bit supervision information for each channel. This method uses the 32 timeslot frame format including timeslot 0 for the FAS. This method also uses timeslot 16 for the MultiFrame Alignment signal and the Channel Associated Signalling. It takes 16 frames to make up a MultiFrame. When the MFAS frame is transmitted, all of the individual FAS frames and framing information intact is left intact. The 16 FAS frames are assembled together, dedicating timeslot 16 of the first frame to MFAS framing information, then dedicating timeslot 16 of the remaining 15 frames to A/B/C/D bits (Figure 87).

FRM 0 FRM 1

FRM 2 FRM 3 --------- FRM 15

TS 0 -------- TS 16 -------- TS 31

TS 0 -------- TS 16 -------- TS 31

TS 0 -------- TS 16 -------- TS 31

BITS 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 X 6 Y 7 X 8 X 1 2 3

BITS 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3

BITS 4 5 6 7 8

A B C D Ch 1 (TS-1)

A B C D Ch 16 (TS-17)

A B C D Ch 15 (TS-15)

A B C D Ch 30 (TS-31)

Notes Frame 0, timeslot 16: 8-bit MFAS signal Frames 1-15, timeslot 16:
(4 signalling bits/channel)(30 Chs) (8 signalling bits/frame timeslot 16) = 15 frames of timeslot 16 signalling

Frame 0 TS 16 bits: MFAS=0000 NMFAS=XYXX X=spare bits (=1 if not used) Y=MFAS remote alarm (=1 if MFAS synchronization is lost) Frames are transmitted with 30 voice channels in timeslots 1-15 and 17-31 Timeslot 16 (TS16) contains A/B/C/D bits for signalling (CAS) MFAS multiframe consists of 16 frames

Figure 87 MFAS Framing Format 120 SSMTT-27

CRC-4 Error Checking in a MultiFrame Format

TIME SLOT 0 Bits 1 Sa4 1 Sa4 1 Sa4 1 Sa4 1 Sa4 1 Sa4 1 Sa4 1 Sa4

M- SMFRM FRM FRM Bit 1 Bit 2 Bit 3 Bit 4 Bit 5 Bit 6 Bit 7 Bit 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 c1 0 c2 0 c3 1 c4 0 c1 1 c2 1 c3 E c4 E 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 A 0 A 0 A 0 A 0 A 0 A 0 A 0 A 1 Sa5 1 Sa5 1 Sa5 1 Sa5 1 Sa5 1 Sa5 1 Sa5 1 Sa5 0 Sa6 0 Sa6 0 Sa6 0 Sa6 0 Sa6 0 Sa6 0 Sa6 0 Sa6 1 Sa7 1 Sa7 1 Sa7 1 Sa7 1 Sa7 1 Sa7 1 Sa7 1 Sa7 1 Sa8 1 Sa8 1 Sa8 1 Sa8 1 Sa8 1 Sa8 1 Sa8 1 Sa8

Notes SMF-FRM+1: Sub-Multiframe #1 Sa: Spare bit reserved for National Use A: Remote Alarm (FAS Remote Alarm Indication) Frame Alignment Signal Pattern: 0011011 CRC-4 Frame Alignment Signal: 001011 CRC multiframe is not aligned with MFAS timeslot 16 multiframe SM-FRM 2: Sub-Multiframe 2 E: E-bit Errors c1, c2, c3, c4: CRC bits

Figure 88 CRC-4 Multiframe Format

Cyclic Redundancy Check-4 (CRC-4) is often used in E1 transmission to identify possible bit errors. CRC-4 allows the detection of errors within the 2.048 Mbit/s signal while it is in service. CRC-4 is based on a mathematical calculation performed on each submultiframe of data. The equipment which originates the E1 data calculates the CRC-4 bits for one submultiframe. Next it inserts the CRC-4 bits in the CRC-4 positions in the next submultiframe. Dual E1 121

The receiving equipment performs the reverse mathematical computation on the submultiframe. It examines the CRC-4 bits which were transmitted in the next submultiframe, then it compares the transmitted CRC-4 bits to the calculated value. If there is a discrepancy in the two values, a CRC-4 error is reported. There are two things to remember when using CRC-4 errors to determine the performance of an E1 circuit. Each individual CRC4 error does not necessarily correspond to a single bit error. Multiple bit errors within the same submultiframe will lead to only one CRC-4 error for the block. Also, it is possible that errors could occur such that the new CRC-4 bits are calculated to be the same as the original CRC-4 bits. CRC-4 error checking provides a convenient method of identifying bit errors within an in-service system. On an in-service system, it is generally not possible to measure the actual bit errors because there is no pattern synch. Bit error measurement is used on an outof-service system because the results are slightly more precise. CRC-4 also uses a multiframe structure consisting of 16 frames, as shown in Figure 88. However, the CRC-4 multiframe is not necessarily aligned with the MFAS multiframe. Each CRC-4 multiframe can be divided into 2 sub multiframes (SMF). These are labeled SMF#1 and SMF#2 and consist of 8 frames apiece. Four bits of CRC information are associated with each submultiframe. The CRC-4 bits are calculated for each submultiframe, buffered, and inserted into the following submultiframe to be transmitted across the E1 span. When the terminating equipment calculates an error using CRC4, it should transmit an E-bit to the far end, thus informing the far end equipment of the error.

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E-bit Performance Monitoring When the terminal equipment of a 2.048 circuit is optioned for CRC-4 transmission, E-bit transmission may also be enabled. Ebit performance monitoring of the circuit is now possible. The terminating equipment transmits an E-bit error on the 2.048 Mbps line, when it receives a CRC-4 error. However, E-bit error transmission is a relatively new feature in 2.048 transmission. Therefore, it is likely that the embedded equipment does not transmit the E-bit error information correctly. You should check the specifications of your network. Refer to Figure 89.

SunSet xDSL

1
SUNRISE TELECOM

Trouble Point (Error Source) CRC Error Protected MON PT Terminal EQ B

No Errors Terminal EQ A E-Bit Errors

SunSet xDSL

E-Bit Error

2
SUNRISE TELECOM

Figure 89 In-service E-bit Performance Monitoring When this type of terminal equipment detects an incoming CRC-4 error, it will respond by transmitting an E-bit error toward the other terminal. Test set 2, shown in Figure 89, will be able to see the E-bit errors by plugging into a protected monitoring point. Note that the test set can not see the actual code errors, framing bit errors and CRC errors introduced at the trouble point. The test set can see only the E-bit errors transmitted by Terminal B. Thus, E-bit error transmission allows a 2.048 Mbps in-service circuit to be reliably monitored for transmission performance from any point on the circuit. Without E-bit error transmission, only a complete circuit failure can be reliably determined at any point on the circuit. With a complete circuit failure, the test set will see either loss of signal, alarm indication signal, or remote alarm indication. Dual E1 123

4.8 MFR2/DTMF/DP Technology

There are a number of signalling methods used by public telephone networks. The methods are divided between the local loop and interoffice signalling. Referring to Figure 90, the signalling applied for each environment is as follows: LOCAL LOOP: Pulse DTMF (Dual Tone Multi-Frequency) ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) INTEROFFICE: MFR2 (Multi-Frequency) MFC (Multi-Frequency Compelled) SS7 (Signalling System #7)

Pulse DTMF ISDN Local Loop

C.O.

MFR2 MFC SS7 Interoffice

C.O.

Pulse DTMF ISDN Local Loop

Figure 90 Local Loop & Interoffice Signalling Method Local Loop In the local loop environment, a common signalling method is DTMF. It uses two tones, a high and a low, to represent a digit. The frequencies used are shown in Figure 91.

High Frequency 1209 1336 1477 697 Low Frequency 770 852 941
1 4 7 2 5 8 0 3 6 9

Figure 91 DTMF Frequency Keypad

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For example, if 5 is pressed, two frequencies are generated; 1336 Hz and 770 Hz. DTMF registers, converters, or receivers then recognize these tones as representing the digit 5 and translate them into digital signals. Pulse signalling is older than DTMF, and was originally used for rotary phone sets. When a number is dialled, a series of short IDLE/SEIZURE signals are created with specific timing, usually 10 pulses per second. If a number 3 is dialed, the wheel will send 3 IDLE/SEIZURE signals with a specific inter-digit timing between the digits. The switch will interpret the number of IDLE/SEIZURE signals, and the inter-digit duration to determine the digit that has been dialled. B-bit dialing is used to toggle the B-bit when seizing the line. In the seizure state, the B supervision bit is toggled (ABCD ABCD). If the number 463 is dialled, the B bit will flash 4 times, then rest for approximately one second, toggle six times, rest again, and toggle 3 times. ISDN provides digital services to end users with regular phone lines. Interoffice Signalling MFR2 is a common signalling method used in the interoffice environment. Similar to DTMF, MFR2 uses two tones for each digit being dialled. However, these tones are selected from a group of only six frequencies. A and B bit signalling is used to seize and acknowledge the line. These can be found in: ITU Q.441 Tables 5-9 MFC (Multi Frequency Compelled) dialling allows the two exchanges to send digits to each other in both the forward and backward direction. This helps ensure accurate transmission of the digits in a noisy environment.

Dual E1

125

126

SSMTT-27

Index
A ABCD bits, default; 86 AIS; 84 Alarm Generation; 83 Alarms AIS; 84 FAS DISTANT; 83 MFAS DISTANT; 84 T/S-16 AIS; 84 ALM/SIG Screen; 33 AMI; 88 Applications Accept a New Circuit; 94 Checking for Frequency Synchronization; 97 In Service Dual Drop & Insert THRU Testing; 110 In-Service Circuit Monitoring; 95 Measuring Signal Level; 99 Monitoring a Voice Frequency Channel; 105 Nx64 kbit/s Testing; 108 Observing Network Codes or Channel Data; 103 Running a Timed Test; 102 Send a Tone; 107 Simple Talk/Listen; 106 V.54 Channel Loopback Test; 101 ASCII; 37 Availability; 26 B Bargraph; 32 BINARY; 37 BLOCK; 70 Block Error Ratio, Block Size; 89 BREAK percentage; 72 C C-Bit Definitions; 43 CALIB; 48 Call Analysis; 55 Call Emulation; 60 Receive a Call; 63 Standard; 60 User; 65 CAS; 53, 69 Channel Data; 53 Channel Loopback; 49 Channel Loopback Setup; 49 Clear Back; 70 Dual E1 127

Clear Forward; 70 Clock Slips; 32 Coder Offset; 53 Peak; 53 Coding; 88 Connecting the Cords Monitor Mode; 92 Term Mode; 92 Thru Mode; 93 Connector Panel; 8 CONTINU; 26 CRC DET; 11 Send Frame Words; 85 CRC-4; 11, 16, 38, 121 Current Histogram; 44, 45, 47 D Dial Parameters; 71 % BREAK; 72 B-BIT; 72 DIAL PERIOD; 71 Dial pulse; 72 INTERDIGIT PRD; 71 SILENT PERIOD; 71 TONE LEVEL dbm; 71 Digit Analysis; 58 DTMF; 55 Dialing; 62 E E-Bit Performance Monitoring; 123 Send Frame Words; 85 E1 CRC-4; 11 Fractional; 112 Pulse Quality; 40 Edit Emulator Receive Side; 67 Send Side; 67 Error Injection configuration; 81 Programming Burst of 10 Errors; 82 ET; 27 External Timing; 18 128 SSMTT-27

F FAS DISTANT; 83 Words, View; 37 Figures 01 SSMTT LEDs; 5 02 SSxDSL LEDs; 5 03 Dual E1 Connector Panels; 8 04 Menu Tree; 9 05 E1 Single Test Configuration; 10 06 Fractional E1; 12 07 DDS Shift; 14 08 E1 Dual Test Configuration; 15 09 Slave to Slave Timing; 17 10 Loop/Slave Timing; 18 11 External Timing; 18 12 DDS Shift; 19 13 Send Test Pattern; 20 14 User Test Pattern Screen; 22 15 User Test Pattern Screen; 23 16 Measurement Results Screen; 25 17 Line 1 Summary Screen (E1 Mode); 31 18 Line Frequency Screen (E1 Mode); 31 19 Line Frequency/No Ref Signal; 32 20 G.821 Logical Screen; 33 21 ALM/SIG Screen (E1 Mode); 33 22 Line 1- M.2100/550 screen (E1 Mode); 34 23 Line 1- G.826 Screen (E1 Mode); 35 24 View Received Data; 36 25 FAS Frame Words; 37 26 FAS Frame Words-PCM30; 38 27 MFAS Frame Words; 39 28 Pulse Shape Analysis; 40 29 C-Bit Analysis; 42 30 Current Histogram Info Screen; 45 31 View Current Histogram; 45 32 Saved Histogram Screen; 47 33 Propagation Delay Screen; 48 34 V.54 Application; 49 35 V.54 Channel Loopback Screen; 49 36 VF Measurements E1 Dual Setup Screen; 51 37 View Line 1 & 2 CAS; 54 38 Call Analysis Setup Screen; 55 39 Call Analysis Setup Screen with Trigger; 56 40 DTMF Call Analysis Sample Screen; 57 41 MFR2 Call Analysis Sample Screen; 57 Dual E1 129

Figures continued 42 DTMF Digit Analysis Screen; 59 43 Pulse Digit Analysis Screen; 59 44 Call Emulator List; 60 45 DTMF Receive Sequence; 61 46 Q.441 MFCR2 Call Emulation Setup Screen; 61 47 Q.441 MFCR2 Call Emulation; 62 48 Q.441 MFCR2 Receive Setup; 63 49 Q.441 MFCR2 Receive Sample Screen; 64 50 User Call Emulator Screen; 65 51 Call Emulator Profiles; 66 52 Edit Emulator; 66 53 Start User Emulation; 68 54 Supervision Setup Screen; 69 55 Dial Parameters Screen; 71 56 Signal Meanings Screen; 73 57 Group 1 Forward Signals; 74 58 Group II Forward Signals; 75 59 Group A Backward Signals Screen; 76 60 Group B Backwards Signals Screen; 77 61 View/Store/Print Screen; 78 62 Filename Character Screen; 79 63 Error Injection Screen; 81 64 Alarm Generation Screen; 83 65 Send Frame Words Screen; 85 66 Automatic E-Bit Transmission; 86 67 Measurement Configuration Screen 1; 87 68 Measurement Configuration Screen 2; 89 69 Term Mode Connection; 92 70 Monitor Mode Connection; 92 71 Thru Mode Connection; 93 72 Accept a New Span; 94 73 In-Service Circuit Monitoring-Monitor Mode; 95 74 In-Service Circuit Monitoring-Bridge Mode; 96 75 Frequency Synchronization; 97 76 Measuring Signal Level; 99 77 V.54 Application; 101 78 View Received Data; 103 79 Fractional E1 Testing; 108 80 Dual Drop & Insert THRU Mode Test (BNC); 111 81 In Service Dual Drop & Insert THRU (Bantam); 111 82 Converting a Voice Signal; 114 83 AMI & HDB3 Line Codings; 115 84 HDB3 Encoding; 116 85 Pulse Shape; 117 87 FAS Framing Format; 118 130 SSMTT-27

Figures continued 87 MFAS Framing Format; 120 88 CRC-4 Multiframe Format; 121 89 In-service E-bit Performance Monitoring; 123 90 Local Loop & Interoffice Signalling Method; 124 91 DTMF Frequency Keypad; 124 Frame Alignment Signal; 38 Frame Words, Send; 85 Framing; 11, 16 FRM; 27 Multiframe; 39 PCM-30; 12 PCM-31; 12 VF Analysis; 50 Frequency Screen-Meas. Results; 31 G G.703; 40, 113 Pulse Mask; 41 G.704; 113 G.706; 113 G.821; 33, 113 Measurement Results; 33 G.826 %BBE; 35 BBE; 35 EB; 35 Measurement Results; 35 SES; 35 H HDB3; 88 HEX; 37 Histogram Analysis; 44 Current Histogram; 45, 47 HOLDSCR; 26 HRP MODEL % Configuration; 90 I Idle; 69 Channel Signalling; 91 Code; 91 Signal; 50 Interdigit Period; 71 Internal Timing; 14, 19 ITU-T Q.441; 73

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L L1+L2; 52 L1-Rx; 14 PORT; 13 L2-Rx; 14 LEDs AIS; 7 ALARM; 7 BIT ERR; 6 BPV/CODE; 7 MODULE or xDSL; 5 PAT SYNC; 6 SIGNAL (SSMTT) or T1/E1 SIG (SSxDSL); 5 Line Coding AMI; 115 HDB3; 115 Local Loop; 124 LOCK/UNLOCK; 26 Loss of Frame; 11 M M.2100; 113 M.2100/550; 34 M.550; 113 M2100/500 Screen; 34 %ES; 34 %SES; 34 P/F; 34 PERIOD; 34 MEAS Configuration BLOCK SIZE; 89 CODE CONFIGUR; 88 DGRM; 90 G.821; 90 G.826; 90 IDLE CHNL A/B/C/D; 91 IDLE CHNL CODE; 91 M.2100; 90 MEAS DURATION; 87 MEASURE MODE; 88 PRINT EVENT; 89 PRINT RESULT; 89 Measurement Result Definitions %AS; 28 %DGRM; 29 %EFS; 29 %ES; 29 132 SSMTT-27

Measurement Result Definitions continued %SES; 30 %UAS; 30 (CODE) RATE; 28 (CRC) RATE; 28 +/- RxLVL; 30 +LVL; 29 +WANDR; 30 -LVL; 29 -WANDR; 30 AISS; 28 AS; 28 BER; 28 BIT; 28 CLK SLIP; 28 CODE; 28 CRC; 28 DGRM; 29 EBER; 29 EBIT; 29 EFS; 29 ES; 29 FALM; 29 FE; 29 Hz/PPM; 29 LOFS; 29 LOSS; 29 Lpp; 29 MAX Hz; 30 MFAL; 30 MFE; 30 MIN Hz; 30 RCV Hz; 30 RxCLK; 30 SES; 30 SLIP; 30 UAS; 30 Measurements Duration of; 87 Start; 88 Menu Tree; 9 MFAS DISTANT; 84 DISTANT Alarm; 84 Framing Bits; 39 WORD, Send Frame Words; 86 Dual E1 133

MFAS continued Words, View; 39 MFR2; 55, 62 N NFAS WORDS-Send Frame Words; 86 Noise 1010 Hz Measurement; 53 Noise Psophometric Measurement; 53 O OFFSET; 14 Other Features; 81 P PCM-31; 118 Propagation Delay; 48 Pulse; 72 Pulse Digit Analysis; 59 Pulse Mask Analysis; 40 View Last Pulse Shape; 41 Pulse Signalling; 55 Q Q.422; 69 R Receiver; 13 Receivers; 17 Reference Clock; 32 RT; 27 Rx/DROP; 15 S Seizure; 70 Select Timeslot Screen; 11, 16 Send and Receive a Tone; 112 Send Frame Words; 85 Signal Meanings; 73 Signal-to-Noise measurement; 53 Signalling; 54, 69 Slave Timing; 17 SS#5; 55 Summary Screens; 31 Supervision; 69 T T/S; 37 Tables 01 C-bit Definitions; 43 02 Group 1 Forward Labels; 74 03 Group II Forward Labels; 75 134 SSMTT-27

Tables continued 04 Group A Backward Signal Labels; 76 05 Group B Backward Labels; 77 Technical Standards; 113 Test Patterns, Standard 0000; 21 1-4; 22 1-8; 22 1010; 21 1111; 21 2047; 21 20ITU; 21 2e15; 21 2e20; 21 2e23; 20 3-24; 22 511, 127, 63; 21 FOX; 21 QRSS; 22 Test Rate; 11, 16 Timing; 17 Tone Level; 71 TOUT; 67 TTL-L2; 14 TX CLOCK; 14 TX CLOCK, E1 DUAL; 17 Tx SOURCE; 10, 15 U Unit Interval (UI); 48 User Emulation; 65 User Test Patterns Correcting a Mistake in the Pattern; 24 Creating; 23 Deleting; 24 Editing a Label; 24 Sending; 22 Viewing; 23 V V.54; 49 VF Channel Access View CAS; 54 VF Digit Analysis dBm; 58 H/L Hz; 58 INTD; 58 PERD; 58 Dual E1 135

VF Digit Analysis continued PPRD; 59 PPS; 59 TWIST; 58 VF Measurement Results 1010 (dBm); 53 3-K Flat; 53 3K (dBm); 53 frequency; 53 level; 53 OFFSET; 53 PEAK; 53 PSOP (dBm); 53 RxABCD; 53 RxDATA; 53 S/N (dB); 53 View Received Data; 36 View Results Records; 84 View/Store/Print Deleting a Stored Test; 80 Locking & Unlocking a Stored Test; 80 Printing a Stored Test; 80 Renaming a Stored Test; 80 Saving a Test; 79 Viewing a Stored Test; 80 W Warnings; 13 X XMT CLOCK INTERN; 19

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