MAXLIONEL Y. MANLAPaz BSN IV-A06 Dr.

Maria Monica Espinosa

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HOMEWORK IN LEADERSHIP MANAGEMENT

 Community Organizing Participatory Action Research (COPAR) A continuous & sustained process of educating people (apathetic, individualistic,voiceless poor) - to develop critical awareness of their existing conditions, - working with the people collectively & efficiently, - mobilizing them to take action on their immediate needs towards solving their long term problems - (dynamic, participatory & politically responsive community) - CO continuous process of awareness bldg, organizing & mobilizing (AOM) community members towards community development  Importance of COPAR  Helps the community workers to generate community participation in devt activities  Prepares people/clients to eventually take over the mgt of a devt programs in the future  Maximizes community participation & involvement; community resources are mobilized for community services  Principles of COPAR  People, especially the most oppressed, exploited & deprived sectors are open to change, have the capacity to change, and are able to bring about change  COPAR should be based on the interests of the poorest sectors of the society  COPAR should lead to self-reliant community and society  Processes/Methods Used 1. A PROGRESSIVE CYCLE OF ACTION-REFLECTION -ACTION

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evaluation & reflection of and on the action taken by the people CONSCIOUSNESS-RAISING learning that emerges from concrete action & which enriches succeeding action COPAR is PARTICIPATORY AND MASS-BASED biased in favor of the poor, the powerless & the oppressed GROUP-CENTERED AND NOT LEADER-ORIENTED Leaders are identified, emerged & are tested through action rather than appointed or selected by some external force or entity Approaches to Development Welfare Approach poverty is God-given and that poverty is destined, caused by bad luck The poor shld accept their condition since they will receive their just reward in heaven Modernization Approach poverty is due to lack of education and resources such as capital and technology Adapts the western mode of technological devt and abandon the traditional methods Transformatory/Participatory Approach Poverty is rooted in the historical past and is maintained by the oppressive structures of society Poverty is caused by the prevalence of exploitation, oppression, domination and other unjust structures Process of empowering the poor and the oppressed sectors of society so that they can pursue a more just and humane society Critical Steps (activities) in COPAR Integration health worker becomes one with the people Social Investigation community study, a systematic process of collecting, collating, analyzing data to draw a clear picture of the community Tentative Program Planning CO to choose one issue to work on in

order to begin organizing the people 4. Groundwork going around & motivating the people on a oneon-one basis to do something on the issue that has been chosen 5. The Meeting people collectively ratify what they have already decided individually, probs & issues are discussed  6. Role Play acting out the mtg that will take place bet the leaders of the people & the govt representatives 7. Mobilization or action actual experience of the people in confronting the powerful & the actual exercises of people power 8. Evaluation people reviewing steps 17 to determine whether they were successful or not in their objectives 9. Reflection dealing w/ deeper, ongoing concerns to look at the positive values CO is trying to build in the organization, time to reflect on the reality of life compared to ideal 10. Organization results of many successive & many similar actions of the people, set up w/ elected officers and supporting members  Phases of the COPAR Process 1. Pre-entry phase initial phase of the organizing process, CO looks for communities to serve Activities: Community consultations/dialogues Designing a plan for community devt Designing criteria for the selection of site Actually selecting the site for community care Preliminary social investigation (PSI) Networking with local government units (LGUs), NGOs & other departments  2. Entry phase social preparation phase/immersion phase, sensitization of the people on the critical events, motivating them to share their dreams & ideas on how to manage their concerns & eventually mobilizing to take

collective action on these, signals the actual entry of community organizer  Entry Phase Activities: Integration with the community Sensitization of the community/information campaign Continuing social investigation Core Group (CG) formation Coordn/consultation with other com. organizations Self-awareness & Leadership Training (SALT)/ Action planning  3. Organization-building phase more formal structures & the inclusion of more formal procedures of planning, implementing, & evaluating community activities - conduct of trngs for the organized leaders or groups to develop their AKS in managing their own concerns/programs Community Study/Diagnosis Phase (Research Phase) - Selection of the research team - Trng on data collection methods & tech, devt of tools - Planning for the actual data gathering - Data gathering - Trng on data validation - Community validation - Presentation of community dx & recom. - Prioritization of community needs/probs for axn  Community Organization & Capability-Building Phase Community mtgs to draw up guidelines for the organization of CHO Election of officers Devt of mgt systems & procedures, delineation of roles, functions & tasks of CHO officers & members Team building/Action-reflectionaction sessions Working out legal requirements for CHO Organization of working committees/task grps

Training of CHO officers/community leaders  Community Action Phase  Organization & trng of CHWs (devt, selection,trng)  Setting up of linkages/network referral systems  PIME of health services & com.devt projects  Initial Identification & implementation of resource mobilization schemes  4. Sustenance and Strengthening phase com. orgn has been established, com.members are active, w/ functioning different committees Activities: Formulation & ratification of consti. & bylaws Identification & devt of secondary leaders Institutionalization of financing scheme Devt & implementation of viable mgt systems Continuing educn of com. leaders & CHWs Devt of medium/long term com. health & devt plans  COPAR Trainings 1. Self-Awareness Leadership Training (SALT) - concept of man - communication - national & local health situation - CO/PHC - Basic health care - Leadership Output: Clustering 2. PAR and Management Training (PIME -Planning,Implementation, Monitoring,Evaln) Output: Devt Action Plan/ Project Proposal  Basic Health Skills Training  Basic anatomy & physiology - Vital signs  Health-illness continuum - TSB  Disease causation  MCN and basic Health Programs of DOH  Rational Drug Use

Physical Assessment & History taking  Bag Technique  Wound care & dressing  Common illnesses & home remedies  Medical asepsis  Advance Health Skills Training  Review of basic concepts in BHST  First Aid and emergency measures  Bandaging, HPN, DM, UTI  High risk pregnancy Specialized Health Skills Training - Traditional medicine - Finger pressure - Herbal medicine - Responsible parenthood & family planning