Iso TC 60 SC 1WG 7 N 308

ISO 2011 All rights reserved
ISO/TC 60/SC 1/WG 7 N 308

Date: 2011-04-12
ISO/DTR 10828.2
ISO/TC 60/SC 1/WG 7 Secretariat: BSI
Worm gears Worm profiles and gear mesh geometry

Engrenage vis cylindriques Gomtrique des profils de vis et des engrnements
Warning This document is not an ISO International Standard. It is distributed for review and comment. It is subject to change without notice and may not be referred to as an International Standard. Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are aware and to provide supporting documentation.
ISO/DTR 10828.2
Copyright notice
This ISO document is a working draft or committee draft and is copyright-protected by ISO. While the reproduction of working drafts or committee drafts in any form for use by participants in the ISO standards development process is permitted without prior permission from ISO, neither this document nor any extract from it may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form for any other purpose without prior written permission from ISO. Requests for permission to reproduce this document for the purpose of selling it should be addressed as shown below or to ISO's member body in the country of the requester: [Indicate the full address, telephone number, fax number, telex number, and electronic mail address, as appropriate, of the Copyright Manager of the ISO member body responsible for the secretariat of the TC or SC within the framework of which the working document has been prepared.] Reproduction for sales purposes may be subject to royalty payments or a licensing agreement. Violators may be prosecuted.
ii
ISO/DTR 10828.2
Contents
Page
Foreword .............................................................................................................................................................v Introduction........................................................................................................................................................vi 1 2 3 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 5 5.1 5.2 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 7 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 8 9 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 10 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 11 11.1 11.2 11.3 Scope ......................................................................................................................................................1 Normative references............................................................................................................................1 Symbols and abbreviated terms ..........................................................................................................1 Formulae for calculation of dimensions .............................................................................................4 Parameters for a cylindrical worm.......................................................................................................4 Parameters for a worm wheel ..............................................................................................................7 Meshing parameters..............................................................................................................................9 Generalities on worm profiles............................................................................................................10 Definitions ............................................................................................................................................10 Conventions relative to the equations of this document ................................................................11 Definition of Profiles ...........................................................................................................................12 Introduction..........................................................................................................................................12 Type A...................................................................................................................................................12 Type I ....................................................................................................................................................14 Type N...................................................................................................................................................18 General equations for A, I and N profiles..........................................................................................20 Type K...................................................................................................................................................21 Type C...................................................................................................................................................23 Projection Planes ................................................................................................................................28 Axial plane............................................................................................................................................28 Offset plane..........................................................................................................................................28 Transverse plane .................................................................................................................................28 Normal plane........................................................................................................................................28 Projection of axial profile in an offset plane.....................................................................................29 Pitch Surfaces......................................................................................................................................31 Conjugate worm wheel profile ...........................................................................................................32 Path of contact.....................................................................................................................................33 Conjugate profile .................................................................................................................................34 Trochod (or fillet) at root of the worm wheel ...................................................................................36 Equivalent radius of curvature in an offset plane............................................................................37 Singularities of worm gear mesh.......................................................................................................39 Geometry of contact............................................................................................................................42 Tangent plane at point of contact......................................................................................................43 Normal plane at point of contact .......................................................................................................43 Zone of contact....................................................................................................................................44 Lines of contact ...................................................................................................................................45 Contact ratio ........................................................................................................................................48 Tangent vector to the line of contact ................................................................................................49 Normal plane at point of contact .......................................................................................................50 Principal equivalent radius of curvature...........................................................................................50 Velocities at of contact point .............................................................................................................51 Velocity of a point of worm ................................................................................................................51 Relative velocity between 2 conjugate flanks ..................................................................................52 Velocity at the contact point along the path of contact ..................................................................52
iii
ISO/DTR 10828.2
11.4 11.5
Velocity at the contact point along the path of contact.................................................................. 53 Velocity at the point of contact ......................................................................................................... 53
Velocity of the contact point on the worm: ......................................................................................................... 53 Annex A (informative) Settings and derivates of A, I, N profiles equations............................................... 54 Annex B (informative) Setting and derivates of K and C profiles equations ............................................. 60 Annex C (informative) Algorithm to determine the point of generations of worm and worm wheel...... 66 Annex D (informative) Algorithm to determine lines of contact and non-dimensional parameters ........ 68 Annex E (informative) Examples..................................................................................................................... 69 Bibliography ..................................................................................................................................................... 70
iv
ISO/DTR 10828.2
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. In exceptional circumstances, when a technical committee has collected data of a different kind from that which is normally published as an International Standard (state of the art, for example), it may decide by a simple majority vote of its participating members to publish a Technical Report. A Technical Report is entirely informative in nature and does not have to be reviewed until the data it provides are considered to be no longer valid or useful. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO/TR 10828 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 60, Gears, Subcommittee SC 1, Nomenclature and wormgearing. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO/TR 10828:1997), which has been technically revised. It includes the formulation for the geometrical dimensions of the worm and worm wheel, and that for the determination of gear mesh geometry (path of contact, zone and lines of contact) with the details to determine the non-dimensional parameters used to apply load capacity calculations (radius of curvature, sliding velocities).
ISO/DTR 10828.2
Introduction
Thread forms of the worms of worm gear pairs are commonly related to the following machining processes: the type of machining process (turning, milling, grinding); the shapes of edges or surfaces of the cutting tools used; the tool position relative to an axial plane of the worm; where relevant, the diameters of disc type tools (grinding wheel diameter).
This document introduces all the aspect concerning the gear mesh geometry to define conjugate worm wheel, path of contact, lines of contact and other associated geometrical characteristics.
vi
COMMITTEE DRAFT
ISO/DTR 10828.2
Worm gears Worm profiles and gear mesh geometry
Scope
In this technical report, thread profiles of the five most common types of worms at the date of publication are described and equations of their axial profiles are given. The five worm types covered in this technical report are designated by the letters A, C, I, K and N. The different formulae to study the path of contact, the conjugate profile of the worm wheel, the lines of contact, the radius of curvature and the different velocities at points of contact are developed. At the end the application of those formulae to calculate non dimensional parameters used in load capacity calculation are detailed.
Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 1122-2, Vocabulary Worm gears ISO 701, International gear notations Symbols for geometrical data ISO/TR 14521, Worm gears Load capacity of worm gears
Symbols and abbreviated terms
For the purposes of this document, Tables 1 and 2 give the symbols the indices and the description. (Table to be check by the working group). Table 1 Symbols for worm gears Symbols a b1 b2 b2H b2H,std b2R bH c1,c2 centre distance worm facewidth facewidth of the wheel as specified in DIN 3975 effective wheel facewidth Standard worm wheel facewidth wheel rim width half hertzian contact width tip clearance Description Units mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm Fig. 4 Fig.19 Fig. 4 52 Figures Equation Number 38/39 22 36
Symbols
* * c1 , c 2
Description tip clearance coefficient in axial section worm tip diameter worm wheel tip diameter base diameter of involute helicoid (for I profile) worm wheel outside diameter force transmitted by a segment of the contact line length of contact line segment worm root diameter worm wheel root diameter worm reference diameter reference diameter of the worm, from standard reference gear worm wheel reference diameter reference diameter of the wheel, from standard reference gear worm pitch diameter worm wheel pitch diameter worm reference tooth space width in axial section worm normal tooth space width in normal section worm wheel tooth space width in mid-plane section worm tooth depth worm wheel tooth depth worm tooth reference addendum in axial section worm wheel tooth reference addendum in mid-plane section worm tooth reference addendum coefficient in axial section worm wheel tooth reference addendum coefficient in midplane section worm wheel tooth external addendum worm tooth reference dedendum in axial section worm wheel tooth reference dedendum in mid-plane section worm tooth reference dedendum coefficient in axial section worm wheel tooth reference dedendum coefficient in midplane section parameter for minimum mean lubricant film thickness axial backlash spacing of the worm shaft bearings bearing spacing of the worm shaft axial module for tooling selection normal module
Units mm mm mm mm mm N mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm
Figures
Equation Number
da 1 da 2 db 1 de 2 dF dl df 1 df 2 dm1 dm1T dm2 dm2T dw1 dw2 emx 1 en1 em2 h1 h2 ham1 ham2
* ham1 * ham2
13 34 21 35 Fig. B.2 B.3 B.1 14 33 Fig. 2/5 9
Fig 3/5
24
40 41 Fig. 2 16 18 27 10 31 Fig. 5 Fig. 5 11 29 11 29 32 12 30
he2 hfm1 hfm2

* hfm1 * hfm2
30 56/57
h* jx l1 l11, l12 mxhob mn
Fig. 11 Annex G 8
ISO/DTR 10828.2
Symbols mx 1 n1 n2 pb1
* pm
Description axial module rotational speed of the worm shaft rotational speed of the wheel base cylinder pitch for I profile parameter for the mean hertzian stress normal pitch transverse pitch axial pitch lead of worm threads diameter factor diameter factor for hob worm wheel throat radius reference tooth thickness of the wheel teeth in the spur section mean tooth root thickness of the wheel teeth in the spur section mean tooth root thickness of the wheel teeth in the spur section tooth thickness at the reference diameter of the worm wheel rim thickness worm tooth thickness in axial section worm tooth thickness in axial section coefficient normal worm tooth thickness in normal section parameter for the mean sliding path gear ratio velocity of a flank point of the worm velocity of a flank point of a worm wheel worm velocity component normal to the contact line wheel velocity component normal to the contact line sliding velocity at the reference diameter in flank direction sliding velocity at mean reference diameter sum velocity (entertainment) sum velocity in normal direction worm wheel profile shift coefficient number of threads in worm number of teeth in worm wheel axial pressure angle for A profile
Units mm min
-1
Figures
Equation Number 2/G.1
min-1 mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm m/s m/s m/s m/s m/s m/s m/s m/s Fig. B.1 Fig. B.1 Fig. B.2 Fig. B.2 91/92/93/E .6 51 53 53 28 Fig. 3 Fig. 12 Fig. 2 15 15 17 59/60/D.8 42 62 62 Fig. 2 22 53/54 7 25 1 3 4 Annex G 37 153 153 153 26
pn1 pt2 px 1 pz 1 q1 qhob rg2 s2 sf2 sft2 sm2 sK smx1

* smx1
sn1 s* u v1 v2 v1n v2n r VgB

r vg
v vn x2 z1 z2
ot
Symbols
Description normal pressure angle reference helix angle of worm reference lead angle of worm base lead angle of worm thread (for I profile) profile radius of the grinding disk for C type equivalent radius of curvature angular velocity of worm angular velocity of worm wheel
Units mm mm s
-1
Figures
Equation Number 19 6 5 19 B.2
n m1 m1 b1 red 1 2
s-1
Table 2 Indices for worm gears Symbols 0 1 2 GW cutting tool wheel worm grinding wheel Description
4
4.1
Formulae for calculation of dimensions

Parameters for a cylindrical worm
Axial pitch
p x1 = mx1
4.1.1
(1)
4.1.2
Axial module
mx1 = px1
(2)
4.1.3
Lead
pz1 = z1 p x1
(3)
4.1.4
Diametral factor
d q1 = m1 mx1
(4)
4.1.5
Reference lead angle

tan m1 = mx1 z1 z1 = dm1 q1
(5)
ISO/DTR 10828.2
4.1.6
Reference helix angle
m1 = 90 m1
4.1.7 Normal pitch on reference cylinder
pn1 = px1 cos m1
(6)
(7)
4.1.8
Normal module
mn = mx1 cos m1
(8)
4.1.9
Reference diameter
dm1 = q1 mx1
(9)
Figure 1 Axial pitch, reference tooth thickness and reference tooth space for worm 4.1.10 Reference tooth depth
h1 = ham1 + hfm1 = 1 (d a1 d f1 ) 2
(10)
4.1.11 Reference addendum

* ham1 = ham1 mx1 =
1 ( d a1 dm1) 2
(11)
where h*am1 is the addendum coefficient = 1 (normally) 4.1.12 Reference dedendum

* hfm1 = hfm1 mx1 =
1 ( dm1 d f1) 2
(12)
* * where hfm1 = dedendum coefficient; generally 1,1< hfm1 <1,3, the recommended value is 1,2
4.1.13 Tip diameter

d a1 = dm1 + 2 ham1
(13)
4.1.14 Root diameter
d f 1 = dm1 2 hfm1
* 4.1.15 Tooth thickness coefficient smx1 * A recommended value is smx1 = 0,5
(14)
In general practice, this coefficient is very often less than 0,5 when there is a wish to increase the worm wheel tooth thickness to extend durability against wear of worm wheel. See Figure 1
4.1.16 Reference tooth thickness in the axial section
* smx1 = smx1 p x1
(15)
4.1.17 Reference space width in the axial section

emx1 = p x1 smx1
(16)
4.1.18 Normal tooth thickness

sn1 = smx1 cos m1
(17)
4.1.19 Normal space width

en1 = emx1 cos m1
(18)
4.1.20 Profile flank form
It is specified by a letter: A N I K C is the straight sided axial thickness section is the straight sided normal space width section is the involute helicoid is the milled helicoid by double cone form is the milled helicoid by circular convex form
4.1.21 Normal pressure angle

tan n = tan ot cos m1
NOTE 1-For I, N, K, C profiles n = 0n defined in 6.3, 6.4 and 6.5 for I and N and in 6.6 and 6.7 for K and C 2-For A profile n is defined by Equation (19)
(19)
ISO/DTR 10828.2
4.1.22 Base lead angle for I profile

cos b1 = cos m1 cos n
(20)
4.1.23 Base diameter for I profile

d b1 = d m1 tan m1 mx1 z1 = tan b1 tan b1
(21)
NOTE For I profile if the root diameter is less than the base diameter attention should be taken in order that the diameter of start of active profile (SAP) is greater than db1.
4.1.24 Base cylinder pitch for I profile

pb1 = p x1 cos b1
(22)
4.1.25 Worm face width
b1
(d e2 )2 (2 a d a1)2
(23)
4.2
4.2.1
Parameters for a worm wheel

Reference diameter
dm2 = d w 2 + 2 x2 mx1 or dm2 = 2 a dm1
(24)
Figure 2 Tooth thickness for worm wheel 4.2.2 Transverse pitch

pt 2 = p x1
(25)
4.2.3
Transverse tooth thickness at reference diameter
This value can be calculated only for a worm wheel without addendum modification as follows:
sm2 = emx1 jx
(26)
where jx = axial backlash See Figure 2.

4.2.4 Space width at reference diameter
em2 = p x1 sm2
(27)
4.2.5
Profile shift coefficient

x2 = 2 a d m1 mx1 z2 2 mx1
(28)
4.2.6
Addendum
* ham2 = mx1 ham2 =
1 ( d a 2 d m2 ) 2
(29)
* * where ham2 is the addendum coefficient; ham2 = 1 (normally).
4.2.7
Dedendum
* hfm2 = mx1 hfm2 =
1 ( d m2 d f 2 ) 2
(30)
* * where hfm2 is the dedendum coefficient; generally 1,1 < hfm2 < 1,3, the recommended value is 1,2.
4.2.8
Tooth depth
h2 = ham2 + hfm2
(31)
4.2.9
Outside addendum
he2 = 1 (d e2 d a2 ) 2 h 0,4 e2 15 , mx1
(32)
Generally:
Normally he2 /mx1 = 0,5
4.2.10 Root diameter

d f 2 = dm2 2hfm2
(33)
4.2.11 Throat diameter

d a2 = dm2 + 2ham2
(34)
4.2.12 Outside diameter

d e2 = d a2 + 2 he2
(35)
ISO/DTR 10828.2
NOTE
For min/max values see 4.2.9.
4.2.13 Minimum and maximum outside diameter

d e2 min = d a2 + 0,8 m x1 d e2 max = d a2 + 3 m x1
(36) (37)
4.2.14 Worm wheel face width

b2 H max = (2 a d f2 )2 (2 a d e2 )2
(38)
See Figure 3.
Figure 3 Worm wheel face width 4.2.15 Throat radius
d rg2 > a a2 2
(39)
4.3
4.3.1
Meshing parameters
Centre distance
a = 0,5 (d m1 + dm2 ) = 0,5 (d w1 + d w 2 )
(40)
or
a = mx1 [0,5 (q1 + z2 ) + x2 ]
(41)
See Figure 4.
4.3.2
Pitch diameter for worm wheel

d w 2 = z2 mx1
(42)
4.3.3
Pitch diameter for worm

d w1 = 2 a d w 2
(43)
4.3.4
Worm gear ratio

z u= 2 z1
(44)
Figure 4 Reference diameters for worm gears (ham1 = ham2) 4.3.5 Contact ratio
The calculation of the contact ratio is defined in 10.5
5
5.1
Generalities on worm profiles

Definitions
straight sided axial profile; concave axial profile formed by machining with a convex circular profile disc type cutter or grinding wheel; involute helicoid, straight generatrix in base tangent planes; straight profiles in normal plane of thread space helix; milled helicoid generated by biconical grinding wheel or milling cutter, convex profiles in axial planes
Type A Type C
Type I Type N Type K
10
ISO/DTR 10828.2
5.2
5.2.1
Conventions relative to the equations of this document

The worm threads are right-handed
The equations in this Technical Report define the coordinates of the left flank of the axial profile of worm, i.e. in the plane XOY of Figure 5. To obtain the right flanks, it is necessary to draw a symmetric profile to the left flank relative to a perpendicular axis to the worm axis.
5.2.2 The worm and wheel pairs operate as speed reducing gears with directions of rotation as shown in Figure 5, thus the worm thread left flanks contact the wheel teeth. These are the flanks studied in this report. 5.2.3 5.2.4
The worm wheel is above the worm. With the origin O, the reference axes X Y Z, are mutually perpendicular (see Figure 1):
OX the worm axis coincides with the X axis; OY the common perpendicular to the worm and wheel axes coincides with the Y axis; OZ to complete the direct coordinate system. A point is defined by its x, y, z coordinates. The following subscripts are used: x D n t
5.2.5
refers to the X-Y axial plane; refers to an offset plane; refers to the normal plane; for any point refers to a transverse plane.
If the worm is driving, the worm gear is a reducer. If the worm wheel is driving the worm gear is an increaser.
11
Legend
1 Direction of rotation of the worm 2 Direction of rotation of the worm wheel () Pitch line
(C) Pitch cylinder of the worm wheel diameter dw2 P Pitch plane of the worm distance from the axis of the worm equal to dw1/2
Figure 5 Conventions used in equations
6
6.1
Definition of Profiles
Introduction
There are 2 types of worm profiles: Profiles A, I, N are generated by a helical displacement of a straight line in the space. The equations of the axial profile are a direct function according to the radius of the worm. In that case gear mesh in an offset plane used 2 parameters: yx which is the radius of the worm and D which the distance of the offset plane Profiles K and C are generated by a helical displacement of a grinding wheel with a certain profile (see Fig 9) in the space. The generated flanks on the worm are the envelope of the grinding wheel. Each point of the worm profile is generated by a point of the grinding wheel. The equations of the axial profile IS NOT a direct function according to the radius of the grinding wheel profile. In that case gear mesh in an offset plane used 2 parameters: ym which is the radius of the grinding wheel and D which the distance of the offset plane. In those cases the calculations are more complex.
6.2
6.2.1
Type A
Geometrical definition
The thread flanks of type A are generated as envelopes of straight lines in axial planes which are inclined at
ot to the axis (see Equation 19). This line as it is moved with simultaneous rotation 2 about and translation along the axis X, defines the worm thread flank (Figure 6). The form of which is commonly described as an Archimedean helix.
a constant angle:
12
ISO/DTR 10828.2
Figure 6 Profile A: Theoritical Generation 6.2.2 Machining methods
The straight generatrix is always crossing the worm axis; the flank of thread in an axial plane is always a straight line; so machining methods should ensure to generate this straight axial flank. The threads may be cut on a lathe with a tool having straight edges, the cutting plane of which lies in an axial plane of the worm (Figure 7 a)). Both flanks of a thread space may be machined simultaneously by using a tool of trapezoidal form. Another method which is an inversion of the process of cutting a helical gear with a rack cutter, involves the use of an involute shaper to produce the desired rectilinear rack profile in an axial plane of the worm. The cutting face must lie in that axial plane (Figure 7 b)). It is also necessary that the pitch circle of the shaper should roll without slip on the datum line of the rack profile. This coincides with a straight line generatrix of the worm pitch cylinder.
13
Figure 7 Profile A - Machining Methods
Type A profile is a straight line in an axial plane. The development of the equations for the axial profile of type A worm is in Annex A clause A.2.
6.3
6.3.1
Type I
A flank of a type I worm is an involute helicoidal surface. The form of which may be generated by a base tangent ( ) to a helix (H), which moves along this - the base helix lying on the base cylinder of the worm (C), which is concentric with the worm axis (Figure 8). A transverse profile (in a normal plane to the worm axis) of a flank is an involute to a circle.
14
ISO/DTR 10828.2
Figure 8 Profile I - Theoretical generation 6.3.2 Machining methods
The straight generatrix is always tangential to the base helix in a plane which is tangential to the base cylinder, so the flank of the worm is a straight line in an offset plane which is tangential to the base cylinder. Machining methods should ensure this straight offset profile. The involute helicoidal flanks of the threads can be generated by turning on a lathe using a knife tool with its straight edge aligned with the base tangent generatrix in a plane tangential to the base cylinder. In order to machine both flanks of a thread simultaneously, it is necessary to set one left hand tool in one plane and one right hand tool in another plane as described after (Figure 9).
15
NOTE
oT = b1
Figure 9 Profile I - Machining method with a lathe
The thread flanks can be machined by milling or grinding using the plane side face of a disc type milling cutter or grinding wheel. The cutting face is to be so aligned that either its axis lies in a plane parallel to the X-Z plane and the base tangent generatrix of the flank lies in the cutting face (Figure 10); or the cutting face is aligned with the reference helix of the worm and in a plane perpendicular to the reference helix is set to the normal pressure angle of the flank on (Figure 11).
Figure 10 Profile I - Machining method by grinding (solution 1)
16
ISO/DTR 10828.2
The latter method of alignment has the advantage that the cutting face extends to near the thread root whereas in order to do so by the previous method it will be necessary raise the cutter/grinding-wheel spindle so that the cutter/wheel periphery is tangential to the point of intersection of the base tangent generatrix with the root cylinder of the worm. Both methods require that the mounting of the worm in the milling/grinding machine must be reversed between machining right and left flanks.
Figure 11 Profile I - Machining method by grinding (solution 2)
Type I profile is slightly convex in an axial plane.
17
The development of the equations for the axial profile of type I worm is in Annex A clause A.3.
6.4
6.4.1
Type N
Each flank of a type N worm is formed by a straight line generatrix ( ) which lies in a plane normal to the reference helix (H); crossing (M) which is a common point of intersection of a vector radius, the generatrix ( ) and the reference helix H. The angle between ( ) and the radius vector at M point is constant. The flank envelope is formed by the generatrix ( ) , due to the helicoidal movement of the vector radius carrying the point M which describes the reference helix (Figure 12).
Figure 12 Profile N - Theoretical generation 6.4.2 Machining methods
The threads may be cut in a lathe with a tool having trapezoidal form having edges in the cutting plane which match the profile of the thread space in a plane normal to the reference helix of the thread space. This is equivalent to place the tool as for A type threads, then to rotate it around an axis matching its symmetrical axis up to an angle equal to the reference lead angle 1 (Figure 13 a)).
18
ISO/DTR 10828.2
Other methods by which N type threads are approximated: Using a biconical milling cutter or grinding wheel of small diameter (Figure 13 b)). When the diameter of grinding wheel becomes large, the type of thread approach K type; Using a small conical milling cutter or grinding wheel (Figure 13 c)). By the two latter methods, the profiles are approximate because of effects due to the change of helix with change of thread height.
Figure 13 Profile N - Machining methods
19
Type N profiles are slightly concave in an axial plane. The development of the equations for the axial profile of type N worm is in Annex A clause A.4.
6.5
6.5.1
General equations for A, I and N profiles

General equation of axial profile for A, I, N profiles
The general equation of the profile axial of the worm for A, I, N profiles can be given by a single formulae as follow, with xx as the axial abscissa of the axial profile point function of the radius of the circle yr at this point:
a2 xx ( yr ) = a1 arctan 2 y a2 2 r y x ( yr ) = yt 2 2 + a3 yr a2 + a4
(45)
(46)
With the following values for a1, a 2, a 3, a 4: A Profile a1 a2

a1A = 0 a2A = 0
I Profile
a1I = pz2 a2I = rbl a1N = pz2
N Profile
a2N =
A sin( 1 ) tan( 0n ) 1 + (sin( 1) tan( 0n )) s x1 cos( 1 ) 2 tan( 0n )

2
A = rml
a3
a3 A =
tan( 0n ) cos( 1 )
a3l = tan( b )
a3N =
a2N A tan( 1)
a4
To set up axial profile at the pitch point in the mid plane the a4 coefficient as to be determine by the application of the general equation for the pitch radius rw1
a4 = x x (rwl )
(47)
In complement to the coordinate of the axial point it possible to define at this point the axial pressure angle at the yr circle which is defined by the derivate of xx function according to yr:
a a dxx ( yr ) = 1 2 + a3 yr y r
d y x ( yr ) = 1 tan x ( yr ) = d xx ( yr ) d y x ( yr )
1
2 yr2 a2
(48)
(49) (50)
20
ISO/DTR 10828.2
6.6
6.6.1
Type K
Geometrical definition and method
Unlike those of types A, I and N, the thread flanks of type K worms do not have straight line generatrices. The thread spaces of type K worms are generated with a biconical grinding wheel or disc type milling cutter having straight cone generatrices (Figure 14). The common perpendicular to the tool spindle and worm axes lies in the line ( ) of intersection of the median plane (M) of the tool and a transverse plane of the worm (R). The angle between the two planes is equal to the worm lead angle 1 .The straight generatrix of each tool cone and the median plane of the tool, forms an angle equal to the normal pressure angle on of the tool. The worm is turned uniformly with simultaneous axial translation of threads so that a point on the common perpendicular, distant r1 (r1: reference radius of worm) from the worm axis, describes the reference helix.
Figure 14 Profile K - Machining method
21
The helicoidal flanks of the worm are generated by the conical sides of the tool and the profile form is influenced by the change of helix angle with change of thread height and points on the tool flanks which contact the worm threads lie on a curve and not on any one cone generatrix (Figure 15).
Figure 15 Profile K - System of coordinates
Like type I profile, profile K is convex in axial planes. The development of the equations for the axial profile of grinding wheel for type K worm is in Annex B Clause B.1.
22
ISO/DTR 10828.2
6.7
6.7.1
Type C
Unlike those of types A, I and N, the thread flanks of type C worms do not have straight line genatrices. Like type K worms, the thread spaces of type C worms are generated with a grinding wheel or disc type milling cutter. In order to produce the concave thread profiles of type C worms, the tool has a cutting profile consisting of convex circular arcs. Figure 16 shows a tool and worm with the system of coordinates for the worm (x, y, z) and for the tool (xw, yw, zw). The length of the line of centres a0 (the common perpendicular to the worm and tool axes Xw and X) varies with the tool diameter. The reference lead angle 1 is usually equal to the angle between the projections of these axes onto a plane perpendicular to the line of centres. Figure 17 shows partially the tool. The 4 tool dimensions which determine the thread form of the worm are: the profile radius , the mean diameter dms of the tool profile, the tool pressure angle on and the tool thickness w. The process of generating the worm C profiles is the same as for type K (see 6.6). The thread flank profile form varies a little with a change of tool diameter. However in contrast to type K thread profiles, type C thread profiles can be adjusted to compensate change of tool diameter by modifying the radius and the angle on of the tool.
Figure 16 Profile C - System of coordinate
23
Figure 17 a) System of coordinate
Figure 17 b) Axial section of the worm Figure 17 Profile C
Type C profile is concave in an axial plane. The development of the equations for the axial profile of grinding wheel for type C worm is in Annex B Clause B.2.
24
ISO/DTR 10828.2
6.7.2
General equation for C and K profiles
For C and K profile the parameter of the profile is the Y-circle radius yGW of a point of the profile of the grinding wheel which generates a point of the profile of the worm which has to be projected along its own helix in the axial plane of worm to obtain the axial profile point.
Figure 18 Parameter of grinding wheel Table 3 Parameters for profile grinding wheel K Profile C Profile
Pressure angle at a point of axial profile of the grinding wheel Abscissa at a point of axial profile of the grinding wheel Radius at a point of axial profile of the grinding wheel
GW ( yGW ) = 0
GW ( yGW ) = arcsin sin( 0 )
RGWm yGW
xGW( yGW) = xms tan(0) ( yGW RGWa)
xGW ( yGW ) = xms + (cos( GW ( yGW )) cos( 0 ))
yGW
yGW
RGWa: Outside diameter of the grinding wheel
RGWa: Outside diameter of the grinding wheel : Radius of curvature of the grinding wheel
With: Center distance for grinding:

a0 = RGWa + d f1 2
(60)
25
Nominal Radius of the grinding wheel:

RGWm = a0 xms = dm1 2
(61)
( mx sx1) cos( 1)
2
(62)
6.7.2.1
Equation for the point generated on the worm
To determine the point generated on the thread of the worm we used the following equation:
(c1 sin( w ( yGW )) + c2 ( yGW )) + c2 ( yGW ) cos( w ( yGW )) c3 ( yGW )) = 0

which can be solved according to w ( y GW ) :
c1 = a0 cos( 1) + pz 2 sin( 1 ) yGW c2 ( yGW ) = sin( 1 ) xw ( yGW ) tan( GW ( yGW )) 1 (a sin( 1 ) pz 2 cos( 1 )) c3 ( yGW ) = tan( ( yGW )) 0 GW
NOTE By default the inclination of the grinding wheel is equal to the lead angle m1 = 1
(63)
(64)
(65)
(66)
w ( yGW ) = arcsin
c3 ( yGW )
2 c2 + c (y 2 GW ) 1
c2( yGW ) arctan c 1
(67)
Then:
xcuv ( yGW ) = xw ( yGW ) cos( 1 ) yGW sin( w ( yGW )) sin( 1 ) ycuv ( yGW ) = a0 yGW cos( w ( yGW )) zcuv ( yGW ) = (xw ( yGW )) sin( 1 ) + yGW cos( 1 ) sin( w ( yGW )))
(68) (69) (70)
6.7.2.2
Projection in the axial plane of the worm

zcuw ( yGW ) ycuw ( yGW )
x ( yGW ) = arctan
(71)
xx ( yGW ) = xcuw ( yGW ) pz2 x ( yGW ) y x ( yGW ) = ycuw ( yGW ) cos( x ( yGW ))
(72) (73)
26
ISO/DTR 10828.2
6.7.2.3 6.7.2.3.1
Pressure angle of the C/K profiles First derivative of c2(yGW) et c3(yGW)
1 yGW d 2 xGW ( yGW ) sin( m1) d c2 ( yGW ) = d xGW ( yGW ) + 2 dxGW ( yGW ) d xGW ( yGW ) a sin( ) + p cos( ) m1 z2 m1 d 2 x d c3 ( yGW ) = 0 GW ( yGW ) 2 d xGW ( yGW )
(74)
(75)
6.7.2.3.2
First derivative of w(yGW)
d w ( yGW ) =
d c3 ( yGW ) + c2 ( yGW ) c3 ( yGW )

2
2 c1
1 2 2
) (
c3 ( yGW ) c2 ( yGW ) d c2 ( yGW ) + c2 ( yGW )

2
2 c1
)(
2 c1
+ c2 ( yGW ) c3 ( yGW )
2
1 2 2
2 c1 + c2 ( yGW )2
d c2 ( yGW ) c1
(76)
6.7.2.3.3
First derivative of point generated by the grinding wheel
d xcuw ( yGW ) = d xGW ( yGW ) cos( m1) (sin( w ( yGW )) + yGW cos( w ( yGW )) d w ( yGW )) sin( m1 ) (77) d ycuw ( yGW ) = cos( w ( yGW )) + yGW sin( w ( yGW )) d w ( yGW )
(78)
d zcuw ( yGW ) = (d xGW ( yGW ) sin( m1)) [sin( w ( yGW )) + yGW cos( w ( yGW )) (d w ( yGW ))] cos( m1 ) (79)
6.7.2.3.4 First derivative of point generated by the grinding wheel projected in the axial plane of the worm
d x ( yGW ) = d zcuw ( yGW ) ycuw ( yGW ) zcuw ( yGW ) d ycuw ( yGW ) ycuw ( yGW )2 + zcuw ( yGW )2
(80)
d xx ( yGW ) = d xcuw ( yGW ) pz2 d x ( yGW )
(81) (82)
d y x ( yGW ) =
d ycuw ( yGW ) ycuw ( yGW ) + sin( x ( yGW )) d x ( yGW ) cos(x ( yGW )) cos(x ( yGW ))2
6.7.2.3.5
Pressure angle of the C/K profiles

d xx ( yGW ) d y x ( yGW )
tan c ( yGW ) =
(83)
6.7.2.3.6
Derivative of pressure angle of the C/K profiles

d 2 xx ( yGW ) d xx ( yGW ) d 2 xx ( yGW ) d y x ( yGW ) d y x ( yGW )2
d tan c ( yGW ) =
(84)
For the calculation of second derivative of xx, yx see Annex A for A, I, N profiles and Annex B for C and K profiles.
NOTE The previous equations apply to any profile of disc type tool.
27
6.7.3
General equation of the axial profile
In the following of document the axial profile of the worm is considered with general formulae xx(yp), yx(yp), tanx (yp) as a function of a parameter yp, with: yp = yr, radius of the worm for A, I, N profiles and yp = yGW for radius of the worm for A, I, N profiles
7
7.1
Projection Planes
Introduction
The projection planes are defined in Figure 19.
7.2
Axial plane
The axial plane is the plane containing the worm axis and the X and Y axes of the coordinate system.
7.3
Offset plane
An offset plane is parallel to the X-Y plane at an offset D (Z axis). A point in the offset plane is determined by the point of intersection with that plane of the helix through a reference point x, y, in X-Y plane.
7.4
Transverse plane
A transverse plane is a plane which is perpendicular to the axe of worm.
7.5
Normal plane
A normal plane is defined as a plane which is perpendicular to the reference helix crossing the symmetric axes of the complete axial profile (left and right flank).
28
ISO/DTR 10828.2
Figure 19 Projection planes
7.6
Projection of axial profile in an offset plane
By definition the worm wheel is conjugate to the worm. The profile of the worm is defined in an axial plane, and it is projected in offset planes (Figure 20) in order to study the gear mesh of the worm gear set.
29
Figure 20 Projection of axial profile in an offset plane
The distance between the axial plane of the worm and an offset plane is defined by distance D. D can be positive or negative along Z axis. For a given axial point, its projection angle in D plane, D can be obtained by with the new coordinate xD and yD.
D (yp , D ) = arcsin
D y x yp
( )
(85)
xD yp, D = xx yp + pz 2 D yp, D xD (D )
yD yp , D = y x yp cos D yp , D
( )
(86) (87)
( )
( (
))
First derivatives of rack Profile equation: With the derivatives according to yp:
d D yp , D =
D y x yp
( ) ( ) yx (yp )2 D 2
d y x yp
(88)
d xD yp , D = d xx yp + pz2 d D yp , D
( )
) ( ) ( ( )) ( )
(89) (90)
d yD yp , D = d y x yp cos D yp , D y x yp sin D yp , D d D yp , D
( )
( (
))
And it results the pressure angle of the axial projected point is:
tan D yp , D =
( ) d yD (yp , D )
d xD yp , D
(91)
30
ISO/DTR 10828.2
Pitch Surfaces
To study worm gear geometry the first step is to define the main parameters of the worm gear set (see Clause 4), and to select the type of the worm profile: For the worm: Number of threads on worm Diameter factor Axial Module
Normal Pressure Angle Thread Thickness Coefficient Rotational speed of the worm (rpm) Worm Profile
Outside diameter of the grinding wheel for K and C profile Radius of curvature of the grinding wheel for C profile For the worm wheel: Number of teeth on worm wheel Profile shift coefficient Face width of worm wheel Outside addendum coefficient
Bottom clearance coefficient In complement addendum and dedendum coefficients can be defined if they are not equal to proposed values of Clause 4
31
Figure 21 Definition of pitch surfaces
The axis to study the gear mesh (Figure 21) are (0, X, Y, Z), with OX as the axis of the worm, OY along the centre line in the mid plane of the worm wheel. The Z axis is used to define the distance D of each offset plane according to the mid plane. Right hand worm threads are considered, as the worm is driving and the worm wheel driven. The pitch surface of the worm is a plane parallel to the axis of the worm and the axis of the wheel with a distance to the axis of the worm equal to the half of pitch diameter dw1/2 (see 4.3.2). The pitch cylinder of the worm wheel is defined with the pitch diameter dw2 (see 4.3.2). The pitch cylinder of the wheel is rolling without sliding on the pitch plane of the worm. The common tangent between the 2 pitch surfaces is called pitch axis; it is also the instantaneous axis of rotation.
9
9.1
Conjugate worm wheel profile

Introduction
For all the calculation in Clauses 9 to 15 the origin of the abscissa of the profile in an offset plane D has to be defined on the pitch line (see Clause 8) with the following transformation: rwD = D 2 + rw12
D y x (rwD )
(92)
DI (D ) = arcsin
(93)
32
ISO/DTR 10828.2
xD (D ) = xx (rwD ) + pz2 DI (D )
(94)
9.2
Path of contact
The path of contact in an axial point is the line along which the common contact point of contact between the flank of the worm and the conjugate flank of the worm wheel is moving during the gear mesh. The coordinate of the path of contact is defined in Figure 22 and the followings equations:
Figure 22 Path of contact

ylD yp , D = yD yp , D rw1 xlD yp , D =
(95)
ylD yp , D tan D yp , D
(96)
Figure 23 Path of contact
When there is no singularity (see 9.6) in the gear mesh the active path of contact is limited:
33
on one side by the outside diameter of the worm wheel to define the start of active profile (SAP), point A on Figure 23 on the other side by the active tip diameter of the worm (often equal to the outside diameter of the worm except if there is chamfering), point B on Figure 23 For the calculation of point A and B see 10.3
9.3
Conjugate profile
The worm wheel conjugate profile of the profile of the worm in an offset plane D is obtained in Figure 24 and the following equations. Each point of the worm wheel profile is obtained from a point of the path of contact. The kinematics conditions of rolling without sliding of pitch surfaces allow projecting those points in circular coordinates of the wheel defined according to the centreline crossing the pitch point of the offset plane. Circular coordinates:
rM2D yp , D =
) (rw 2 ylD (yp , D ))2 + xlD (yp , D )2
(97)
D ( yp , D ) =
(xD (yp , D ) xD (rwD , D )) xlD (yp , D )

rw 2 xlD yp , D rw 2 ylD yp , D
(98)
D (yp , D ) = D (yp , D ) + arctan
(99)
Cartesian coordinates with origin at the pitch point:

X R D y p , D = rM2D y p , D sin D y p , D
( (
))
(100)
Y R D y p , D = rw 2 rM2D y p , D cos D y p , D
( (
))
(101)
34
ISO/DTR 10828.2
Figure 24 Worm wheel profile conjugate profile
The outside radius of the worm wheel in the OFF SET plane D is given by:
re2D (D ) = min a w
(rf1 + c j1 m x1 )2 D 2 ,
0,5 d e2
(102)
35
In certain cases it is interesting to determine the point of the worm (for A, I, N profiles) or of the grinding wheel (for C and K profile) which has generated the point of the worm wheel in an offset plane rWheel. The algorithm is given in Annexe D.
9.4
Trochod (or fillet) at root of the worm wheel
The tip corner of cutting tool which generate the worm wheel, generates at the root of the worm wheel tooth a fillet or trochod. The tip corner is defined in each offset plane by the coordinates (xa0D, ya0D) obtained by increasing the outside diameter of the worm by the value of the clearance at the root of the worm wheel teeth; this correspond to the outside radius of the cutting tool ra0. The principle for the profile of the worm in an offset plane D is obtained in Figure 25 and the following equations. Here again the kinematics conditions of rolling without sliding of pitch surfaces allow to project those point in circular coordinates of the wheel defined according to the centreline crossing the tip corner of the offset plane.
36
ISO/DTR 10828.2
Figure 25 Trochod (or fillet) of the worm wheel teeth
Circular coordinates (rt, t): in the equations the radius circle of the point of the fillet rt is the parameter. rt has to be greater than the root radius of the worm wheel rf2D given by:
rf2D = a w ra0 2 D 2
(103)
and:
2 rt (rw2 ylD (ra0 , D ))2 xD (ra0 , D ) xD (rwD , D ) arctan rw 2 rw 2 ylD (ra0 , D ) 2 2 + rt (rw 2 ylD (ra0 , D )) rw 2
tD =
(104)
Cartesian coordinates:
XTD (rt , D ) = rt sin( tD (rt , D )) YTD (rt , D ) = rw 2 rt cos( tD (rt , D ))
(105) (106)
The relations are obtained directly as a function of radius of the circle crossing the point of the trochod. In Equation (104) tD is determined with the same as the conjugate profile of the worm wheel (see 9.3). This allows to calculate, for each offset plane, the form radius of the worm wheel rfnD which correspond to the intersection of trochod and conjugate profile. This value is obtained when tD = D for rt = rM2D (see Equations (97), (99) and (104).
9.5
Equivalent radius of curvature in an offset plane
To determine the equivalent radius of curvature the following process is used: 1) Calculation of the radius of curvature of the worm at the point of contact. This calculation is made on the basis of analytical equation of the worm profile in each off set plane, Calculation of the radius of curvature of the conjugate profile of the worm wheel by using EULER SAVARY method, From those 2 values it is possible to calculate an equivalent radius of curvature
Curvature for the worm at a point in an offset plane
2)
3)
9.5.1
It is given by the following equation resulting of general mathematical formulae for a curve in 2 dimensions:
cos D yp , D
Ceq1D yp , D =
( (
))
d tan D ( yGW , D ) d y x ( yGW )
d x y ,D 1 + D p d yD yp , D
( (
) )
3 22
1 ( y p , D )
(107)
37
9.5.2
Curvature for the worm wheel at a point in an offset plane
To determine the radius of curvature of the worm wheel, we are using EULER-SAVARY geometric construction (see Fig 26).
Figure 26 Radius of curvature in an off set plane
In an offset plane, at a point M of path of contact, the centre of curvature of the worm wheel profile resulting of the enveloping curve (envelop) of the worm profile, is the same as the enter of curvature 02 of the trajectory of the centre of curvature 01 of the worm profile.
ylD yp , D 1 C eq1D yp , D + rw2 sin D yp , D sin D y p , D C eq2D yp , D = ylD yp , D ylD yp , D C eq1D yp , D rw 2 sin D yp , D 1 sin D yp , D sin D yp , D
( )
( )
1 2 yp , D
(108)
With:
38
ISO/DTR 10828.2
sin D yp , D = sin arctan tan D yp , D
)))
(109)
9.5.3
Equivalent radius of curvature in an offset plane
It is given by: ReqD yp , D =
C eq1D
1 yp , D + C eq2D yp , D
(110)
9.6
9.6.1
Singularities of worm gear mesh

Point of zero contact pressure angle
Figure 27 The point of zero contact pressure angle
It can be observed on Figure 27 that the presence of point of an offset profile with zero contact pressure angle gives a very flat path of contact. It is said that there is an asymptotic direction above the point of zero pressure angle. The calculation of the point of the worm in the offset plane with pressure angle equal to zero is only valid if D>0. It is based on the calculation of the point where tan D ( ynul, D ) = 0 in each off set plane. The algorithm is given in the table:
A, I, N Profiles C and K profiles
y min max(D, a 2 ) y max ra1 ZERO(D) := ynul 0,5 (y min+ y max )
while tan D (ynul,D) > 0,0000001 y min ynul if tan D (ynul,D) < 0 ynul 0,5 (y min+ y max ) return ynul y max ynul if tan D (ynul,D) > 0
ZERO(D) :=
while tan D (ynul, D ) > 0,0000001 y min ynul if tan D (ynul, D ) > 0 ynul 0,5 (y min+ y max ) return ynul y max ynul if tan D (ynul, D ) < 0
ynul 0,5 (y min+ y max )
y max Rgrindw (RGWm , m x1, D )
y min Rgrindw (RGWm , m x1, ra1 )
39
The coordinate of the point of zero pressure angle is obtained by calculation xD ( ynul, D ) and yD ( ynul, D ) (Equations (86) and (87)). For the different offset planes (with D>0) the points of zero pressure angle give the line of zero pressure angle. For profile I the line of zero pressure angle is an horizontal line tangent to the cylinder base. 9.6.2 Loos of contact The zero contact pressure angle gives a very flat path of contact which can give a limitation of the gear mesh (Figure 28). This phenomena can only appear for offset planes with D>O This can be a limitation of the active face width of worm wheel.
Figure 28 Limitation of gear mesh by the point of zero contact pressure angle
This phenomenon can appears for offset planes with D>0 and closed to the border of face width of the worm wheel. The process to detect such case is as follow: Determine the point of path of contact for yp = ra1 (point B on Figure 28) with Equation (96), xlaD = xlD (ra1, D ) Calculate the radius ra2D =
2 (xlD (ra1, D ))2 + (rw2 ylD (ra1, D )) 2
If ra2D > re2D there is no point of contact with the worm in the offset plane as in Figure 28 otherwise the start of active profile (point A) exists as in Figure 23.
9.6.3 Cusp
In certain circumstances it can appear a limitation of conjugate action due to the fact that the path of contact presents a cusp as shown in the following Figure 29.
40
ISO/DTR 10828.2
Figure 29 The cusp effect
This effect can appear when the path of contact is flat C profile is more sensitive to this effect than other profile types. It produces a limitation of the contact ratio because the path of contact is limited to the points between A and T. The potential of contact between T and B is lost. Calculation of the CUSP point of the worm wheel in the OFF SET PLANE is valid for all the face width of the worm wheel. It is based on the calculation of the MIN value of the RADIUS OF THE CONJUGATE WORMWHEEL in each off set plane. To obtain this MIN value we determined when the derivative of RM2D yp , D according to yp is equal to zero.
d RM2D yp , D =
1 RM2D yp , D
[ (aw yD (yp, D )) d yD (yp, D )] yD (yp , D ) rw1 1 + [d yD (yp , D ) tan D (yp , D ) (yD (yp , D ) rw1) (1 + tan D (yp , D )] tan D (yp , D ) tan (y , D )2 D p
(111)
The algorithm is:

A, I, N Profiles
y min rw1 y max 6ra1 ZERO(D ) := ycusp 0,5 ( y min+ y max )
C and K profiles
y min Rgrindw (R w , m x1, rw1 ) ycusp 0,5 ( y min + y max )
y max Rgrindw (R w , m x1, ra1 + 5 R w )
while d RM 2 D ( ycusp, D ) > 0,0000001 y min ycusp if d RM2D ( ycusp, D ) < 0 ycusp 0,5 ( y min+ y max ) return ycusp y max ycusp if d RM2D ( ycusp, D ) > 0
ZERO(D ) :=
while d R M 2 D ( ycusp, D ) > 0,0000001 y min ycusp if d RM2D ( ycusp, D ) > 0 y max ycusp if d RM2D ( ycusp, D ) < 0 ycusp 0,5 ( y min + y max ) return ycusp
41
The coordinate of the cusp is obtained by calculation xD ( ycusp, D ) and yD ( ycusp, D ) (Equations (86) and (87)). For the different offset planes the cusps give the line of cusp points (see Figure 30). This line has to be outside of the zone of contact other wise it limits the maximum potential contact and reduces the load capacity. At each point of cusp the equivalent radius of curvature is equal to zero the other reason to avoid this line in the zone of contact.
Line of cusp points
Line of start of active profile points or start of zone of contact
Line of zero contact pressure angle points
In BLACK it is the ROOT CYLINDER of the WORM - In BLUE it is the OUTSIDE CYLINDER of the WORM. In GREEN it is the limit given by the ROOT ACTIVE radius on the WORM. Normally the lines of contact are between that line and the outside circle of the worm in BLUE. In RED it is the limit given by the CUSP. If this line is CROSSING the outside cylinder of the worm, there is a LIMITATION of gear mesh. For the point of contact closed to CUSP LINE the radius of curvature is closed to ZERO. In FUCHSIA it is the limit given by the ZERO PRESSURE ANGLE - When this line is near ROOT ACTIVE lines there is a LIMITATION of gear mesh.
Figure 30 The cusp line, the zero pressure angle line, the active root line for worm
10 Geometry of contact
In fact the development of the equations for the profile of the worm is function of 2 parameters yp and D. With the partial derivative according to these 2 parameters of the vector which define the coordinate vector of a point of the worm we are able to obtain 2 vectors of the tangential plane to the worm.
42
ISO/DTR 10828.2
xD yp , D P yp , D = yD yp , D D
( (
) )

(112)
10.1 Tangent plane at point of contact

With the derivation according to yp:
d x D yp , D T 1 yp , D = d y D yp , D 0
( (
) )

(113)
And TD1 the normalised vector is:

TD1 yp , D =
( ) T 1(yp , D )
T 1 yp , D pz2 yp , D y x yp
(114)
With the derivation according to D:

d DxD yp , D =
cos D
( ( ( (
)) ( )
))
(115)
d DyD yp , D = tan D yp , D
( (
(116)
d DxD yp , D T 2 yp , D = d DyD yp , D 1
) )

(117)
And TD2, the normalised vector is:

TD 2 yp , D =
( ) T 2( y p , D )
T 2 yp , D
(118)
10.2 Normal plane at point of contact

The unit normal vector to the point of contact: (orientation from the inside to the outside of the worm) is given by:
NORMAL yp , D =
( ) ( ) TD 2(yp , D ) TD1(yp , D )
TD2 yp , D TD1 yp , D
(119)
nNxy yp , D =
) (NORMAL(yp , D )1 )2 + (NORMAL(yp , D )2 )2
(120)
43
NORMAL yp , D 1 nNxy yp , D NORMAL y , D p 2 NormalNxy yp , D = nNxy yp , D 0
(121)
10.3 Zone of contact

The zone of contact is limited in each offset plane by the active radius at the root of the worm and the tip radius of the worm or the cusp radius when there is limited conjugate contact. In longitudinal direction (along the face width of the worm wheel) the limitation is the face width of the worm wheel, or the tip radius of the worm for important values of face width or the cusp curve when there is limited conjugate contact. See Figure 31 The zone the contact is the surface defined by all the path of contact in the different offset planes. It is limited by the tip cylinder of the worm and the external surface of the worm wheel defined by the external cylinder and external throat surface. In the case of chamfering, those limits are respectively the addendum active cylinder of the worm and the active tip line at the tip of the worm wheel teeth. In case of cusp in the gear mesh the zone of contact is limited by the cusp. INTRODUCE THE DEFINITION OF SAP
44
ISO/DTR 10828.2
Figure 31 Zone of contact
The lines of contact are moving on the surface limited by the zone of contact. In each offset plane, the zone of contact (Figures 31, 34) is limited by the start of active profile (point A in Figure 23) and the end of active profile (point B in Figure 23) except if there is a cusp (point T of Figure 29). In the last case the zone of contact is truncated as in Figure 34. This calculation has to be done for all offset planes. It is recommended to use between 30 and 80 offset planes uniformly distributed along the worm wheel face width.
10.4 Lines of contact

A line of contact is composed of all the conjugate points between the flank of worm and the conjugate flank of the worm wheel for a relative position of the worm gear set. Several threads of the worm can be simultaneously in contact.
45
Figure 32 Zone of contact and Lines of contact for one relative position of worm and worm wheel (here 3 threads are in contact for this relative position)
Figure 33 Path of contact, zone of contact and lines of contact for one relative position of worm and worm wheel
46
ISO/DTR 10828.2
Figure 34 Path of contact, zone of contact and lines of contact for one relative position of worm and worm wheel
The equation of the lines of contact Fcont yp , D = 0 is given by:

Fcont yp , D = xD yp , D tan D yp , D + yD yp , D rw1
(122)
Coordinate of a point of contact: For this we consider only the point along the path of contact (in fact for a relative position between the worm and the worm wheel there are 1 or 3 points of contact).
For the worm (0M):

xlD yp , D M 1 y p , D = yD y p , D D
( (
) )

(123)
For the worm wheel (02M):

xlD yp , D M 2 y p , D = a w + yD y p , D D
(124)
The determination of lines of contact is made by the determination of points of contact.
47
First of all the relative position of the worm is set up by the parameter xD (D ) of Equation (86). This value is setup in order to obtain the first line of contact tangent to the zone of contact (see Figure 35), this is the initial value xDinit (D ) . To determine the 1st line of contact, the calculation is made in all the offset planes used to determine the zone of contact. In each offset plane, the initial value of yp to calculate Fcont yp , D = 0 is initialized between
the values obtained for the start of active profile (point A in Figure 23) and the end of active profile (point B in Figure 23) or the cusp (point T of Figure 29). So the point of contact is obtained easily. To obtain the next line of contact the value of xDinit (D ) is decreased by one time the axial pitch px1, and again all the points of contact are determine in each offset planes. The decrease of xDinit (D ) by 2 times the axial pitch px1 is done to obtain the 2nd line of contact and so on up to the position of the worm for which there is no more contact points, it means points of contact out of the zone of contact. To study a second relative position of the worm and the worm wheel the initial value xDinit (D ) is decreased by a portion of the axial pitch px1, px1/n where n is an integer corresponding to the number of relative positions to study. (e.g. for 10 relative positions to study n=10) and the process is started again with this new initial value.
10.5 Contact ratio

In a worm gear the contact ratio is obtained by the ratio of the distance between the 2 positions of the worm defined when the first line of contact is tangent to the zone of contact and the last line of contact is tangent to the zone of contact see Figure 35, divided by the axial pitch.
48
ISO/DTR 10828.2
Figure 35 Contact ratio
10.6 Tangent vector to the line of contact

To determine the vector TANGENT to the LINE OF CONTACT, we have to consider the equation of the lines of contact Fcont yp , D = 0 .
The derivatives of Fcont yp , D have to be evaluated for the point the contact. It means that in the equations d yFcont yp , D and d DFcont y p , D , xD yp , D has to be replaced by x1D yp , D which satisfies the contact equation.
d yFcont yp , D = x1D yp , D d tan D y p , D + d xD yp , D tan D y p , D + d yD yp , D
)
)
(125) (126)
d DFcont yp , D = x1D yp , D d D tan D yp , D + d DxD yp , D tan D yp , D + d DyD yp , D
With: d D D yp , D =
1 y x yp cos D yp , D
( )
( (
))
( ) ( )
p z2 y x yp
(127)
d D D yp , D = sin D yp , D tan x yp d D D yp , D
( (
))
( )2
(128)
This is obtained by considering the derivative of Fcont yp , D at the point of contact, and it gives the relation between D and yp along the line the contact as the relation of partial derivatives.
d Dym yp , D =
d yFcont yp , D
( ) d DFcont (yp , D )
(129)
To obtain the tangent vector to the lines of contact we have to take the total derivative according to yp (or D)
d xD yp , D + d DxD yp , D d Dym yp , D Tcont yp , D = d yD yp , D + d DyD yp , D d Dym yp , D d Dym yp , D
( (
) )
( ( (
) ) )
( (
) )

(130)
And the unit vector is:
TN
cont
(yp , D ) = Tcont (yp , D ) Tcont (yp , D )
(131)
Or:
49
d xD yp , D d DxD yp , D + d Dym yp , D d yD y p , D Tcont1 yp , D = d DyD yp , D + d Dym yp , D 1
) ) ) )

(132)
And the unit vector is:

TN 1cont yp , D =
Tcont1 yp , D
( ) Tcont1(yp , D )
(133)
NOTE
r r Tcont yp , D and Tcont1 yp , D are identical
10.7 Normal plane at point of contact

As the contact is linear along the lines of contact, according to EULER's theory on curvatures of surface, the direction tangent to line of contact is ONE of the principal directions of curvature. The SECOND principal direction of curvature is normal to that ONE and can be obtain with the vector product between the tangent vector to the line of contact and the normal to the tangent plane of contact. Those 3 vectors [ TN cont yp , D , B yp , D , B yp , D ] defines the trihedral of DARBOUX RIBAUCOUR.
B yp , D = TN cont yp , D NORMAL yp , D
) (
) ( (
(134)
10.8 Principal equivalent radius of curvature

For a point of contact, the equivalent of curvature reaches MIN and MAX values called PRINCIPAL RADIUS OF CURVATURE when we consider its projection in the MAIN PLANES. In a point of contact, those MAIN PLANES are defined as follow: The MAX equivalent of curvature is always in the plane defined by the normal at the surface of the worm and the vector tangent to the instantaneous line of contact, The MIN equivalent of curvature is always in the plane defined by the normal at the surface of the worm and the vector normal to the instantaneous line of contact. This equivalent radius of curvature in an offset plane (see 9.5) has to be projected in the 2 main planes of curvature, which are in this particularly case: a) the plane normal to the instantaneous line of contact between the flanks of worm and worm wheel, crossing the studied point of contact, the plane tangent to the instantaneous line of contact between the flanks of worm and worm wheel, crossing the studied point of contact, and In this last plane the curvature is zero because the contact is locally linear.
b)
c)
At each point of contact we can define in an offset plane 3 vectors as follow:
50
ISO/DTR 10828.2
a tangent vector to the worm and worm wheel profile,
tD
sin D yp , D yp , D = cos(arctan(tan D yp , D 0
) (
)))
(135)
a normal vector to the worm and worm wheel profile,
nD
cos(arctan(tan D yp , D sin D yp , D yp , D = 0
)))

(136)
a vector normal to the offset plane.

0 bD yp , D = 0 1
(137)
The radius of curvature is projected along the normal to the point of contact contained in the offset plane. First of all we have to determine the radius of curvature projected along the normal to the common tangent plane of conjugate flanks at the contact point. The angle of projection is obtained by the scalar product between the 2 normal vectors.
Req1 y p , D =
NORMAL y p , D NormalNxy y p , D
Reqxy y p , D
(138)
EULER's formula on the radius of curvature of a surface is applicable. It gives the curvature C, in function of the 2 principal curvatures C' and C" and the angle to direction of the curvature C' and the curvature C. The relation which classify C ' and C" is: C" < C'. EULER's formula is: C = C ' cos 2 ( ) + C '' sin2 ( ) (139)
In our case because the profiles are conjugate we have always C"=0 (The contact is linear and the radius of curvature along the line the contact is infinite or the curvature equal to zero).
Re q yp , D = Re q1 yp , D tD yp , D B yp , D
) (
) (
(140)
11 Velocities at contact point

11.1 Velocity of a point of worm
The angular velocity of the worm (rd/s) is given by:
w1 =
n1 30
(141)
The angular velocity vector of the worm (rd/s) is given by:
51
w1 1 = 0 0
(142)
Velocity of a point of the thread of the worm (in m/s):

V1 yp , D = 10 3 1 M 1 yp , D
(143)
Velocity of a point of worm wheel The angular velocity vector of the worm wheel (rd/s) is given by:
x1D M 2 yp , D = a w +
(yp , D ) yD (yp , D )
D
(144)
Velocitiy of a point of the thread of the worm wheel (in m/s):

V2 yp , D = 10 3 2 M 2 yp , D
(145)
11.2 Relative velocity between 2 conjugate flanks

The relative velocity between the 2 flanks (in m/s) (this is the sliding velocity):
Erreur ! Des objets ne peuvent pas tre crs partir des codes de champs de mise en forme.
(146)
This relative sliding velocity can be projected in the common tangent plane to the point of contact in 2 directions: one normal to the line of contact, the second tangent to the line of contact.
V1n yp , D = V1 yp , D B yp , D
) (
)
) ) ( ) ( )
(147) (148)
V2n yp , D = V2 yp , D B yp , D
) ( )
It results the projection of these velocities on the common normal at the point of contact are equal.
VSn yp , D = V1n yp , D V2n yp , D = VS yp , D TN 1cont yp , D
(149)
11.3 Velocity at the contact point along the path of contact

The direction of the velocity of points of contact is obtained with the determination of the tangent vector to the path of contact in an offset plane:
d y lD y p , D = d y lD y p , D
(150) d y lD y p , D tan D y p , D y lD y p , D d tan D y p , D
d xlD y p , D =
1 tan D y p , D
)2
))
(151)
52
ISO/DTR 10828.2
tan D y p , D =
d y lD y p , D d xlD y p , D 1
( (
) )
(152)
d xD d yD yp , D =
tan D yp , D
(153)
11.4 Velocity at the contact point along the path of contact

Velocity of the contact point along the path of contact in an offset plane:
VcD yp , D =
10 3 w1 p z2 tan D yp , D d xD d yD yp , D
d xD d yD yp , D 1 0
(154)
VcDn yp , D = VcD yp , D B yp , D
) (
(155)
11.5 Velocity at the point of contact

Velocity of the contact point on the worm:
Vc1n yp , D = V1n yp , D VcDn yp , D
( (
) )
) )
(156)
Velocity of the contact point on the worm wheel:

Vc2n yp , D = V2n yp , D VCDn yp , D
(157)
VDn yp , D is the projection along the normal to the line of contact in the common tangent plane at the
contact point
VSUMn yp , D = Vc1n yp , D + Vc2n yp , D
(158)
53
Annex A (informative) Settings and derivates of A, I, N profiles equations
A.1
Introduction
This Annex contains the detailed for equation of profile in the axial plane of the worm ox X-Y plane according to the conventions of Figure 5
A.2
Equations of the profile in the X-Y plane for type A worms
See Figures 6 to 7 and A.1 for the setting of type A worms, where:
ot on
1
is the transverse pressure angle of the cutter is the normal pressure angle of the cutter (see Equation (19)) is the lead angle of threads.
Figure A.1 Generation of Type A profile
For a point (xx, yx) at a distance yx from the worm axis:

x x = y x tan( ot ) = y x tan( on ) / cos( 1 )
(A.1)
and
54
ISO/DTR 10828.2
tan( x ) = tan( ot )
(A.2)
A.3
Equations of the profile in the X-Y plane for type I worms
See Figures 9 to 11 for the setting of type I worms, where:
pz1 rb1
b1 1
is the lead; is the base radius; (see Equation (21)) is the base lead angle; (see Equation (20)) is the reference lead angle.
Figure A.2 Generation of Type I profile
For a point (xx, yx) at a distance yx from the worm axis:

2 2 y x rb1 P x x = z1 arctan + 2. rb 2 2 y x rb1 . tan( b1 )
(A.3)
55
tan( x ) =
2 2 y x rb1 Pz1 . rb1 2. . y x
(A.4)
A.4
Equations of the profiles in the X-Y plane for type N worms
See Figures 12 and 13 for the setting of type N worms, where:
px1 pz1 r'b1 r'b1 A

1
on
is the axial pitch; is the lead; is the radius of a notional base circle; is the lead angle of the notional base helix; is the distance from the worm axis to virtual point of the cutter (see ref.[1]); is the lead angle of the reference helix; is the normal pressure angle of the cutter; is the reference diameter of the worm.
d1
Figure A.3 Generation of Type N profile
56
ISO/DTR 10828.2
Figure A.4 Profile N: Convention for equations
For a point (xx, yx) at radial distance yx from the worm axis:
2 2 pz1 y x r 'b1 arctan + 2. r 'b1
2 2 y x r 'b1 tan( 'b1 )
xx =
(A.5)
57
Figure A.5 Profile N: Generatrix with pseudo base radius
With:
= arctan
2 A r 'b1 r 'b1
pz1 r 'b1+2 y x tan( 'b1)
2 2 2 y x y x rx1
(A.6)
tan( x ) =
(A.7)
Where:
58
ISO/DTR 10828.2
tan( 'b ) =
r 'b1 A tan( 1 )
(A.8)
r 'b1 =
A sin( 1 ) tan( on ) 1 (sin( 1 ) tan( on ))2
(A.9)
A=
1 cos( 1) d1 pz1 2 2 tan( on )
(A.10)
A.5
Second derivative of axial Profile equation

a d 2 x x yp = a1 a 2 2 2 yp
( )
1 a a 2 3 2 3 y 2 a 2 2 2 p
(A.11)
d 2 y x yp = 0
( )
(A.12)
59
Annex B (informative) Setting and derivates of K and C profiles equations
B.1
Where:
Equations for K profile
C
1
is the cutter spindle/worm centre distance; is the reference lead angle; is the lead; are the coordinates of a point on the tool flank when the origin is at the point of intersection of the tool axis and the tool median plane, with the x-axis as the tool spindle axis and the abscissa on the trace of the median plane; reference diameter of the worm; axial pitch; normal pressure angle of the tool.
pz1 (yGW, xGW(yGW))
d1 px
on
B.1.1 Equation of the profile of the grinding wheel:

Equations of the profile of a bi-conical grinding wheel (Figure 16):
Like type I profile, profile K is convex in axial planes.
Figure B.1 Profile K - Grinding wheel profile
x3 has to be changed in xGW (yGW)
60
ISO/DTR 10828.2
g(x3) has to be changed in yGW One of the advantages of this type is that the two flanks of a thread space can be machined simultaneously. A disadvantage is that the form of the thread flanks varies with tool diameter, so the reproductibility is approximated.
NOTE 1 The smaller the diameter of the tool, the more nearly the normal profiles of the thread spaces approach those of type N worms and the larger the tool diameter the more nearly the forms of the thread flanks approach those of type I worms. NOTE 2 It is possible to machine type K worms with conical milling cutter. The flank surfaces have facets resulting of the cutting discontinuity causes by cutting tooth pitch.
x w (y G W
)= x m
s
t a n 0 ( ) (y G W R G W a
(B.1) (B.2)
G W (y G W
)= 0
With:
yGW radius of grinding wheel which generate the point on the worm.
Rp is the radius of the circle of intersection of both conical surfaces of the grinding wheel flanks.
df 1 a0 =RG W a + 2
(B.3)
dm 1 R w =a0 2
(B.4)
x
m s
( m x =
1
c o s 1 ( ) s x 1 ) 2
(B.5)
B.2
Alternatives equations for C profiles
Equations enabling determination of the axial sections of worms
With the basic data of the tool indicated in Figure 17, the parameters Rw, xw and w may be derived for any point Pw of the tool profile. On the basis of these three parameters and with the equations provided below, the coordinates x, r, of an axial profile and the angle of the tangent may be determined for any point P of the profile of a worm.
Symbols:
a0 pz1
refers to the worm/tool centre distance (length of the common perpendicular to the worm/tool axes); refers to the lead of the worm threads; refers to the thread angle; see Figure 18; see Figure 19.
Rw, xw, w x, r,
61
B.2.1 Equation of the profile of the grinding wheel:

w ( ym ) = arcsin sin( 0 )
R w ym
(B.6) (B.7)
x w ( ym ) = xms + (cos( w ( ym )) cos( 0 ))
Figure B.2 Profile C - Axial section of the tool

y w ( ym ) = ym
(B.8)
With:
xms =
( mx s x1 ) cos( 1 )
2 d f1 2 d m1 2
(B.9)
a0 = Rp + R w = a0
(B.10)
(B.11)
B.3
Derivates for K profile
B.3.1 First derivative of K Profile equation

d GW ( y GW ) = 0 d x GW ( y GW ) = tan( 0 )
(B.12) (B.13)
62
ISO/DTR 10828.2
B.3.2 Second derivative of K Profile equation

d 2 GW ( yGW )0 d2 x GW ( y GW ) = 0
(B.14) (B.15)
B.3.3 Third derivative of K Profile equation

d 3 GW ( yGW ) = 0 d 3 x GW ( y GW ) = 0
(B.16) (B.17)
B.4
Derivates for C profile
B.4.1 First derivative of C Profile equation

d WG ( yGW ) = 1
1 sin( 0 )

RGWm y GW
1 22
(B.18)
d xGW ( yGW ) = sin( GW ( yGW )) d GW ( yGW )
(B.19)
B.4.2 Second derivative of C Profile equation

d 2 GW ( yGW ) = 1 yGW R sin( 0 ) GWm
2 1 sin( 0 )

RGWm yGW
3 22
(B.20)
d 2 xGW ( y GW ) = cos( GW ( y GW )) d GW ( y GW )2 sin( GW ( y GW )) d 2 GW ( y GW )
(B.21)
B.4.3 Third derivative of C Profile equation

d 3 GW ( yGW ) = 3 yGW R 3 1 sin( 0 ) GWm 1 +
5 22
yGW R sin( 0 ) GWm
(B.22)
yGW R 3 1 sin( 0 ) GWm
3 22
63
d 3 xGW ( y GW ) = sin( GW ( y GW )) d GW ( y GW )3
3 cos( GW ( y GW )) d GW ( yGW ) d 2 GW ( yGW ) sin( GW ( y GW )) d 3 GW ( yGW )
(B.23)
B.5
Second derivative for K/C profile for c2(yGW) et c3(yGW)

2 d2 xGW ( y GW ) 2 y GW y GW d 2c2( y GW ) = d 2 xGW ( y GW ) + d 2 xGW ( y GW )2 d 3 xGW ( y GW ) sin( m1 ) (B.24) 2 3 2 d xGW ( y GW ) d xGW ( y GW ) d xGW ( y GW )
a sin( ) p cos( ) 2 m1 z2 m1 d 2 x d 2c3( yGW ) = 2 0 GW ( yGW ) d xGW ( yGW )3 a sin( m1 ) pz2 cos( m1 ) 0 d 3 xGW ( yGW ) d xGW ( yGW )2
(B.25)
B.6
Second derivative for K/C profile for w ( yGW )
B.6.1 First derivation of the 1st term of d 2 w ( yGW )

(See subclause 6.6.2.1 and 6.6.2.3.2 for w ( yGW ) and d w ( yGW )
d A w ( y GW ) =
d 2c3( y GW ) + c 2 ( y GW ) c3 ( y GW )
2
c12
1 2 2
d c3( y GW ) (c 2 ( y GW ) d c2( y GW ) c3 ( y GW ) d c3( y GW ))
c12
+ c2 ( y GW ) c3 ( y GW )
2
3 2 2
(B.26)
B.6.2 First derivation of the 2nd term of d 2 w ( y GW )

BN w ( y GW ) = c 3 ( y GW ) c 2 ( y GW ) d c2( y GW )
(B.27)
and
d BN w ( yGW ) = d c3 ( yGW ) c2 ( yGW ) d c2( yGW ) c3 ( yGW ) d c2( yGW )2 c3 ( yGW ) c2 ( yGW ) d 2c2( yGW ) (B.28)
B.6.3 First derivation of the 3rd term of d 2 w ( y GW )

2 d c2( yGW )2 c2 ( yGW ) c1 d C w ( yGW ) = d 2c2( yGW ) + 2 2 2 c 2 + c (y c1 + c2 ( yGW ) 2 GW ) 1
(B.29)
B.6.4 First derivation of the numerator of the 2nd term of d 2 w ( y GW )

BD w ( y GW ) = c12 + c 2 ( y GW )2 c12 + c 2 ( y GW )2 c 3 ( y GW )2 2
d BD w ( yGW )2c2 ( yGW ) d c2( yGW ) c12 + c2 ( yGW )2 c3 ( yGW )2
)(
(B.30)
1 2
(c
2 1
+ c2 ( yGW )2 c12 + c2 ( yGW )2 c3 ( yGW )
)(
1 2 2
(B.31)
(c2 ( yGW ) d c2( yGW ) c3 ( yGW ) d c3( yGW ))
64
ISO/DTR 10828.2
d BD w ( y GW ) =
d BN w ( y GW ) BD w ( y GW ) d BD w ( y GW ) BN w ( y GW ) BD w ( y GW )2
(B.32)
B.6.5 Second derivative for K/C profile for w ( y GW )

d 2 w ( y GW ) = d A w ( y GW ) + d BD w ( y GW ) + d C w ( y GW )
(B.33)
B.7
Second derivative of point generated by the grinding wheel:

d 2 xc uw ( y GW ) = d 2 xc GW ( y GW ) cos ( m1 )
(2 cos ( w ( y GW )) d w ( y GW ) y GW sin( w ( y GW )) d w ( y GW )2 + y GW cos ( w ( y GW )) d 2 w ( y GW )) sin( m1 )

d 2 ycuw ( y GW ) = 2 sin( w ( y GW )) d w ( y GW ) + y GW cos( w ( y GW )) d w ( y GW )2 + y GW sin( w ( y GW )) d 2 w ( y GW ))
d 2 zcuw ( yGW ) = d 2 xGW ( yGW ) sin( m1 )
(B.34)
(B.35)
(2 cos(
2 w ( yGW )) d w ( yGW ) yGW sin( w ( yGW )) d w ( yGW ) + yGW cos( w ( yGW )) d 2 w ( yGW )) cos( m1 )
(B.36)
B.8 Second derivative of point generated by the grinding wheel projected in the axial plane of worm:
d 2 x ( yGW ) = d 2 zcuw ( yGW ) ycuw ( yGW ) zcuw ( yGW ) d 2 ycuw ( yGW ) ycuw ( yGW )2 + zcuw ( yGW )2 ycuw ( yGW ) d ycuw ycuw ( yGW ) + zcuw ycuw ( yGW ) d zcuw
(B.37)
2(d zcuw ( yGW ) ycuw ( yGW ) zcuw ( yGW ) d ycuw ( yGW ))
(yc
uw
( yGW )2 + zcuw ( yGW )2 )
d 2 x x ( yGW ) = d 2 xcuw ( yGW ) p z 2 d 2 x ( yGW )

d 2 y x (y GW ) = d 2 yc uw (y GW ) 2d2 yc uw (y GW ) + sin( x (y GW )) d x (y GW ) + cos( x (y GW )) cos( x (y GW ))2
2 2 sin( (y yc uw (y GW ) 1 2 x GW )) yc (y sin( x (y GW )) d 2 x (y GW ) + uw GW ) d x (y GW ) + 3 cos( (y cos( x (y GW )) cos( x (y GW ))2 x GW ))
(B.38)
(B.39)
d tan c (y GW ) =
d2x x (y GW ) dx x (y GW ) d 2 y x (y GW ) dy x (y GW ) dy x (y GW )2
(B.40)
65
Annex C (informative) Algorithm to determine the point of generations of worm and worm wheel
C.1 Algorithm to determine the point of the grinding wheel which generates a point of the axial profile
For C and K Profiles the algorithm to determine the radius grinding wheel which generates a point of the axial profile of the worm is the following:
y R g ri n d
m in m a x
0,2 R w
(R w
mx
f 1
rw
o r m
R w +rw 1 mx f 1 y w h il e x C.1 )= y [0,5( y min+ y max )] rworm > 0,0000001 m in 0 , 5 m in m a x if x 0 , 0 ) [y [0,5( y min+ y max )] rworm ] > 0 , 0 (y +y y m a x 0 , 5 m in m a x if x ) [y [0,5( y min+ y max )] rworm ] < (y +y y g ri n d 0 , 5 m in m a x ) (y +y R r e t u r n g ri n d R
C.2
Algorithm to determine the point of generation of a worm wheel
For A, I, N Profiles the algorithm to determine the radius Rworm of the axial plane which generates a conjugate profile on the circle radius rWheel of the worm wheel is the following:
m in m a x
rf 1
y ra 1 m in , f1, a 1, W h e el w h il e M 2 D 0 , 5 )= Rworm (D r r r r [ (y m in 0 , 5 m in (y y m a x 0 , 5 ra 1 y w o r m 0 , 5 m (y R r e t u r n w o r m R
) D] r W h e e l > m a x if M 2 D 0 , 5 m in m a x , )0 , 5[r m [i n ( ym a x , + y - ) D ] r 0 W , h 0 e e l ] > +y if M 2 D [r m [a x ( y + y ) D] r W h e e l ] < in ) +y

+y
m a x ,
0 , 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
C.2
0 , 0
For C and K Profiles the algorithm to determine the radius grinding wheel which generates a conjugate profile on the circle radius rWheel of the worm wheel is the following:
66
ISO/DTR 10828.2
y y w o r m , , , (D rf 1 r a 1 r W h e e l ) =
m in m a x
Rm f 1 Rm a 0 0 , 5 m in m a x ) (y +y g ri n d , - e 2 D 0 , 0 M 2 D r R D r > in g ri n d if M 2 D g ri n d (fi r (R g r i n R a x g ri n d (r M 2 D (R a x R ri n d 0 , 5 m in m ) (y +y w o r m R
R w h il e y y
g ri n d m m
0 0 0 0 1 ,
g R r e t u r n
0 , 0 D) r W h e e l ) > d , 0 , 0 D) r W h e e l ) <
C.3
The active root radius of worm can be calculated according to the outside radius of the worm wheel:
. w o r m W W , , , (D rf 1 r a l r. e 2 D (D )) y p A C T (D ) = R
C.4
67
Annex D (informative) Algorithm to determine lines of contact and non-dimensional parameters
68
ISO/DTR 10828.2
Annex E (informative) Examples
69
Bibliography
[1]
M. DENIS and M. OCTRUE, Note technique CETIM n22, Cylindrical worm gear geometry, Ed. CETIM - Senlis - FRANCE 1982
70

Iso TC 60 SC 1WG 7 N 308

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