Pallavi Roll No.: A01 Reg. No.

:10903538 Lovely Professional University Phagwara Punjab

Acknowledgement
History of all great men says that success is incomplete without someones help. I greatly thanks to all my seniors, my friends and my respected faculty Mr. Princejit Singh without whose help I would have not be able to achieve success in completing of project. Last but not the least, I would also want to extend my appreciation to those who could not be mentioned here but here well played their role to inspire me behind the certain. Pallavi

TRANSFORMER Transformers have been called "Magical Black Boxes." Transformer engineers have been accused of practicing "Voodoo Magnetic." In reality the transformer is the product of nineteenth century physics. It is a passive device that performs fundamental circuit requirements. It changes voltage, current or impedance to circuit needs. Protecting end users, the transformer performs the isolation required by the international safety agencies.

A switch mode transformer (Switcher) is very flexible and can be used in many applications. Switchers are used in a wide variety of industries such as telecommunications, biomedical, and aerospace. In these industries they make up the bulk of the communication and power application transformers. Other types of switch mode transformer applications include but are not limited to switching power supplies, converters, inverters, and filters. These types of switchers are prevalent in automatic controls, biomedical equipment, geophysical instrumentation, and electronics. A switcher also lends itself to designs that require high switching frequencies often up to 500MHz. Other types of switch mode transformers are the preferred choice for lower frequency applications. Some of these applications include high Q filters; RFI filters, switching regulators, and low power isolation power supplies. The switch mode transformer is ideal for use in DC/DC converters for industrial controls and all types of test equipment. They work great in various topologies such as push-pull, forward converter, buck/boost, half/full bridge, and flyback. The unlimited number of applications continuously challenges us to come up with creative custom designs that can be economically manufactured and tested.

Power Transformers Dry Type, Cast Coil & Liquid Filled

We supply a complete line of new and reconditioned dry type, cast coil, and liquid filled power transformers from 1000 to 5000 kVA with primary voltages from 2400 volts to 34.5kV.

Specializing in custom fabrication to fit your existing application and existing physical constraints, our full service manufacturing facility can duplicate any equipment quickly and efficiently.

Dry Type Transformers

Cast Coil Transformers

Liquid Filled Transformers

Transformers with many common voltages are stocked, ready to ship for emergency needs. Included are new cast coil and dry type substation transformers. New cast coil transformers are available in all common voltages in sizes from 1000 to 2500 kVA.

Heat pumps in industry

Systems Relatively few heat pumps are currently installed in industry. However, as environmental regulations become stricter, industrial heat pumps can become an important technology to reduce emissions, improve efficiency, and limit the use of ground water for cooling. To ensure the sound application of heat pumps in industry, processes should be optimised and integrated. Through process integration improved energy efficiency is achieved by thermodynamically optimising total industrial processes. An important instrument for process integration is pinch analysis, a technology to characterise process heat streams and identify possibilities for heat recovery. Such possibilities may include improved heat exchanger networks, cogeneration and heat pumps. Pinch analysis is especially powerful for large, complex processes with multiple operations, and is an excellent instrument to identify sound heat pump opportunities. Industrial applications show a great variation in the type of drive energy, heat pump size, operating conditions, heat sources and the type of application. The heat pump units are generally designed for a specific application, and are therefore unique.

Linear Power Transformers Linear power transformers generally operate within the frequency range of 47 to 400 Hz from sinusoidal AC power. This is the first component between the power system

and your equipment. These devices, call isolation, step-up, step-down or rectifier, all function by altering the voltage and/or current necessary for the system. They also isolate the end user from the power source: a wall socket or generator, as in aircraft power systems. The major consideration of power transformer is efficiency. Power losses are due to the core loss and the winding resistance. Both contribute to the economics of the system. The heat generated by these losses must be considered. The core loss is determined by the core material and the specific design. The winding resistance times the square of the current produce copper loss. The common definition of efficiency is the power output divided by the power input. When applying this definition to a transformer the power factor must be stipulated as one (1). If the load is resistive, then the current in the load is in phase with the voltage across it. The voltage dropped across the load, multiplied by the current in the load produces watts. This power is referred to as true power. If the load is reactive (capacitive or inductive) the voltage and current are no longer in phase. A transformer winding always has resistance. The reactive current of the load is in phase with the voltage dropped across the winding resistance. The phase agreement causes excess power to be consumed within the windings. This power loss is a major limiting factor in transformer ratings. This loss can occur even if the load is not consuming watts, but only out of phase volt-amperes. The ratio of watts to volt-amperes, or true power to apparent power, in a load is the power factor. The volt-amperes can never be less than the watts: The power factor must then be one (1) or less. When the power factor is one (1) then the load is purely resistive and consumes watts only. If the power factor is less than one (1), then the load is partly reactive and volt-amperes must be considered. True transformer efficiency is voltampere output divided by volt-ampere input plus transformer losses. With this definition a transformer can theoretically reach efficiencies of 100%. The practical limits to efficiency, however, are size, weight and cost. Power factor also leads to a brief discussion of rectified outputs. Linear power supplies use capacitive input filters. This type of filter will increase the current within the winding up to two times the DC current. This is a factor to be remembered when specifying your transformer. The use of an inductive or choke input filter yields a unity ratio between DC current and winding current. Choke input filters are generally not cost effective below 1000 VA (volt-amperes). Switching Power Transformers Buck, boost, converter and inverter are some of the common names for switching power transformers. The switching power supply is the answer to decreasing size and weight and improving efficiency. The switcher operates from DC power that is switched at a chosen time rate. The common switching rate today is 100 Khz to 500 Khz. With the advancement of magnetic materials and switching power devices switching speeds are now reaching 1 Mhz. Switching DC creates the required flux to induce current into another winding. Switched DC is square wave AC to the transformer. The switching transformer input power is supplied by batteries, system DC power or a rectified AC line. The common topologies in use today are flyback, forward, push-pull or bridge. Each type of topology presents requires a different type of transformer. The transformer is an intrinsic part of a switching supply. A transformer designed for one topology will not work for another topology.

Current Transformers The current (I) transformer is used as a sensing device. This type generally uses a one (1) turn (N) primary. Secondary turns are determined by I1 x N1 = I2 x N2. The secondary sense resistor of the circuit determines output voltage. As required accuracy increases so do material and construction costs. Toroids manufactured from silicon steel handle most requirements. Nickel alloy toroids are used in high accuracy applications. Ferrite toroids are used in current mode controlled switching power supplies. When a narrow band of current requires sensing, laminated silicon steel will do the job effectively. Telecommunications Transformers Transformers that are used in the telecommunication industry couple the phone line to the product. The coupler is used to isolate the line from the system. It can be considered a dielectric fence. Common-mode noise rejection (longitudinal balance) is another function of these transformers.